Ligonier Banner., Volume 36, Number 40, Ligonier, Noble County, 2 January 1902 — Page 9

' “INDIANA TRULY GREAT ASAN AGRICULTURAL AND A " MANUFACTURING STATE

- Increased 60,901, while the number of work oxen decreased 31,125. The number ~©of milch cows increased 379,036; the number of other cattle increased £597,379; the number of swine increased 957,41, while the number of sheep decreased 41,260. The total increase of live stock since 1850 was 2,588,743, and the total number on hand in 1800 was 7,488,002 head. = e . Cereal Products. Enough, 8o far has been written to establish the fact that Indiana is not only . & great agricultur;a.l ‘state, but for lils . area one of the most important, if indeed wlt l!i not tlie largest producer of farm products of any state in the union, with a large acreage of land yet to be subjected to tillage. Upon any reasonable estimate of food consumption per capita Indiana ‘4B capable of gustaining a population of 30,000,000, and even then might have a surplus for feeding less favored people. WAnd this Is by no means an inflated esti- " mate of the farm products of the state, as the following exhibit of the products . of )ereals fully warrants the estimate:

Yean

bl it i cihaviaseensnaranne ,483 | 149,740 52,964,363 |. 5,655,014 78,792 6,214,458 3860 L . iii............| 882,245 | 806,980 | T1.b88,919 | 5,317,831 | 433,495 | 16,848,207 IRIO (i 856,202 | 80,251 | 51,091,538 | 8,690,909 | 457,408 | 27,774,223 RSO .. .i........) 882,280 | 89,707 | 115,482,200 | 15,699,608 | 303,105 | 47,281,853 90 200,200 99,950 | 108,815,091 | 131,491,661 | 877,532 | 37,518,798 b 2111 S T e L 267,925 | 48,051 | 151,246,804 | 36,801,186 } 499,112 | 31,357,099 FOUO i eiiseiencoered ] AULVED] 0, WL | oOLOR VR T OMEUL, 100 | 89, 114 | oLeof, 009

In the foregoing exhibit (the statistics of production for 1899 being taken from -the report of the Indiana bureau 9f statistics) it i{s shown that since 1850 -the fncrease in the product of barley has ;-b«m 222,442 bushels; the production of buckwheat has decreased 101,689 bushels; ‘%O increase in the production of corn ‘ha.s been 93,282,441 bushels; in oats, 26,146,172 bushels; in rye, 420,320 bushels, and the Increase in the production of wheat In 4899 as compared with 1850 was 25,142,641 bushels. But after all it is difficult to grasp the sum total of Indiana’s farm products. If wo take the average product of cereals for the census ycars as tabulated we have the follfwing resuit of production in forty-nine years: COTN ..leeeeeianeuancnn.. 4,503,332,800 bushels Oats .. ... ..c.......... 820,459,300 bushels Y 6 e i, ioii..o 24412000 bushels g«‘heat e .iii.......: 1,381,396,950 bishels Grand t0ta1.......... 6,819,600,850 bushels The more Indiana as an agricultural ptate is studled the more captivating the gubject becomes. But space forbids inwitdng elaboration. Nevertheless, .there are statistics relating to Indiana’s farm products, which, though in the popular estimates deemed of minor importance, are sources of immense wealth. As for tnstance, take the production of timothy and clover hay. Irish and sweet potatoes, poultry and eggs, milk, butter and cheese and numerous other articles. The product of Indiana farms and sum totals of value are. of surprising magnitude. The report of the Indiana bureau of statistics for 1899 shows that during .the year the production of timothy and clover hay amounted to 8,215,426 tons. If valued at s§lo a ton theése crops for 1899 would represent wealth to the amount of ' $32,154,360. The production ' of Irish potatoes reaches 5,441,672 bushels, adding, probably, $2,720,836 to the wealth of the state. There was also produced 135,560 bushels of sweet potatoes, 979 tons of broom corn, 791,135 gallons of sorghum syrup, 11,801,464 pounds off tobacco, 144,633,866 gallons of milk, 31,905,140 pounds of butter, 1,083,403 pounds &f cheese 1,211,702 dozens of poultry, 39,069,760 dozens of eggs and 4,631,477 pounds 6f wool. In additlon to these items there are the truck “xarms and their products to be considered, of _which there are no statistics avallable but deserving a place in the sum totals of production of Indiana's farms—ell going to demonstrate that the agricultural interest of Indiana outstrips all other enterprises and must always be in the ascendency. “Then what of the farms? Do the natlons inquire? . - - And what's the response that comes from the flelds, . Where the sun and the rain with farmers : oonspire ' i To make the earth proud of the stores ~ that she yields? The voice of the wheat, and the volce of the corn, : - Mellifluous as the songs of the spheres, Have been heard in all time, since the - diluvian storm, 5 ; Baying: ‘Seed time and harvest mhall - come with the years,’ While God’s covenant mows the storm__clouds adorn.. ’ While the rivers shall roll thelir floods " to the sea, The song of the wheat and the song of the corn, { . Rehearsing Jehovah’s eternal deci-eo. Bhall hush into silence the nation's alarms e By extolling the blessings of farmers -and farms.” poooa . Manufactures. | G During recent years Indiana has made rapid atrides in manufacturing enterprises, and is becom!ing justly noted as & manufacturing state, but not in the sense that the product of its factories equals the product of its farms. But it may be sald that the farm and the factory mutually aid the state in its march of progress and prosperity. To get the gaotory and the farm in close proximity promotes the welfare of these interests and achieves the largest measure of sucoess attainable. Manufacturing increasds population, and, therefore, increases the demand for food products which the farms supply. . - Growth of Enterprises. ; In 1810 ninety years ago,” when the In-

