Liberty Express, Volume 14, Number 24, Liberty, Union County, 12 January 1917 — Page 6

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Department of Agriculture

JVeekly News Letter from Washington, D. C, in the Interest xf Better Farming

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POTATO DISEASES.

Show Tendency to Spread in Various Parts of the Country Seed-Plot Method of Control.

Potato dicac. wliich are showing a tendency to become established or to jiiead in various parts of the country, an heft be coat rolled in niot caes tluonyli tin adoption by tanners of the ccd-bcd method of control, according to Dr. If. A. KtUoii, tnukcion disease specialist of tin U. S. Department of Agriculture. In ilicusiiijj tlio potato-disease situation and possible control ineasmcH in a recent address. Dr. Kdson said: "A di-ea-c of the potato which is making its appearance in several sections of the country is the one designated by Orton aa streak. The cause of this disease is unknown. It is characterized by the appearance of angular spots on the leaves, whit h have a tendency to run down the veins through the stema of the leaflets to the main petiole, or leafstalk, producing a streaked appearance. The affected portions of the plant wither and the leafstalks break over at the axil of the leaves that is their junction points with the branches with the reMilt that leaves hang directly down, swinging in the wind and attached only by a poition of the epidermis. In severe cases the plants are eventually entirely killed. The trouble is apparently transmitted from generation to generation by means of the seed tubers, and there is home indication that it is transmitted from plant to plant in the field. In the absence of more definite knowledge -of the disease, it is recommended that roguing be practiced as a precautionary measure wherever it appears. Heavy Los3 from Mosaic. "Mosaic is assuming great importance as a potato disease in certain sections ot the country. It is characterized by a mottling in the green of the leaves, sometimes accompanied also by a crinkling but not a rolling of the foliage. The disease should not be confused with the uneven yellowing which results from the application of excessive water in ir-

Dr. 0. W. Snyder VETERINARIAN Liberty, Indiana TL No. 3 Residence Tel. 265

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rigated legions with the homewhat different yellowing and rolling associated with excessive alkali content in soils, nor should it be confused with the condition of partial absence of coloring matter, possibly chinnvra. seen occasionally in lields, more particularly in certain sections of the West. The cause of mosaic has never been determined, but it is known that the disease is reproduced when tubers from affected plants are used for seed. The experimental data which have been secured both in the I'nited States and abroad show that the yield from mosaic plants is less than that from healthy plants of the same variety grown under the same conditions or in the same field. The average reduction in yield in trials made by the Department with various varieties and in several different sections of the country is approximately 30. Roguing out affected planst in the seed plot affords a practical though perhaps not complete control of the trouble. "The late blight of the potato caused by l'hytophthora infestans and the rot of tubers which follows in the winter are too well known to call for description. It has recently been shown, however, that the planting of tubers affected with Phytophthora decay affords a means for infection of the grow'ing crop. The development of the disease, however, is entirely dependent upon weather conditions. In dry seasons one may plant affected tubers without insuring the development of the late blight, but it has been shown that the original infections follow up the stems from the seed tubers if the weather conditions are favorable to the development of fungus. It is, therefore, advisable to avoid infected seed when possible in addition to employing the usual control by Bordeaux mixture, which is a well-established practice. "Recent studies upon the powdery scab have demonstrated the fact that this disease is less serious in its character in the United States than was at first feared. It is apparently unable to survive except in the more northern sections of the country, and the damage done there is, in many years, not serious. The disease is correlated with heavy, rather wet soils, or more particularly with subsoils of this character. The damage done is to a large extent dependent upon weather conditions even in these unfavorable types of soil. Decay in Storage. Several species of Fusarium are now known to Produce potato diseases. These may be classified in two groups. The first is the wilt-producing group which attacks the vascular tissues and the root system of the plant, cutting off the wcter supply 'and causing injury in proportion to the extent of the invasion. In extreme cases a yellowing or at least an unhealthy green color and characteristic rolling of the foliage develop to be followed by sudden wilting and death. The tubers produced upon infected plants frequently carry the fungus in their vascular tissue, as may often be demonstrated by the appearance of a darkened ring near their stem end. Infected tubers, stroed under unfavorable conditions, may develop a serious decay, which is either of the wet or the dry type, according to the temperature and moisture. The second group includes other species of Fusarium, which are to be classified as wound parasites. They infect the tubers through wounds resulting from

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iiniiiiiii wuiie oifjjmjj or storing. The 1 infection may occur in the field or i,J the storage houses. These forms of drcay may be controlled to a large cti.t '

i by regulating the storage conditio!,..

