Ligonier Banner., Volume 36, Number 40, Ligonier, Noble County, 2 January 1902 — Page 7

INDIANA TRULY GREAT AS - - AN AGRICULTURAL AND A | - - MIANUFACTURING STATE

T History of Commonwealth 3 ¥ % X ¥ \, and Marvelous Stery-of o 0 % 5 Develepment and | Frogress. ._..___..\__...__-.—————- e : % i :-Cl— N Early-Day Thrift and Lat<v. e : er-Day Enterprise Re- -!- w ; - sult in Unbounded . . SUEeess. S Be(e e ‘. _ Evervthing relatlng to Indiana from a historical peint of view is _mdde_rn.-the histerw of rthesmound builders and. the Judian. tribes beirig subjects for antiguarfans; =E . : The territory of Indiana was established 11y aee @f eaderess NMay 7, 1800.° The territery wgs divided into two sepprate godvernments, and that of .‘\Liichigan was created by acs of congress Jan. i, 1568 - : ; L ‘ . 'The territory was agaln divided -into two separule governments and that, of jliinois was ereated by act of congress e , 2 Feb: 3, 1809: . : The peovle of Indlana territory’ applicd through their tferritorial legislature to. form a constitution and, join -the union Dee. 5 1815 Phe act to enuble the peonle of the territory to form a constitution was passed Apcil 19, 1816, and the act af con'gress-ndmi:t'liz::: the state into the union was passced and approved Dec. 1, 156 Aud the laws of the United States were extenaed to Indiana by act of Congress NMarch 3,- 1817, . . Sueh history is modern. There are men stitl Hvine in Indiana whose lives t:tkq n all the vears since the establishment of the Indiana terrvitory, A. D,, 1300 ; - Steady Growth. . There have been no sudden and extraordinary leaps__.’ﬁx‘;d bounds in the development of Indi{niu_x as a territory or as n state, except, perhaps, until within ‘the last two -decades. Nobody cver boomed Indiana. It grew .in population and wealth as the oak grows, closely, steadily and strong. It was pre-emjnent-Iy, a forest state. lLike St. Peter in performing a great miracle, it could say to those seecking homes within -its boungdaries: “Silver and gold have I none, Dbut such as I have give I thee!’® Indiana rould say, ‘“There is plenty of land, a fértile seoil, boundless forests, rivers and stréams, .come and build your homes and be prosperous.” A S Population. " . ~“Those who study the advancement of Indiana, as Governor Porter would have said, “from its dawn” to its present position In the great sisterhood of stateg, will naturally consult statistics relating to growth in population’ : : In the census oi 1790 the Indiana territory ‘had no place. It wgs a wilderness and the home bf varicus Indiana tribes. if there were any white men in the: territory they were not counted. The red men roameqd ?1; will throughout the vast domaln, subsisting by hunting and fishing—monarchs” of the forest. The first gppearance of Tndiana in the census 'report was in 1809, when its population was

(Year,

154 I . o 253 IDS [ dOERd L 40018 | 22614 | %1 | 1 el 165 i 210 | 13506 | 85,821 | 82.614 | 29633 | 1,004 | 76 1880 f‘ 200 | 4,653 8,019 | 43,403 § 64030 | 72,103 | 1,820 | 275 e s ) eass | igsil | Tass | 241

£.641. The growth fn population by .decades has been as follows: =

Year. “ 2

TBO e sen ) 29810 181) b D4OO IRR7Y| Sfiil (;3’.3L ‘if‘.l 1529 1 147178123 653) BOG) T. 4200 %99 1839 0 s s as anal asl 36901 2907 IS4O . 0 0858651342 8381 0 991 7.168] 3,546 1860 00l 08R.4161302.550) 48] 11,362 4,194 1869 OLo LSa 498an2 012 361 11,4281 Gi) 1870 . ... LGSO 637.330,209] - 24 24.560113,132 11-18")‘.;.......i31.378,3‘\)1;297,(36’:’, 17} 39,‘323:‘1;‘,,61@ 1980 e 2192 4042 1031 10 45,215! 5,987 3900 ..........12,516:462/324,058] 14| 51,202 5,987 It will be noticed that the ‘increase In population: during thé- nineteenth century was 2,510,821, . \'The area of Indiana in square miles and acres has been variously estimated, as, for instance, 26350,335,910 and 33,809 gquare miles. A document, éntitled the *‘Public Domain,” published by authority of an act of congress jin 1834, glves the area of Fndizna at 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres. But the Dnited States census report of 1850 gives the area of the state at 55,918 square miles, equal to 22,982,400 acres. To find the true land surface it is usual to deduct 10 per cent. for lakes, rivers and . streams. Applyving tais rule to Indlana would give a land surface of 32,229 square iniles,” of 20,690,560 acres. This land was all included in the ‘““Public ‘Domain,”’ with the exception of certain .grants made by foreign sovereigns. and admitted by the United States, and was surveyved, sold or donated., under’ the Jaws of the United States, the price being $1.256 an dcre, at whieh the great body of the land was sold,. but there were tracts of ’?*n_nﬂi(loraljle acreage, finally ‘disposed of at a less price, in some instances as low as 12% cents. an ‘acre. s First Settler:. The pioneers of Indiana. were not from New England. The people of that. section of the country did not lay the foundations of the state. The great mass of {the ‘early. settlers were emigrants from