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diana territory had a population of 24,000, its manufacturing establishments included, all told, 33 grist mills, 14 -sawmills, 3 horse mills and 3 powder mills. There were 18 tanneries and 28 distilleries, 1,256 fooms and 1,530 spinning wheels. The number of grist mills, or, more properly, flouring mills, has increased, and the horse mill has disappeared, as also the old-fashioned loom and spinning wheels with which our grandmothers and greatgrandmothers were familiar, and with which they manufactured the cloth that supplied all domestic demands. Those were the days of small things in the history of manufacturing in Indiana, antedating the Introduction of the steam engine and other appliances in manufdcturing which have revolutionized Irndustrial affairs and astonished the world.

The increase of manufacturing enterprises in Indiana, particularly during the past fifty years, if not marvelous, s something ‘akin to- the- extraordinary. Beginning with 1850 we have data showing econditions for forty years, down to 1890, and, assuming that the increase between 1580 and 1890 was maintained be-

Barley, Bushels. / Buckwheat, Bushels. Com' Bushels. Oats, Bushels. Rye, Bushels. | Wheat, Bushels,

tween ‘the years 1809 and 1900, the sum totals were as follows:

1850 ..ciiieviiioiieieneneeee) 4,692 | 8 7,750,402 | 13,748 | $ 3,728,844 | § 13,309,700 | § 18,725,423 }360 comednstoacesadinninaaess| 0,323 | 18,431,121 | 20,563 6,318,325 21,142,507 42,803,469 B 0 cioiiiciiac ee[ 11,847 | 52,062,425 | b 4,412 | 18,366,292 63,135,096 | 108,017,278 IBED easiiai i sl 10,198 |0 65,742,902 62 072 LST GRORER - 300,202,907 14&20‘2,44% 1899 IJ 12,354 | 179,433,379 | 124,549 | 56,749,976 | 150,119,100 286,119,10 1900 ...oeeeeiiininienaoai...f 13,610 | 83,693,856 | 179,690 | 81,533,164 | 160,035,306 804,035,771

In the foregoing exhibit it s shown that in fifty years, from 1850 to 1900, the number of manufacturing establishments increased 8,818. But the increase in the number of establishments does not necessarily indicate an Increase in product, since the tendency is to absorb the smaller establishments by those having . a larger capital, resulting in a larger production. The increase of capital during the fifty years, as shown by the exhibit, was §85,923,454. The increase in the number of employes was 165,842; the increase in the amount of wages pald was $77,810,320; the increase in the value of raw material was $149,725,805, and the increase in the product was $285,319,348. Lack of Data.:

It is unfortunate that there is no legal authority in the state by which the capital invested in manufacturing enterprises can be obtained, and this is equally true of every other item jn our manufacturing industries. As an 4llustration, take the article of glass. In 1880 the United States census reports give four establishments, having a capital of $1,442,000, and having a product valued at $790,731. In 1890 the census reports twenty-one establishments, but the compendium to which we have access does not give capital. The product, however, is given at $2,995,409. There are now known to be in the state eighty-tfive glass manufacturing establishments, that number having been inspected by the Indiana department of inspection in 1900, giving employment to 12,532 persons. But there 13 no data available showing capital invested, nor of annual product. If it were admissible to introduce averages based upon data supplied by the United States census reports the elghty-flve glass factories now in operation in Indiana would represent capital invested amounting to $30,642,600, and an annual product amounting to $16,803,075. While it is not assumed that such figures are accurate they nevertheless indicate, upon a conservative basls, the magnitude of the glass industry of Indiana. 7 ‘ A Forest State.

It has been elsewhere stated in this article that Indiana is or was a forest state abounding in hardwood timber that had to be cut down and burned to make clearings for farms. As the vears went by and manufacturing ‘industries increased in number and importance these hardwood forests increased in value, and have added indefinitely to the wealth of the state by being transformed into lumber for manufacturing purposes too numerous to mention. The saw-mills are ceaselessly at work, and there are hundreds of establishments engaged in the manufacture of articles requiring the hardwood lumber such as the forests of Indiana supply. It is used in the manufacture of furniture of every description, and has made Indlana one of the great furniture manufacturing states. It |is used in the manufacture of every description of vehicle, agricultural implements and cooperage, giving a product in 1890 of more than $18,000,000, the lumber produced in 1890, the latest avallable data, being valued at $19,964,293, and for 1900 would probably reach $25,000,000. Hardwood Concerns.

Of these hardwood manufacturing es. tablishments, including saw and planing mills, but exclusive of furniture, chairs, vehicles and agricultural implements, 851 establishments, employing about 9,000 persons, were linspected during the year 1900, but data relating to capital invested and annual product i{s not furnished by the depdartment of inspection. If this could be secured it would add millions to

Number of Establishments. Capital. Number of Employes. Amt. Paida 1 Wages. Value of Raw Material. Value of Product.