The stock should be stored at low teiuperatuies (.14 to 40 1 in cll-vcn-! tilated houses. Our knowledge of Fusarium wilt diseases lias not reached a stage where directions for the satisfactory control of the vascular parasites can lie given. It is possible, however, to improve the conditions y nop rotation

and by careful selection of th(.

j stock. Tubers produced on infected

j plati are likely to cany the disease.

hence such progeny should never be used for seed. Disease-free seed, however,

can not be depended upon to produce a

healthy crop on infected soil. Black Leg Caused by Seed. "Mack leg is a disease which, so far

as is know n, is entirely seed borne in its j

.character. In typical eases affected

plants die in the early part of the season as the result of a black, relatively dry, decay of the stem which originates at the base where the plant comes in contact with the parent tuber. During the early stages of the disease the leaves roll and the plant assumes a more or less stunted and bushy appearance. In other cases the disease progresses less rapidly so that the plants may arrive at full growth without showing evidence of infection. In some cases the disease is confined to the pith of the stein, not showing at all at the surface. Plants affected by this delayed type of black leg produce tubers which, however, are more or less seriously infected. It is stock of this sort which perpetuates the disease. All of the evidence accumulated to date indicates that the bacteria are unable to live in the soil even during a single winter. These organisms are especially susceptible to drying and are also readily killed on the surface of seed potatoes by common tlisinfcctants. such as biehlorid of mercury. The roguing out of diseased plants from stock intended for seed is one of the most effective means of controlling black leg. This practice, coupled with treatment of the seed with biehlorid of mercury according to the method recommended by ilorse, affords an almost complete control. Rhizoctonia and Black Scurf. "Rhizoctonia, the cause of the wellknown black scurf of potatoes, is also frequently responsible for injurious diseases of the growing plants. It is very generally distributed in all agricultural soils and has recently been shown to be a normal inhabitant of virgin lands. Its parasitism upon the potato appears to be correlated with conditions of environment. Generally speaking, those types of environment which are unfavorable

tn the pQfnfo ond which ee.Ueuifijly'

weaken its vitality or lessen its vigor may be expected to result in Increasing the injury produced by Rhizoctonia, since the fungus itself seems capable of thriving in all types of soil and under all conditions of climate. The most common type of disease with which Rhizoctonia is associated are the killing back of the sprouts of young plants in the spring, which may be spoken of as a damping off, the production of lesions or damaged spots upon the underground stems and upon the stolons, which carry the tubers, and in severe cases the production of a dying of the external tissues of the tuber. The lesions upon the stems are frequently present without apparent injury to the vigor of the plant or the amount of yield. The injury produced is dependent upon the depth to which these lesions kill the tissue. ''The conducting elements in the potato stem are located in a vascular ring, the center of which contains the xyleni, or that portion of the conducting tissue through which the materials taken up

liV tl'C roots are conducted to tlie aliovcgroiMid portion of the plant. On either side of Ii" yleni are the phloem strands, through which the elaborated food mateiials are eon vexed ' I roin the leaves to tl,c tubers. Whenever lesions penetiate into the tissues far enough to produce' (lie death of these conducting cells, the coinintiiiicat ion between the leaves and the roots is interrupted ami the injaiy to I lie plant is i om t ioiia I to the amount f interruption. The lesions' lipon the stolons produce an injury in a similar way, cutting otf the coniiuunication between the leaves and the grow-1 ing tubers, making it impossible for starch to be conveyed to them as it is j elaborated day by day. Superficial les-' ions cause little injury, but deep le-ions make the deposit of starchn the tubers' in a normal way impossible, and fieqiteiitly result in the production of swol- l h'li internodes or aerial tubers or the ' formation of small tubers or new stolons developed on portions of the stem above j the lesions. j i "Curly dwarf is a disease characterized j by the foreshortening of all of the por- : tious of the Ktato plant above the' ground, frequently " accompanied by a ' crinkling of the leaflets. The whole ef- j feet i to produce a stunted, more or less j rosetted plant, of wihch the yield is greatly reduced or frequently nil.' The' cause of cury dwarf is unknown, but it j appears to be physiological. The progeny of curly dwarf plants invariably produce

curly dwarf, and it is usually true that affected stock runs out entirely and is löst in a few years. Cause of Leaf Roll Unknown. "Leaf lull is another disease of the potato which has In-en believed to be physiological. This is characterized by an upright habit of the tips of the steins, by a tubular rolling of the leaves of a portion or of the entile plan.t frequently accompanied by a discoloration most pronounced at the margin of the lea Met. The character of this discoloration varies with the varieties from a light yellow to a deep purple. The petioles of the leaflets of leaf-roll plants are frequently twisted so that the underside of the leaf is turned outward or upward. There is often a metallic luster of the leaflets most noticeable from beneath, the tissues are more brittle than normal, and are exceptionally rigid. The dull rustle given out by shaking the leaves of such plants against one another has led to the application of the term 'rattles' in some