7 Year.

BRI 2T 800 | 6599 40,291 | 984.554 | 339,891 | 2,263,176 | 1,122,403 GRGa L hßoe T t 28,893 | 117,687 ? 363,563 | 568,144 ’ 3,099,110 091,176 B | 447885 48,060 14 ORR | 393736 | 615,368 |,1,872,230 | 1,612 686 18 sk BRLAMA | 51,188 3,970 | 494,964 | §64,846 | 3,186,413 | 1,100,511 1808 L L o 129,035 59,644 - 6533 1579.287 l 926,058 ‘ 3.376,817 | 1,081,133 M ........ 858626 | 67:600 1 9.006 | 463630 1 987,270 | 8.320.817 | 1.081.133

IKentueky, Tennessee and the Carolinas. They were, as Abraham Llpcqtn would say, from the ranks of the"‘“plain people,”” and yet like the men who “Rounded Peter's dome :

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| And- grolned the aisles of Christlan . - Rdmey : ‘ g They builded better than theéy knew. They did not come to. Indiana to gearch for gold, silver and precious stones, but rather, to found homes- in a wilderness. Such. wasithe imission of the masses and right royally did they perform their task. That there were adventurers who also came goes without the saying, and there | were also doctors, lawyers, predachers i and schoolmasters, as well as politicians. ‘But the great majority were agricultl}:‘_nlists, -or farmers, men whose ambition ! was/to own a farm and till the soik | : An Agricuitural State. ! For three-quarters of a century Indlera, as a territory and as a state, had only one great interest and that _was agriculture, farming, the cultivation of the soil. All else was incidental and subordinate, and hence speclal reference to the pioneers of Indiana issnot only admissible in a paper of this character, but is | essential to a comprehension of the sub- ' ject. The:y were heroic men. They pene- | “trated thie foresis with their .wagons, coni taining their all. Thay wound their tori tuous ‘way through the wilderness to | find a desirable place to locate, make a I’ clearing, build a cabin and begin a farm, | requiring in a remarkable degree cour- ‘ age, sacrifices, patlence, endurance and . resolution, challenging the inspirations of ! genius, poet and orator to describe. These = _ ‘ ; cabins and cléarings were the*beginning of the empire state of Indiana, the initials of progress, wealtk and civilization, the church and the school, commerce: and inanufactures. And those who do not find in such beginnings themes for the ! highest forms of culogy and poetic ex- | Pression are not in sympathy with Byron, l who sang of Daniel Boone, the pioneer of i Kentucky. It has passed into a proverb, ’ that he who makes two blades of grass | grow where there was but one is a benei factor of his race. Judged by such a l standard, what should be said of the men who made farms in the forests of Indi- ! ana wWhere previoysly none existed? It | might be well to commemorate the deeds | of such heroes by monuments and tri!'\rmphal archies, since dn the best sense of the term they were state builders. ’ - Farms: - L 3 Starting from such beginnings it will ; be interesting to note the march of agriculture in Indiana. . The data is not at hand to furnish statistics prior to. 183, bu't“ﬁft‘y vears of growth will suffice for {our purpese, the figurcs for the decade between 1890 and 1300 being estimated upon a conservative basis: | L T ' o | e g ' i Qo i i n o s p e Py Fe 8 | & o oL e Year: Hoais byl e E@ fg - §ea o | S el e ey ’.?:-q { e ! ! La fes :—3,‘_‘ | O ; g Eo—« > o , ’:(30 i - e b < 2 X S l_ St e ! i e o e R 1850 .| 93,876112,703,422] 5,046,543/7,746 8701 136 1860 .. 131,826116,388: 2021 8,242 18318.146.100! 124 1870 ... 1161,289.18,110.648110,184,270/5;015,309) 112 S 1880 ....[194,013 20,420,953 7:;.90.‘}.738‘6.487.245! 105 1890 ....1198,06720,362,516 15,107,482!5,535,034] 103 1560 ___,;20'_’,801}‘;“.),244,0111!11\;.311,2‘36‘5,585,034; 199 1t wiil be noticed that in fifty years the number of farms in Indiana increased 108,325; the acreage increased = 7,564,094 acres: the improved acreage increased 11,464,643 acres, -and the unimproved acreage decreased 2,191,836 acres, @nd the average area of farms decreased 32 acres. The area, of the farms of Indiana is of interest o those who give agricultural subjects special consideration, and to such persons the following eéexhibits will bé found interesting: S