Yean '

the statistical reports of the wealth of the state. And this is all the more desirable because the raw material which supplies the factories is chiefly, if not entirely, the product of Indiana’s forests. There are in Indiana, as shown by the census of 1800, 800 incorporated towns and citles having a population of 1,218,223, ranging from 113, the smallest, to 169,164, the largest, and in nearly all of the smuax towns there will be found sumié narawood industry, if nothing more than the manufacture of baskets. Take for instance the town of Alfordsville, in Daviess county, having a population of 204. There is a planing mill and an establishment which produces hickory dimension stock, the two enteérprises employing sixteen persons, the significance of the statement being that in all of the smaller towns and cities of the state a considerable per cent. of the population is engaged in manufacturing enterprises. As a further illustration of the the fact of increase of industrial enterprises in the small towns, the town of Gilman, in Madison county, with a population of 200, has a window glass factory and a saw-mill, employing sixty-two persons.

Inspection of Factories.

The state factory inspector, the Hon. D. H. McAbee, in his report for 1300, shows that 130 towns and clties were Visited, includ@ing the largest centers of populaﬁon;(gd 1,531 factories were inepected, leaving 170 towns to be visited, which, being the least important in population, are not likely 'to add more than 1,000 ‘manufacturing ' establishments to the number reported in 1900, giving a total of 2537 establishments. But it is shown by the United States census of 1830, that there were in the state that year 12,354 manufacturing establishments, employing 124,340 persons, yet the state factory {nspector's report for 1900, giving 1,657 establishments as inspected, and employing 180,240 persons, shows that in 1900 these factories gave employment to 5,900 more persons than were employved by 12,354 establishments in 18%0. It becomes difficult to reconcile such statements; indeed, they cannot be harmonized. . Hence the necessity, If the public would know the extent of the manufacturing enterprises of the state, the capital Invested, éhe number

of persons employed, the amount paid for wages, the value of raw material and their annual product, that the legislature should confer authority upon some one to obtain the Information.

Natural Gas.

The discovery of natural gas in Indtana about 1885 gave n tremendous impetus to manufactures in the state, particularly in that section known as the “Gas Belt,” which Includes the counties of Delaware, Madison, Hamilton, Jay, Hancock, Blackford, Howard, Grant and Randolph, having an aggregate area of 8,185 square miles. This natural gas, because of its great superiority as a fuel, brought to the state several hundredN% manufacturing enterprises requiring the | investment of many millions of capital, besides adding many thousands to the | population of the state. These establish- ‘ ments embrace a wide range of articles, the more important being glass, tin-plate ! and important iron products. As a result, what is known as the ‘‘Gas Belt"” has be- \ come one of the most extensive manufacturing sections of the entire country. ! Exhibits could be mutliplied showing the | vast Increasé in the magnitude of Indiana’s manufacturing enterprises, but in the absence of reliable data for 1330 | the elements of conjecture make conclusions unsatisfactory. 'The best that can be done i 8 to assume that there are now in Indiana 13,510 manufacturing es- ‘ tablishments, employing 179,190 persons, | ‘paying out annually $31,539,064 for wages, consuming annually raw material valued at $160,035,306 and having a product valued at $304,035,771. ; ; The figures submitted relating to Indiana's manufacturing enterprises in 1900, while they are reasonable approxima~ tions, manifestly are below the high water mark of the state’s manufacturing Industries. That Indlana is making rapid strides toward grzater eminence as a manufacturing state is admitted on all hands, and even now some of the products of its factories, such as agricultural implements, carriages, saws, engines and other articles have entered the foreign trade of the country, are offered in the remotest outposts of the nation’s commerce, and if we are to credit current reports, more capital is coming to the .Btate sedking Investment in manufacturing enter 8. \The outlook is cheering ‘ in t he gree. Scientific farming is taking the place of old methods. Man- ‘ ufacturing, enterprises are bringing the | consumer of food products close to the | producer.: The home market 1s becoming | more and more important. And in a.} word. the rank of Indiana as a great agrkﬁtural and manufacturing state admits 0T no controversy and 1s assured be~ 1 yond peradventure. \ ey e | The New Telephone Companles. ‘ Of all the financlal enterprises ever un- l dertaken in the stateof Indlana, none . other have had the phenomenal success that has attended the independent telephone companies. By ‘“lndependent’” -is‘ meant the companies in opposition to the Bell monopoly. Thg largest of these companies, are the New telephone company of Indianapolis, | which is local to the city of Indianapolis and Marion county, and the New long distance telephone company, which hasg, for its territory, the entire state, and now has connection with about 41,000 telephones. . : ‘Both of these organizations are owned and controlled by Indiana capitalists. The investments have proved, not only satigfactory, but very profitable, to the gentlemen responsible for the enterprises. | The telephone, as a public utility, has come to stay. These independent companles are giving to the citizens of the state, what they never would have had,* or could have had, through any other agency. The people realize this, and are supporting them magnificently. Investments In independent .‘telephone properties are becoming extremely popular. - The movement has spread so rapidly over Indiana that the whole state mey now be said to :be completely covered, = . The New long distance telephone. company has-contracts with companies 'n the states north, south east and west of usg, and expects, within the next four months, to be connected with Pittsburg; within the next nine months, with New York, and, within the next twelve months, with Boston. ' ‘ < It expects connection with BBt. Louls and points West, within six months, and will be connected with Cleveland and Detroit and points intervening within the next four months. ‘When this is accomplished every farmer, who has an independent telephone, can talk to any of these points, from the privacy of his own home. He may put his ear to the markets of the world any time he likes, and keep in the closest possible touch with the doings of humanity, the world over. - > § i R S — : Wiliing to Compromise. From the Chicago Record-Herald.. “I think,” sald the -amateur palmist, slanting the malden’s hand toward the light, in order to see the lines more plainly—*l think you are going to be married twice.” ‘ “Oh, dear,” she gaid, ‘“can’t you just cut off the think and make it a dead sure once?’’ : S