sections. The cause of leaf roll has'

novei" been determined. It has lieen generally believed, both in this country and abroad, that the progeny of leaf-roll plants could not produce healthy stock. It is certainly the case that leaf-roll progeny frequently does reproduce its

ljke.sQ jhat it is jdvisable to employ y

such fttoclc lor seea purposes. Control in Seed Plot Most Practical. "Aside from the specific means of control which have been mentioned, the most practical method of combating the disease discussed is probably that of the

seed plot. For this purpose the farmer j employs in the first year the best stock available, planting it upon his best soil type, and caring for it in the most ap- j proved manner, l'rom time to time dur- j ing the growing season the weag, diseased or otherwise undesirable plants are regued out. At digging time it is highly , desirable to harvest at least a portion of; this field by hand, selecting those hills j v hose yields approximate most closely j to the grower's ideal. Tubers obtained in this way form the nucleus for the: next year's seed plot. If this method is: followed consistently, many of the dis- j eases which are now so vexatious will be largely held under control, and in addition the general vigor and consequent! productiveness of the stock will be held at a high level." I

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FOR DEMONSTRATION CALL Chas. Farlander or W. L. Wood Phone 145 LIBERTY, IND. Phone 15R

Tax Notice for the Year 1916

PAYABLE IN 1917

..., r ' LIBERTY, IN IX, JANUARY 1, 1917. To the Taxpayers of Union County, Indiana: NOTICE IS I1KKEKY GIVKX, That the Tax Keeord for State, County, Township and Municipal Taxes for the Year 191(1 is in mv hands, and that I am readv to receive the taxes thereon. The following table shows the rate of taxation on each one hundred dollars worth of proiK-rty, and also on each Toll in the several Jownslnj.s in Union County, Indiana, for 11)16. Rate of Taxation for 1916

Tax Rates for 1916 Payable in 1917

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All th Road Tax. and half the balance of the Tax ia payable on or before the FI1JST MONDAY IS MAY, 1U17. The second installment is due and payaide on or before the FIISST MONDAY IN NOVEMBER, 1917. All receipts for Road Tax worked out should be returned to the Treasurer by the several Township Trustees and due credit will be allowed for all receipts thus filed in the Treasurer's office. Individual taxpayer are not entitled to work more thn .20.00 in any one township. The County Treasurer has nothing to do with road poll tax fonietimcs called two-day time. If the person fails to pay the first installment when due the whole amount charged becomes delinquent, and 10 per cent, penalty is added thereon. Upon second delinquency 6 per cent, additional is charged. The Treasurer will not be responsible for the penalty and charges on delinquent taxes resulting from any omission due to the failure of persons to state definitely on what property, in whose name and what Township or Corporation it was assessed.

Persons owing delinquent taxes should pay them at ence. The law requires the Treasurer to make special efforts to collect taxes. All persons should examine their receipts before leaving the office and see if all pronrty on which they desire to nay is described thereon. County orders will not be paid to anyone owing delinquent taxes. All parties are warned against buying them. Please call on the Auditor for any reduction claimed on taxes. The Treasurer cannot make reductions. Assignees, Guardians, Administrators and others who pay taxes on property in trust and whose taxes are complicated (such as undivided estates) are earnestly requested to come before the throng of the last few days. Persons communicating by mail will please enclose return postage. THE ANNUAL SALE OF DELINQUENT LANDS AND LOTS WILL TAKE PLACE ON THE SECOND MONDAY IN FEBRUARY, 1917. WM. N. McMAHAN, ; . TREASURER OF UNION COUNTY.

AN AGENCY IS KNOWN BY THE COMPANIES IT KEEPS We Keep the Best. The Best by Test. TIME TRIED AND FIRE TESTED. We Represent Locally The Leading 1 ire Insurance Company of the World, the ROYAL; the Oldest Eire Insurance Company in America, The INSURANCE COMPANY of NORTH AMERICA; "th Leading l ire Insurance Company of America, the AETNA; the Company with the Largest Premium Income in the I'nited States, The HARTFORD FIRE; the Largc-t l ire Insurance Company in the United States, The HOME of New York; and lite Ohle-t, Strongest and niot Reliable Live Stock Insurance Company in tin- World, the INDIANA AND OHIO, now operated and backed financially by the TWO IIARTFORDS (Hartford lire and Hartford Accident and Indemnity). G. W. ROBERTSON & SON Phone 114. Liberty, Ind.

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!ry Zensal

Moist Zensal

Tht fact that Zensal is math to reach the two distinct types of Eczema should appeal to all skin sufferers. Tetter, salt rheum and dry eczema should be treated with Dry Zensal.

For weeping skin use Moist '-Zensal. 75c a jar.

H. G. RICHARDSON

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