It wiil be observed that the trend is toward a reduction in the number of smail’ farms from three to fifty acres, while the number of farms from fifty to 1,000 acres {s increasing. This decrease and increase in the slze of the farms of Indiana is suggestive of the frend of affairs in all departments of business.. Small farms aro absorbed by the larger landowners and ‘their owners become tenant farmers. The irenort of the twelfth census will doubticss show that the reduction in the number of small farms is still progressing. . ‘Farm Valuaticns. ' Referring to ceusus reports showing farm valuation the figures indicate 'the growth of the agricultural wealth of Indiana. Beginning with 1850 the sum totals are as follcws: - iyl

2 I i ® ) et : Value of L.and ‘Rences and - Buildings. Value of Implements.or. .. Aiachinery. Value of Live Stock. |

1559 ! $136,385,173 ‘ $ 6,704,444 | § 22,478,555 1860 caiacl 89b6, 712,176 | 10,457,871 41,855,539 1870 .....0 634,304,189 | ]T,G?G,SOIt 83,776,782 1880 .o 635286, 111 1 20,476,988 71,068,758 1590 \ 754,T5z1,1]0‘ 21,172,258 93,361,422 1900 .....1 874.324.110 | 21,867,528 | 115,654.086 Tho figures show that durilng the fifty yvears, from 1850 to 1900, the value of land, fences and buildings jncreased $737,938,937; that ‘the value of implements and raachinédry increascd $15,163,084; that the in. crease in the value of live stock .was $93,.175,501,and that the total value of the three items named in the year 1900 wag n;:prgximz_xte]y 31,011,5845,724. : I, ~ Llve Stock. : Pursuing the subject of the steady growlb in the farm wealth of the state, the lve stock .of the state is shown as follows, the number for 1900 being estimated upon the basis of increase between 1850 and 1890:

IHorses. . Mules. Ai_..w{ﬂ#_,,,_f_. . Work Oxen. Milch Cows. | Othel" Cztﬂe.' Swine. ‘ Sheep. |

In the foregoing exhibit it s shown that since 1850 the number of horses has increased 544,25, and the number of mules Continued on Page 3, Column 1.

INDIANA GREAT IN MINERAL WEALTH; . . RICH STONE QUARRIES OF THE STATE Enormous Deposits of itic Limestone Which Yield Splendid . 'Financial Returns Each Year, History of the Develcrment "Teede in Pedlcrd Stenc—Tests Shew It Is'Unex;elled s Luilding Material—Lccaticn of the Deposits and How They Are Found . end Werked—DNiagara Limestone and Sandstene, .

Indiana is justly préud of its natural resources. Nature has daalt cenerﬂously with the Hoosler state, depositing avithin its borders almost unlimited gquantities of natural wealth. One section Is rich in oil and gas, another in coal, and still another In stone; fine timber ‘is scattered about with a lavish hand, while Lh‘e‘i ground of practically the entire st;:tei vields to the tiller of the soil bountiful | returns for his. labor. : ' It boasts of one of the most valuable i and extensive gas and cil belts in the world, furnishing cheap fuel, the discovery of-which has created cities as if by magic on spots where the farmer sowed and reaped, not knowing that nature haq stored under his feet these potent tactors of commercial prosperity which have | made our great state a center of the giass and stéel industries. : 4 Rich in Deposits. : [ The state is rich in agricultural prod- " ucts almost bevond measure, the value of which annually exceeds the vearly | production. of gold in cither California or Colorado, and at times is sreater than the combined value of the product ‘of