MINERAL WEALTH OF INDIANA

money. On the other hand, a country rich in raw material, but without natural fuels, remalns a country or agricuiturists and shepherds, with an unskilled laboring class—usually an aristocratic, landowning class and & low-scale, unskilled laboring class. The coal deposits of England made the foundation of a great industrial and commercial nation. Pennsylvania early took the'lead In industrial enterprises in the United States for the same reason. It has been demonstrated that it is cheaper to haul the Lake Superior iron ores to Pittsburg than to take the Pennsylvania fuel to the iron regions of Minnesota and Michigan. While the Lake -SBuperior regions have the greatest and cheapest {ron ore deposits -in the country, they have not created any great industrial centers, but the 'natural resources of those states go to maintain {ndustrial centers of states that have the fuel, such as Pennsylvania and Indiana. The chief industrial centers of Colorado are not in the gold and silver mining dlstricts, but they are in proximity to the coal deposits of that state, where the smelting plants are located, for it was demonstrated ‘by actudl experiment that it was cheaper to haul the ore down to the coal supply than to haul the fuel to the mining camps. And so it is with Indiana. If the state had no other resources but its fuels, it would still remain a great factor in the industrial world, for it would draw on other states, as it is now largely doing, for raw material. However, Indiana has an abundance of raw materials, especially in the constructive and building lines. The timber resources, especlally in the hard woods, are still extensive. |

COAL.

According to a comprehensive survey of the coal fleld of Indiana under the direo~ tion of Prof..Blatchley, the efficlent state geologist—the first accurate geological survey showing the exact Jocatlon of the conl deposits of the state—there are about 7.000 square miles in. Indiana underlaid by coal. This is about the aggregate area of the coal flelds of Europe exclusive ot England. The Indiana coal deposits are confined to the southwestern part of the state. There are between twenty and thirty horizons in which the coal occurs, of which five contain workable coal over large areas, and at least seven others contain workable coal over small areas. The workable coal runs from three 'to ten feet in thickness. The upper beds, known as “bituminous’” coal, average hetween four and five feet thick, while the lower or “block’” or ‘‘semizblock’ ccal geams average three feet one inch. The upper beds occur in large basing, often hundreds of miles in area. Tha lower beds are usually in small basins from a few acres to several square miles. In these basins the coal is thick in the center and thins toward the edges. As the Indiana coal fleld i a part of the eastern edge of the Illinols ‘‘coal basin,” the coal beds have a general dip end get deeper toward the ‘center of the: Tllinois bhasin at a point In southern Illinois. On this account only, the lowest coal bhed is found along the eastern edge of ths Indiana coal fleid. The east edge of the field includes the eastern parts of Fouuntain, Parke and Putnam countles, the eastern four-fifths of Greene, Martin, Dubols, Spencer and Perry countles, and the western parts of Orange and Crawford counties. Golng westward this coal measure descends or dips at the rate of twentyfour feet per mile, and gradually the other beds set in until, along ‘the Wabash river, the lgwest bed, ‘which onuterops through Owen and Martin countles, may be 800 feet below the surface, or below gea level. But as many as sixteen .other beds have been found abhove it in a arfll at Vincennes with a=total thickness of coal there of thirty-four feet. In very few localitles can more than one or two beds be worked at the same point. Through the middle reglons three or mors beds are being worked at a single point. None of the lower beds can be worked in the western part of the fleld an ac--ount of their depth. What is known as ‘“coal 3’ and ‘‘coal 4, the block coal of Clay and Parke, and ‘“coal 4’ of Linton, Grecne county, is too deep to work in Sullivan and Knox, on account of the twenty-four-foot per mile dip southward —at least under existing conditions. : Location of Beds.

In thé eastern edge of the Indiana coal fleld workable coal is found In a lm:ted quantity. Practically, there are no workabie coal deposits in Putnam, Orange and Crawford. There is workable coal in two townships in Owen. West of this lower coal bg is another belt from ten to twénty miles wide, where the coal deposits are still shallow, the mines seldom reaching 100 feet in depth. This belt reaches western Fountain and Greene, central Parke and Clay, central Davless and eastern Pike and Warrick counties. The country i flat and rolling. The coal i 3 found in deposits, but block or semi-block is largely workable. The Brazil block coal and Parke county block and Linton semiblock coal is mined in this belt. On account of the blocky character of the coal mining operations have been more extensive in this belt than in the higher belts. The third belt west of thls, which covers Vermillion, southwestern Parke,western Clay and Daviess, eastern Sullivan and Knox,western Daviess and Vigo,Plke and Warrick. counties, is from ten to twenty miles wide. The upper coals are near the outcrop and extensively mined. The coals of the second belt east of this are too deep here to mine, except in few places. Most of the mines of Indiana are in thesge two belts—the second and third. The fourth belt west of this, ;which extends into Illinois, comprises the counties of Gibson, Vanderburg and Posey, and western Sulllvan and Knox. The drill there reveals all the coal seams found in the state, some sixteen in number. .0 lower coals here are below the sea level and thin and not workable. The upper coals are of workable thickness, but on account of their depth—2oo to 400 feet—developmernt here has been retarded, capftal having been attracted to the shallower coals in the middle belts. But it is only a question of time when these deeper coal seams which comprise the greatest deposits of the Indlana —.c:d will be extensively worked. The regions where the most active operations in mining are being carried on are Greene, Sulllvan, Clay, Vigo, southern Parke and Vermillion counties. Linton in -Greene county is growing to be the great coal center of the state. ,

The block coal deposits of Clay county begin to show signs of exhaustion, but the other coals of Clay will not be exhausted for many years to come. Parke, Bullivan, Vigo and Greene countles seem to contaln the largest area of workable coal at shallow depth, but their deposits have hardly been touched. Gibson, Knox, Fountain and Vanderburg contain large areas of undeveloped coal lands, There is a fine vein of coal (‘‘coal 6) outcropping or near the surface through Pike and Warrick counties, which is of more than average thickness, and which has hardly been touched. Daviess county has been, and is yet a great producer of coal, and there are still large areas of good workable coal. The western part of Greene is all underlain’ with workabhie coal. = Except at Linton, where coal mining is now conducted on a lairge scsle, this fleld remalns practically intact. There are limited areas of unmined block coal In the southeastern part of Parke county, and the western part of - Clay county, and in Owen county near Patricksburg. ' In Fountain county there are numerous basing of workablae coal, which have never been worked, but they have been gufficiently prospected to establish their existence in workable quantities, - Forty Billion Tons. Prof. Blatchley estimates that there are 40,000,000,000 tons of coal in:lndlana, of which one-fifth or 8,000,000,0000 are: estimated to be workable under the present conditions. He estimates that 100,000,000 tons or 1-400 of the total amount or 1-80

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of the workable amount have been mined, and that at the present rate of production the Indiana coal field -will last not less than 300 years. 2 The coking of Indiana coal is still a small industry, but it has proceeded far enough to demonstrate that the upper cohls, especlally ‘‘coals 5, 6 and 7,” will make good coking coal, requiring about three tons of coal to make one of coke. With the gradual substitution of coal for natural gas in Indianapolis and other Indlaha cities and towns the demand for coke for heating purposes will not fail to stimulate the coking industry in Indiana. According to the report of State Mine Inspector Epperson 5,865,000 tons of coal were mined in 1889. This was an increase of 690,000 tons over the year 1898. In 1800 the output was 6,283,000 tons, an increase over 1899 of 443,000 tons. Last year Indiana coal displaced 600,000 toris of Illinois coal in the Chicago markets. DurIng the past elghteen months there las been great activity in the investment of new capital in coal lands. While considerable of it was invested simply for speculative purposes, twenty to thirtly new mines were opened up in 1500, ard more than a dozen in 1901. The larg»s addition of new mines in 1900 was due chiefly to the opening of new flelds by the extension of the Southern Indiana raflroad from Linton to Terre Haute and the projection of branches into Sulllvan county from the maln line. It was also influenced by the diminution of the ‘natural gas supply and the consequent enlargement of the Chicago market. At present the output of coal is only limited by the capacity of the rallroads to furnish coal cars to ‘the operators. - In 1900 the total amount of wages pald amounted to $4,843,343, and the number of men employed was about 10,000 or about the same number of men employed in the Butte, Mont., copper mines. ,

Crude petroleum, next to coal, is the most important mineral deposit of the state. While the supply of natural gas is steadily decreasing, the oil production is gradually increasing, the value of the petroleum product having increased frome $2,230,000 in 1893 to $6,000,000 in 1901. 'This, tpo, in spite of the fact that the development of the oil fleld has been restricted to the northern rim of the 011-gas belt, the courts having stopped oil exploitation in tha field where natural.gas is still producing in paying quantities. '‘As the gas wells become exhaustea oil wells will take their place in the same region and will supply fuel almost as cheap as the natural gas. Oil not being wasted as the natural gas Ig, the deposit will not be so soon exhausted. At present the oil product of Indiana is éonsumed chierly out of the state, but when the oil in the region now occupled by the natural gas industry is produced it will be in the main utilized locally to furnish fuel to the mills which natural gas brought there. In most cdses corporations and pive lines holding gas leases have protected thémselves for the future by securing oil privileges on the same lands they now control for gas supply. The 01l field already developed Is but a fractlon of the known oil-bearing Trenton rock reglon of the state. Petroleum occurs also,in other formations than the Trenton limestone. The most prolific oil well in Indiana is not in Trenton limestone rock. The Trenton limestone itself did not generate the 01l or gas. The porous character of this formation in localitles slmply served as a receptacle ‘for the fluid distilled from animal remains during the silurian ages. el . TW%YDISTINCT FORMATIONS.

In Indians crude petroleum occurs in commercial quantities in two distinct geologica! formations—in the lower rocks of the silurian system, known as the ‘‘Trenton limestone,”” and in the lower formation of the devonian system, known as the ‘‘corniferous formation.”

The principal oil-bearing formation Is the Trenton limestone. This. formation underlies the whole state, but on account of its dip it has not yet been penetrated by the drill in the western part of Indiana, while in the northeastern part it i{s only reached at great depth on account of the thick mantle of glacial drift material overlaying the country rock. The Trenton rock does not outcrop in any part of the state, but near Lawrenceburg, Dearborn county, it is found within 850 feet of the surface. West of this, near Balem, it is found at a depth of 1,350 feet, and farther west, at Loogootee, in Martin county, a well drilled 1,680 feet did not reach Trenton rock. In the main producing fleld the Trenton is reached at an average depth of 1,000 feet. The principal producing oil fleld in Indlana extends from the Ohlo-Indiana gtate line westward to Marion, Grant county, and from Warren, Huntington county, south to Hartford City, Blackford county. The greatest length is fifty miles and extreme width thirty miles. This fleld embraces the townships in the extreme southern tler of Adams., W-* and Huntington countles, and the noriuern tler of townships of Jay and Blackford counties, and the four northeastern townships of Grant county, with isolated pools in the adjolning townships. Outside of the main oil fleld isolated pools in the Trenton formation have been developed and exploited at Peru, Miaml county, Kellar, Wabash county, at Broad Ripple, north of Indianapolis, at Fisher Station, Hamilton county, ‘at Parker, Randolph county, and in the maln gas belt at Alexandria, Madison county. Dévelopment in the latter fleld has been checked by the enforcement of legislation prohibiting the opening of oil wells in producing gas reglons While it is true that Trenton rock underlies the whole state at varlous depths 1t is only where porous atrata exist that the rock ls petroleum bearing. Corniferous 01l Field.