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both these states. Thelr mines are exhaustible, but the farm lands of lndiana are practically inexhaustible, if - taken care of judiciously.. The rivers and creeks are Dordered with timber lands that have given their massive trees to further the progress of civilization. An abundance of coal s found here, and the mines are tfurnishing, and will continue,to furnish, this anad bordering states with cheap fuel long after the gas an(} oil supply shall have been exhausted. Extensive deposits of this valuable resource are found lin Greene, ° Sullivan and Pike ° counties, where mines have been worked for many vears and where new ones are rapidly ‘being developed. : ; : - Building Stons.These are resources in which we all take great pride, but one of the greatest sources of ' natural wealth is the oolitic limestone, commonly known' as Bedford, stone, the production of which employs, directly and indirectly, thousands of Indiana citizena. The rocks of the earth’s crust are ai: vided into three¢ groups—igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. The first come from the interior of the earth and réach the surface as a molten mass; the second kind are ‘those which have been metamorphosed or changed, often by heat; the last group is composed of thése rocks which were formed In water. To this group belongs the oolitic limestones of Indiana. ~ Bedferd Stone. The geological history of this stone is exceedingly interesting and volumes have been written in regard to ft, but omitting all technical terms ahd reducing this history to a few words’ we may say that this stone is the result of the grinding together of the shells of sea animals that inhabited the waters which once covered Indiana. Their infinitesimal particles scttled to the bottom of the sea and were ﬁx‘mly bound together by the lime carbonate they contained, making a firm, even mass, elastic, though possessed of great strength, thus proaucing a material which all the ingenuity of man could iiever equal or even approach. Location of Deposits. Anyone with the i_nclix,mtion and time would. be interested and instructed: by a visit to the quarries where this ‘stone 1s produced. These quarries are scattered throughcut Owen, Monroe and Lawrence counties, and, although there are some in bordering counties, it is only in these three that the stone i 3 quarried. extensively. That one cannot open a quarry in this district at random or with even an ordinary amount of forethofught and caution in which will be found a bed of good stone reasonably free from defects is shown by dozens of abandoned quarries throughout these and other counties which represent fortunes that have been wasted in the vain hope that a quarry might be developed from which an abundance of fine stone mignt be secured equal to that of the *oOld Hoosler!' quarry, which is and always has been the finest oolitlc quarry in Indiana, and that means in the world. It has cost millions to define the workable ore deposits. of Butte, Cripple Creek and Leadville, and so it has been with the oolitic limestone flelds of Indiana. . i The success which has been achleved by Indiana oolitic limestone in the markets of this and other countries is due to the fact that it possesses'all the qualities essential to a first-class building stone-— darability, adaptability to any form into which stone can be worked, beauty of ¢olor and comparative cheapness. - Ag to its durability there is no question. It has stood successfully all the physical

tests to which stone can be submitted. The ratic of absorrtion is very small; the crushing strength very great. A test made by the United States government gives the crushing strength of Bedford stone at about 130,000 pounds per square foot. That this i{s ample is shown by the statement that the piers of the Brooklyn ! bridge, which are subjected tc an unusual !\rcight, sustain %but 57,000 pounds per | square foot - Many fire. tests .have been | made, all of which offer conclusive evi- | dence that the stone is fireproof up to the point of caleination or turning into quicklime, in which respect it is much superior to the average building stone. Granite is affected by heat far more than is LBedford stone, bursting with a loud report when subjected to extreme. heat. Further proof of the durability of Bedford stone. can be furnished by an examination ‘o it where an outcropping shows along " the ledges. These, although exposed, i doubtless for ma=ay cénturies,ghave been but slightly affected by wind, hair, heat t and cold and the other natural agencies | which tend to disintegrate and destroy. ‘ Bedford stone has stood both the natural . and physicai tests. : It was first used for buliding purposes about sixty years ago. Tre stone in the Winthrop Foote vault in Bedford, built