This formation occurs only in the western half of Indlana where it Is repregented either by sand stone ten to twenty feet in thickness or by limestone five to seventy feet thick, and in some places by both sandstone and limestone. The sand and limestone formations are overlaid by black or brown New Albany shale; 80 named on account of their outcropping on the Ohio river near New Albany, Ind. This shale is from 100 to 200 feet thick. It is very rich in bitumen and attempts have been made at New Albany to utilize this shale as fuel Experiments by the New Albany gas works gshowed that whereas 1t required flve pounds of Pittsburg coal to produce 105 gallons of gas it required five pounds of New Albany ghale to produce the same quantity. But the New Albany shale gas had twentytwo candle power to eighteen for the Pittsburg coal gas. Experiments by distillation of the ghales in other parts of the state have produced from 7 per cent. to 12 per cent. crude oil. The distillation of shales in Scotland and Germany is an {mportant lindustry. The Scotch output of mineral ofil ,amounted to 60,000,000 gallons last year which was refilned into naphtha, burning oil, gas oil, medium 011, lubricating ofl, and paraffine. As a valuable by-product 25,000 tons sulphate of ammonia was also produced which is used in making commercial fertilizer. It is from the oil and gas which nature has separated from these bituminous ghales that the corniferous rocks became charged wherever porous. Some of these porous places or reservoirs have been struck by oil drillers nearly all along the corniferous belt from the Ohio river to Lake Michigan. But so far, this formation has produced 01l in paying quantities only at Terre Haute, near Loogootee and in Jasper county, near Medaryville. The corniferous field, however, has not received much attention from -oil operators for the.reason that the Trenton field affords surer and more remunerative inducements. At Terre Haute the Phoenix well was struck in 1890 and ever since it has averaged 1,000 barrels per month. The oil i 8 found in the corniferous limeftone taere at a depth of 1,630 feet. This s ‘the best oil well in Indiana. None in

PETROLEUM.

the Trenton rock has come near equaling it as a steady producer. The Loogootee wells show both oil and gas at a depth of 478 feet. Soms of these wells yleld twenty barrels per day. The total production last year in that fleld, however, was only 8,000 barrels.

The Jasper county fleld is of more recent development and has been confined chiefly on a lease of 35,000 acres, which was sold together with nineteen wells last vear to an English syndicate for $150,000. This company has since added 100 producing wells. The yield per well is small, but as the oil stratum is struck at 100 feet and the cost of pumping is low and the lubricating quality of the oil is excellent, two-barrel wells are paying big profits. As high as $lO per barrel - has been obtained for this oil as‘a lubricant, but the average price is $5. Theé outcrop of the. New Albany shale extends frdom the Ohlo river, near New Albany, in a northeast direction through Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jefferson and Jennings counties, thence. iln a northwesterly direction through Bartholomew, Johnson, Marion, goone, Clinton, Carroll and White counes. ) L

Production In 1900.

From 1891 to 1301 8,534 wells were completed in the Trenton limestone oil field, and on Jan. 1, 1901, 5,430 wells were producing, showing 3,054 dry wells. Fourteen per cent. of the oil wells drilled in 1900 proved dry or barren. The total production of the Indiana fields in 1900 was 5,096,765 barrels, of which 184,09 barrels came from the corniferous field, 8,000 barrels from Loogootee, 12,090 barrels from the Phoenix well at Terre Haute, and 164,000 barrels from the Jasper county fleld. In the Trenton rock outside of the main field Peru produced ‘237,288 barrels, Alexandria (9,894 and Broad. Ripple 30,194 barrels. The average price in the Trenton fleld was 9614 cents per barrel. From 1891 to 1901 the.average prices of petroleum in the Trenton flelds per barrel were as follows: 1891, 40 cents; 1892, 87 cents; 1893, 45 cents, 1894, 48 cents; 1895, 64 cents; 1895, 63 cents; 1897, 43 cents; 1898 69 2-5 cents; 1889, 8714 cents; 1900, 9614 cents.’ :

T NATURAL GAS.

_ The natural gas fleld of Indiana covers about 28,000 square miles in the eastern central part of the state. It i{s the most extensive natural gas fleld in the world. Blackford, Delaware, Grant and Madison are the principal gas-producing countles. The gas fleld extends also over parts of Jay, Howard, Hamilton, Randolph, Tipton, Wells, Adams, Rush and Shelby counties. In the corniferous formation of thé westen part of the state gas has been struck at Loogootea, Martin county, and Petersburg, Pike county, In paying quantities and at other points in that formation in other parts of the state, but not in paying quantities.’ Natural gas and petroleum have a common origin. All -the higher anticlines in the main gas fleld in which the porous Trenton liméstone occurs have been. tapped for gas, and while the stored reservoirs have not become exhausted the demand upon them from the local factories and pipe lines to Chicago and Indiana towns has been so great during the past fifteen years that the natural rock pressure of 325 pounds has steadily decreased until it is now but 150 pounds. According to the state gas supervisor the natural producing gas field has contracted from lits griginal area of 2,800 square miles to 1,300 square miles, the salt water having in humerous places encroached upon the gas and risen to higher ‘levels in the synclines, preventing a uniform pressure.which formerly prevailed. There are large areas in the producing fleld yet "'untouched which piping companies and manufacturing corporations have kept in reserve, and while the maximum production of natural gas production in the state has been reached, and it is now on the decline, Indiana wiil still have more natural gas for many years to come than any other state in the union. 4

Some Gas History.

Natural gas was discovered in Indiana in 1886. The gas belt, which is now a network of factory towns, where the greatest glass works in the world'are located and also some of.the largest steel plants, and where all classes of manufactures are represented, was then purely en agricultural region, without factories of any kind except a few small -saw mills, flour mills and brick yards. Many single manufacturing plants, costing upward of a million dollars each, ars on pites which were corn flelds or cow pastures sixteen years ago. Anderson then was a small county seat, supported by the farming interest. Elwood and Alexandria were rallroad crosgings, without the title of villages. The taxable property of Madison county the year following the discovery of natural gas was &appraised at less than §10,000,000. Ten years later the appraisement of taxable property had increased t 0527,000,000. The population of the county,. which before the discovery of gas was 36,487, had increased to 70,470 in 1900. Madison is the tvpical county of the gas belt. Delaware, Grant and Blackford have done almost as well in manufacturi®~ increase of wealth and In popujation. However, it must not be inferred that Indiana was not in a high state of prosperity at the time of the discovery of natural gas or that the state did not then contain an intelligent, prosperous and contented population. Nor is it true that agriculture was the sole resource of the state. At that dmo lndiana had Had a large percentage of its population engaged for many y2ars in the exploitation of the greatest Lract of hardwood timber ever found in the world.

Lumbering and the wood manufacturing {ndustry had been one of the greatest resources of the state and back in the gseventies the product of the forest exceeded the agricultural produect of the staté: Indianapolls, Evansville, Ft: Wayne, Southßend and Terre Haute were even then great industrial centers. South. Bend was then, as it is now, the center of the wagon and plow manufacturing industry of the United States, and New Albany had the largest plate glass works. Ft. Wayne had the largest car wheel foundry in the world. Michigan City led in the cooperage business of the country. Evansville was the center of the largest hardwood market of the world. The value of the natural gas consumed in Indiana from 1886 to 1900 is estimated by the United States geological survey at $1,000,000 the first two years, $5,000,000 each for the years 1888, 1889 and 1890; $4,000,000 for 1891; $4,700,00 for 1892; $5,500,000 each for the years 1893, 1894 and 1895 and a little over $5,000,000 annually since. Up to ten years ago the timber of the state manufactured and exported ylelded more than $15,000,000 a. year for twenty to thirty years back. However, as the destruction of timber had been carried on at such a rapid:pace that natural gas counties had their supply &xhausted at the time of the discovery of natural gas the discovery of natural gas came at the proper time to replace the timber industry which was about to dwindle down and totally disappear, especially in the gas belt regions.The river counties, which at one time were the principal manufacturing counties of the state, having lost population for a time after the exhaustion of the timber resources, is an indication what would have prevalled generally throughout the central regions of the state during the last decade if natural gas had not Dbeen discovered. However, the coal flelds would have been more rapidly developed and the centers of glass and steel manufacturing would be in the coal regions in the southwestern part of the state instead of in the eastcentral part: It would have required, perhaps, twenty years longer to reallze the existing industrial conditions of the state. With the assurance of permanent fuel supplies in petroleum and coal the manufacturing {ndustries of Indiana can be considered on a permanent foundation regardless of the duration of the natural gas supply. -~ ;

Future of Gas Supply.

Authorities conflict as to the probable duration of the gas supply. That it is a stored product, which is belng drawn upon in immense volume they all agree. But it i{s impossible to estimate the amount stored in the Trenton rock, although the volume drawn therefrom ocan be approximately estimated. Natural

rock pressure has been cited by some authorities as-the gauge by which the supply can be estimated, but the late Prof. Orton of the Ohio state university, a recognized authority on petroleum and natural gas deposits, took the position that it was {mpossible to determine by the natural pressure how long the gas confined in the porous rock of an anticline would last. s :

BUILDING MATERIALS OF THE STATE

According to the report of the state geologist on the clay .resources of Indiana, the clay deposits rank next in value to coal and building stone among the natural resources-of the state. The advance in the price of lumber has caused greater demand for bricks and has attracted large capital to the clay manufacturing fndustry of the state during recent years, and the value of the clay products of Indiana is estimated a2t nearly $5,000,000 a year. Clay deposits of vari--ous grades are extensive, especiaily in the coal regions. : The principal deposits of commercial clays are in the coal measures, in the glacial drift ‘deposits of the northern and east central parts of .the state, and in the shales along the eastern edge of the coal measures. In nearly “every county common bricks and drain tiles are manufactured for the local trade, but at Brazll, Terre Haute, Clinton, Vanderburg, Montezuma, Cayuga, Hobart and Porter, in the western part; New Albany, Huntingburg and Evansville, in the southern part, and Martinsville -in the central part, there ' are large .clay working plants which ‘manufacture brick and other clay ‘products on a large scale for the Chilcago, Indfanapolls, Louisville and other important markets. The principal clay product of the state is the common brick, but pressed brick, fire brick, terracotta, tiles for draining and rocfing. and sewer pipes are also. manufactured. In Vermillion county there are several larze deposits of fire clays with but few small plants there manufacturing fire brick. In Lawrence and Martin countles there ere extenslve deposits of kaolin, hut mostly inaccessible to. rallway . transportation. Near Huron, on the B. & O. -railread, a Plttshurg company has bheen extracting alum °'salts from kaolin beds, but outside of this the kaolin beds of the state have never been worked. The Indiana kaolin' 13 not suitable for porcelain wara for want of plasticity, but could be used for refractory. wares. -