in 1349, is still in a fine state of preservation. Many buildirgs that were crected nearly half a century ago in which this stone was used are mionuments to its durability. : & : Test of Centuries. Although the stone has been tested In this country for a period of but sixty years, ollitic limestone has been used for centuries in the construction of some of the most important buildings in the world. The other great deposit of the stone is found in Portland, England. It was exclusively used in Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's cathedral, the old city wall of London and many churches erected in the time of Queen Anne. Bedford stone and Portland stone are nearly the same in quality and texture, although the following chemical analysis shows that Bedford stone is: superior, owing to the lesser quantity of oxide of iron and magnesia, which it contains: ; Portland Bedford Stone, Stone. Carbonate of 1ime......:.. 95,18 97.206 Silica b v i 120 1.69 Oxide of dron. ... .50 : 49 MNagnéesta e s oo 0000 120 i Water and 1088.:. 430000 - 1.94 .19 S oTorald L 100,00 100.00 It i{s also not nearly so porous as the English stone, a very importart fact. It is easily worked, responding readily to the mallet and tool in the hand of the workman. It can also be turned o 7 planed by machinery into almost any desired shape.. These qualities have, perhaps, done as much as any one thing to make it the most popular gtone on tha market. = | A Recommenrndation.

YWhen the state house commission in 1877 eorganized to erect a capitol bullding for Indiana, Gen. Gilman, one of the best stone experts in the United States and ot long experience in the construction of government work, was retained to make tests of the building stones offered from all parts of the country. These tests were thorough and psactical. All the building stones of the United States come.under three heads—granites, sandston; and limestones. "Many samples of each of these were submitted. Granite was rejected on acecount of its cost and refractory character in shaping and other defects. Sandstone did not have the cohesiveness required. Limestone was selected, and of the limestone submitted Indiana oolitic stone was chosen because ft met every requirement—crushing test, cohesiveness in the cementing of the grains, ease of working into any desired form, beauty, and, above all, durability. The building was started with Owen county oolitic limestone, but mostly constructed with Bedford oolitic from Lawrence county. g The center of thissgreat Industry s at Oolitic, a village four miles northwest of Bedford. It is heré that the deposit is of greatest depth and finest quality. The oolitic belt is fourteen miles long in this district, but the most successful quarries are located on four séctions of land —Qolitie, Buff Ridge, Dark Ifollow and Reed. The natural conditions for the successful operation of a quarry -are best in this neighborhood, and those in the immediate locality furnish about 80 per cent. of the aolitic stone produced in the state. It i 3 here, therefore, that one interested in the great industry goes to study it in detail.

By far the largest and best equipped property in the siate is that of the Bedford Quarries Company, which adjoins the village of Ooliticc. When one has scen

its quarrfes, store houses, machine shop? and mills, which are equipped with the most modern machinery, he has seen gverything that can be séen in any juarries or mills in Indiana. This company cwns tOO acres in the very heart of the best oolitic district® of the state, and after many tests is satisfied that its supply of fine stone is practically unlimited They are undoubtedly the ‘largest producers of oolitic limestone in the world O!d Hoosier. ) The Old Hoegicr quarry of this company is the qﬁ’éen of oolitic quarries. It was opened over thirty years ago and has produced such immense quantities of the very best. quality of buff and. blue stone that its reputation is knoan wherever oolitic stone is used. Many archltects and owners when usi{ng Bedfora stone specify that it shall cogie from the Hoosier quarry, knowing tkat by so doing they will receive only the best stone. The buff stone is° found in the largest quantities, anl is' of a warmer and more pleasing color than the blue stone. It contains fewer, defects and is altogether a more satisfactory stone to use. In this quarry the stone lies in homogeneous

beds from twenty to seventy feet in thickness, and is remarkably free from seams, crowfeet and other defects. The marketable oolitic stone is covered by dirt and hard limestone, which must of course be removed until the oolitic stone {s laid bare. This stripping, which forms a large percentage of the cost of producing the good stene, is carried on to 8 large extent during the winter when the oolitic stone is not quarried owing to danger from frost; for, strange as ft may, seem, stone will freeze; that is, the quarry sap that is in the stone will freeze and shatter the block of stone so that it becomes worthless. After the stone has been quarried a few weeks and has scasoned there is no longer any danger from frost.

Those -vho have never seen the operation of quarrying stone as ‘it is performed In these quarries have an erroneous idea that it is don_e-by blasting. No powder is used. The stone is cut by channelers, machines verv much resembling a portable engine c¢r small locomotive. Each engine is provided with portable iron rafils, braced and-bolted together in sections, of the proper width ana fgauge to carry the machine ba-k and forth in the same manner that a locomotive follows its track. A set of drills, five in number, clamped side by side and sharpened to an edge, play up and down on the side of the machine, cutting about an inch at cach stroke. In this way a cut is made about an inch and a Lalf wide, six to ten feet deep and as long as the tracks will permit, generally from fifty to one-hun-dred feet. After a cut is completed to the desired depth ‘and the channecler removed to another position a steam drill is employed to break the block loose on the bottom. Dervick power is then applied and the stone s rolled over on its side ready to be drilled and broken into blocks of any 'size, usually six to .twelve or fifteen feet long. : Two Mille.

The Bedford Quarries Company has two of the largest mills in the country, which are thoroughly equipped with the latest improved gang sa&is, wire saws, planers, headers and lathes for the sawing, turning and planing of the stone when so desired by its customers. These mills are lighted by electricity furnished by a flne plant, the property of this company, thus enabling it to run the machinery night and day when necessary. That this is important 18 shown by the fact that it has been running night and day for the past eight monthg and expect to continue doing so all winter, so great is the demand for its produc-. The buildings at this plant are models of their kind, built of solid dressed stone. The machine shops are in charge of skilled mechani¢s, who make most of the new parts for the machinerg when the old ones give out, and who keep the entire plant in first-class order. To have even a reasonable conception of the magnitude of the quarries and equipment of the Bedford Quarries Company one must inspect “hem personally. An idea of their business may be conveyed by the statement that every weekday a long train load of stone is shipped from the quarries over the Belt railway, some of the cars perhaps destined for Canada, where a good demand for the stone has developed, while some may go to the plains of western Texas.

Stone from the Hoosler quarry has been used in the construction of many of the handsomest and most expensive publie and-private buildings throughout the country. Reference to the list of structures which follows, all of which have been built from stone furnished by the Bedford Quarries Company, will show the

GLORIOUS RECORD OF THE | STATE OF INDIANA IN THE | WARS OF THE NATION

high estimation in which the product of this quarry is held: ‘ s - —PUBLIC BUILDINGS.=~ = - United StateS postotlice, Paterson, N. J. State normal school, DeKalb, 1111. - Allen’ county court house, Ft. Wayne, Ind. : ) Chicago ‘university bulldings, Chicago, liL Columbia college library, New . York, N.OX. . ‘ , Mississipp! state house, Jackson,. Miss. Providence public library, Providence, R. % : : United States postoffice, Yot Springs, Ark. . ) Georgia® raillroad bank, Augusta, Ga —RESIDENCES.— Sioane mansion, New York, N. Y. James I°. -Sinnott’s residence, Bryn Mawr, Pa. ) ‘Mrs. Vanderbilt’s restdence, New York, N X i Mr. Stuyvesant TFish's resident, New York, N. Y. ~ L . Mr. Otto Young's resiilence, Laka Geneva, Wis. ) o _ Fabri residence, New Yorlk, N. Y. —OFFICE EBUILDINGS.— Chicago natlonal bank building, Ch!cago, 111. i : Constable bullding; New York, N. Y Prudential life building, Newark, N. J. Dean building, Boston, Mass. —~HOTELS.— ) ) Hoffman house, New York, N. Y. ) Hotel Majestic, New York, N. Y. There are hundreds of other b'«.:%}!{iin_gs. but this list is a fairly representative ane. { - Railroad Facilities. The Belt railw y'Jls a little over four miles in lenguwaﬁx;d extends from Qolitis to Bedford, whdre it connects with three railroads, giving the quarries on its line ample shipping facilities. The raflway is controilzd by the Redford quarries company and enables it to make prompt delivery of its output to any point In the United States or Canada. 'On¢ of the principal railroads with which it connects Is the Southern Indiana. T.ike the Belt, this road is controlled by the owners of the quarries. This splendid little road is a monument to the abliiity, energy and financial worth of its proprictors. It Is the result of the agquisition by the present owners of the old Evansville & Richmond rallway, which had been a failure. The iine has been rebuilt, extended, new rails lald, grades reduced, cuts filled. or spanned by modern steel Lridges and the roadbed ballastegd with- crushed stcne from. the quarries until it is ‘one ~of -the flnest in the state. Six trains ara run daily between - Terre Haute and Seymour The entire quipment of the road is strietly medern and In keeping with a first-class - line. Recently the companv's shops at Bedford were completed.: All are massive stone structures and fnclude a. ten-stall engine HousA. machine shop, carpenter shop. paint shop, store room. blacksmith shop and office’ An electrin light plant is being installed. which will furnish lig}:t and power for all these buildings. t Terre Haute, the northern terminus of the road, several fine buildines, all stone, have been constructed. The Southern Indiand raflway was bhuilt prinylﬁ'a]]y to develop and encourage the oolitic llmestone' and coal {ndustries of southern Tndiana. and its purponse is being admirably fulfilled. . It owns nearly two thousand cars.that are always available, for the quarrvmen and coal producers located on the line. TWhat the road has done for the section of our state where it now runs it will do for that part of . Sulllvan county, ‘through which a branch fs now being bullt o tap a part of Indiana's great coal belt that has heretofore been hindicapped by the lack of facilities for marketing the products of its mines. More than a dozen new mines have been opened aiong the branch. ; With further ' extensions the Southern Indiana will soon become *“‘the stone and coal road of Tndiana.””” This railroad has rendered accessibla a health resort that is destined to becoms noted throughout the country. The waters of Indiana Springs in Martin county, twenty miles north of Bedford, have long been noted for their medicinal properties,’ and for cighty vears people have sought them. Until the construction of the Southern Tndiana the springs could only be reached by long stage journeys. Partfes largely interested in the Southern Indiana own the stock of the Indiana Springs hotel company, which proposes the erection of a fine modern fireproof. hotel, constructed of Bedford stone. The springs are situated in a very picturesque part of the state, being surrounded -by many miles of hilly woodlands, with streams well stocked with black bass and ‘other fish. ; : The location of the springs makes them accessible by fast trains-from Indianapolis, Chicago, St. Louls, Clncinnati and Louisville. . - e The enterprise, push and ability back of these successful industries are worthy of the admiration of 'the entire loosier state. . )