‘Tn the éoal measures a good quality of potter’'s clay {8 feound In nearly everv - county In -the.ccal fleld, notably near Huntingburg, Cannelton, Loogootea, Bhoald, Coal Bluff. in Vigo county, and Annapolls, Parke. county. Except at Huntingburg and Cannelton these clav deposits . have not - been extensivel¥ ° worked.” Analyses of the samples from the largest Indiana deposits show identical chemical composition with the clavs used In the great potteries of Zanesvilla and Akron, O. Potter's clays ars also used by local plants in Wayne county. The undeveloped clay and shale deposits with coal veins underlying them are very extensive. The,shale makes an excellent vitrified brick and near Martinsville it is ‘used for making common brick. In Lake, Porter, Laporte, St. Joseph and other e counties”in the northwestern part of the state, there are extensive deposits of glacial clays which are being worked into various kinds of brick, terre cotta and other products for the Chicago markets Chicago not only derives {ts prineipal supply of fuel from Indiana, but this state is the chi®f source of I_t‘s bullding supplies, even to the sand for mortar.

CEMENT RESQURCES.

The marnufacture cf cement i{s assuming e large importance in the industries of Indiana. Two kinds of cement are manufactured—hydraulic or water rock cement, and Portland cement. The hydraulle: cement industry is.conflned entirely to Clark county, which produces more thah one-fourth of that product in the United States. This is manufactured from a sandy magnesium limestone which occurs in Clark, Scott and Jennings counties. It {8 known as the “Silver Creek hydraulic limestone,” after a creek by that name in Clark county, where it is ‘more-exposed than ¢lsewhere, and whera the center of the lindustry is ‘located. There are st!ll larger areas in Clark county unworked and the hvdraulic limestone of Jennings and Scott counties has never been worked. This hydraulic cement s largely -.used in government -construction works, such ag improvements of rivers and harbors, and canals. The annual output i{s about 2,000,000 barrels. The Portland. cement ‘manufacturing industry {s of mgore recent introduction in this state. Yet, when the plants now under construction for the manufacturs of Portland cement are producing the output will at once exceed ithe hydraulio product. There are now two large plants in Crawford. county, at Miiltown and Marengo, which are crushing the pure oolite deposits there. Another plant on the oolitic limestone belt is now under construction thear Mitchell, which will have a capacity of 1,000 barrels per day. Through the oolitic limestone belt in various points, but especially in Lawrence, Washington, Harrison .and Crawford, there aré extensive deposits of almost pure oolite €qually as good as those already taken by the Mitchell and Marengo companles, which only await the necessary cagvml to manufacture Portland cement.” It has been suggested that the waste oolitic rock from the Bedford .quarries could be utilized in the manufacture of this cement, but the drawback at that point {3 the want of the proper clays to mix with the carbanate of lime to manufacture the product. OTHER RESOURCES Practically all the whetstonas quarrying of the United States is confined to Garland county, Arkansas, near the famous Hot Springs, and to Orange county, Indiana, near the well-known sulpho-sa--line springs of French Lick. The deposits of these flne grained silicious rocks are extensive in Orange county, but for want. of an investment of large capital the quarries are now worked on a small scale in a crude way. A fine quality of grindstone in the same formaticon is.also found and worked in a small way lin Orange and Martin counties. " Glass and molding sand deposits ars’ found in various parts of the state. Glass sand suitable for glass manufacturing is found in Madison, Blackford, White, -La-_ porte and Parke counties. In Madlscn and Blackford the glass and ¥eposits are utilized by local glass works. _ln Parks county glass sand and coal veins occur in the same region. Iron ores, liminite (bogiron), hemitita, siderite and pyrites occur in Greene, Martin, Monroé and Perry counties and in thae Kankakee regions in St. Joseph, Lake and Porter counties. Before the war some fifteen furnaces were kept up making pig iron from the best deposits near the ceal flelds. After the war only one furnace remained, and that went out of existence in 1803. The iron ores of Indiana are too impure, containing an excess of silica and sulphur, to compete with the Lake. Superior iron mines. < : Zinc sulphides occur in small pockety. deposits in the coal regions, but this ore will mever be found in large enough quan_tities to mine. : Indiana has no igneous rock in place—that Is, rocks of volcanic origin—therefore, no gold, copper or lead ores wiil ever be-found in place. The float copper and lead and placer gold found in various localitles of the =state, like the granatio metamorphic, volcanic ‘‘nigger heads™ bowlders and “quartz and other foreign rock fragments which are found in In~diana, were brought from the mineralbearing regions among the mountains of Carnada by the great glacial invasion, ‘which, during the ice age, extended as far south as Brown county through the center of Indiana, and to the Ohio river in the eastern part and to Posey county in the “western part. The placer gold found In the sands of Bean Blossom ccreek, Brown county, and elsewhere, is of ‘drift origin and wgl _never be found in ‘paying quantities, although small wages ‘have been made by Brown county miners,