NIAGARA LIMESTONE. The Niagara -limestone outcrops at many points in the eastern part of the state, and were it not for the superior* quality of the Bedford oolitic limestone the quarrying Industry in the Niagara limestone belt would be a very.important one in this state. It i?equal to the Joliet and Lamont (I 11. limE&stones and -it successfully competes with them. The Nliagara limestone also competes with ‘the Berea (0O.) sandstone. Thais Indiana Hmestone occurs in natural slabs of uniform thickness and usually very. even, being. easily and cheaply quarrfied ‘without much, if any, drilling or blasting, .anq requires no dressing after quarrying. It {s of handsome color, very hard and durable, except where smoke from bituminous coal affects it. Belng a magnesian limestone, the sulphurous fumes of soft coal decomposes the magnesia in the stone. It is used extensively for flagging and curbing in street works. It is also used for window sills, doorsteps, foundations, bridge abutments, street crossings, gutter stones, sidewalks, etc. In the trade this is known as the “Laurel limestone” on account of its best exposure near Laurel Franklin county, where it has also been more extensively quarried than elsewhere in the state. It has also been quarried on.a large scale in Ripley county, near Osgood; in Decatur county, near Westwert, Newport and St. Paul, and in Wabash county, near Wabash; also at Huntington, Delphi, Logansport, Kokomo - and elsewhere for 'lme and concrete. : . ! —— e GAS, OIL AND COAL OF STATE. Natural fuels are the most valuable resources of any country.. A country may be deflcient in raw materials for manufacturing, but if it has an abundance of cheap fuels the raw materials will come to it and the result is the upbuilding of fndustrial communities, which makes a nation eventually great in men and Continued on Page 3, Column- 4,

How' the Scns of This Great - State Have Carried the Flag - - . v "~ toMany Splendid and - - Historic Victeries, : Numerous Battles in Which Men of Indiana Have Won Glory—Heavy Price ¢ - in Blood and Gold, - e e ) fnd};m:idoes ftself great honor in hons ‘bring her pioneers, which is done in many cdunlfus-ct the state by reunions of ‘‘oid settlers”—sturdy, patriotic men, who laid d‘e(\'p and streng the foundations of the “state. At these reunlons the old men and the old women take great delight in recx’il!:_g recollections “and traditions of the jearly period in "the history of the ‘state and in-exhibiting some relic of bygone vears, the period 'qf the log cabin, thé loom: and the spinning wheel. Not less” has Indidna right to feel an honest pride in her statesmen, her orators and writers, her e-dm'ats.;rs,” her pulpit, bench and bar, her merchamé, manufacturers, railroad builders and business men in'all lines of eéndeavor, her farmers and her mqitl{all'ed theusands of toilers on farms, in luc;ories and shops, without whose aid her flelds would be & wild.emess and her cities and towns ag silent as Pompeli. Milton wrote that - . "Peace hath her victorles _ - -~ -+ Noless renowned than-war.” = ; Indiana’'s Real Heroes. S But it so Lappens that the victories serurce by war flame meare lu}n!nous‘zy on the historic ‘page than those which aras placed to the credit of peace, and they of tlie sword, epaulette and plume are aeécredited victors, while the men behind the guns who win all the victories are designated * ‘‘the army,” and as such taks théir place ‘in, history. Arnd this is as true of -Indiana as it is of ancient Greeca and Rome, cr of any cther land or na';ion. But whatever elsea may be sald ot Indiana, and little can be said that is not cbmpli’mentgry, the state has won eminent distinction by the herolsm ©of her soldiers in war. . In this regard she stands second to no state in the union, and to no vatien, ancient cr' modern. 5 : Tippecanoe. Jln the early history of Indidna, befora it attained - statehood, a battle was fought within its boundarles which constitutes .an imperishable landmark in Its-history. - I _refer to the battle of Tip;')ecavnoe.' which cccurred in what is now Tippecange. county, where the illustrious William Henry Ilarrison 'commanded, Nov. 5, 1811, -live years before Indiana became a state. In that battlée Gen. Har-rison’'s-army consisted of,about one thonsand men, 252 regulars, the remainder vclunteers, of whom llndiana furnished about eix hundred,. At°that time Indiana had a populatiorn of about twenty-five thousanaq, and therefore contributed an average of niore than one soldier to every family in the territory. In the battle of Tippecanoe. the Indians were defeated and disperseéd, but though it was of short duration the savages killed thirty-seven anda 'wounded 151 of Harrison’s force. It s possible that. the-names of the Indianians who fought _and fe!l at Tippecanoe have been preserved, but the probability is that their nemes are unknown .and that they are s mply remembered-as victors at the battle of Tippecanoe. ;

o Mexico. It it is assumed that Indiana was not represented {1 the war with Englang, 1812-15, the- next war. in which Indiana soldlers participated was that with: Mex{co, 1846-48. In- that war Indiana had five regiments. or 4.585 voiunteers; all included in the army commanded by Gen. Zachary Taylor, who won the battle of Buena Vista, in’which one regiment, holding an advanced ‘pogition, receiving an order to retreat, responded in great disorder, but not all- of them. -Col. Bowes, the com‘mander - of-the regiment, unable to stay the flight of his men, took a musket and fought in the ranks, and fought gallantly. until the Mexicans were vanquished. It is ‘the only instance on record of an Indiana regiment ‘giving oceasion for an adverse criticism, and in this there wers mitigating circumstances. It is affirmed that an order was given to retreat, which, though lacking canfirmaticn, was evidently true. ;Be this as it may, the two other Indiana regiments in the great battie fully .maintained the reputation of the state.for heroism. In the war with Mexico Indiana had forty-seven soldiers kilied in battle and ninety-two wounded, and now, after forty-three years, a few survivors linger on the pension rolls to share in the glory of having contributed their part in securing 522,668 square miles of territory, -or- 334,443,620 acres of land, out 6f which has been carved the states of California, Nevada and Utah entire, 82,357 square -miles.cf Arizona, 42,000 square miles of New Mexico, 29,500 square miles of Colorado and, 14200 square miles of Wyoming. This ‘vast territory cost tha government, aside from the expenses of the war, $15,060,000, and it is something to the credit of Indiana soldiers that they took part in the acquisition of such an immen domain, - in value sufficient to’ pay all{jthe pensions of all the soldiers for the\next five hundred years. It lis, therefore,! specially becoming that the sol= diers of the Mexican war should share in common with other Indiana soldiers in the glory of achievements our great monument was built to perpetuate. : 2 i The Spanish War, .. In ‘the late- Spanish war Indlana furnished 7,040 volunteers, and {f wvalorous deeds did not add to the renown of the state it is because opportunities were not offered to enable them to increase its milftary luster. ) . « The Civil War. : Dismissing statistics and comments upon -ali minor wars in which Indiana soldfers have been cngaged, we come to the ‘great civil war, the struggle to pregerve the unlon, a war cofhpared. with which all other -wars on the continent dwindle to insignificance, and, for that matter, all other wars known to history. This is demonstrated by a glanee at tha figures ' showing the number of soldiers mustered Into the service in all the wars fn. which the -country has been engaged from 1775 . to 1901, including the Spanish ‘war, excepting the war of the rebellion. In these wars, regulars and volunteers, inchuding sallors, there were on the rolls 1,390,105 men, while in the clvil war the