Hammond Times, Volume 6, Number 11, Hammond, Lake County, 24 March 1917 — Page 3

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The Most Important Ones Both In Europe and America - Their Part In the Development of the Natural Resources of the Country and Their Commercial Value To the People.

Copyright, li17. by 1 he CV'ER since man was a trading; individual waterways artificial tS waterways, have been one of the meaffi by which o. carried his products t- other and perhaps better markets. Mch modes of transportation were used by the ancients as far back as history records, and even among; the ruins of departed peoples and lost civilization there are traces of a canal system. Ccnals Before The Christian Era. Lor,? before the Christian Era canals were used as a moans of navigation by the Assyrians. Egyptians and H'ndus, ss the royal canal of Babylon was '. !lt about 600 year3 B. C. The Chinese entraced in canal construct ri in fhe thirteenth century w-her. they butit one to connect the Tsng-' t-klanr and the Fei-ho a canal six hundred and fifty miles in length comr "sed larpeiy of canalized rivers. In ti.ose days locks were unHill- IWI IIMIIIIIJII ifcHIIliW pip IKli UP'W

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InternstioDal Svnrilcste. J known arid the boats were hauled up : Inclined planes by the aid of capstans and made to slide down a paved track. It is said the lock was the Invention of two Italian engineers In 14S1. but the honor of the invention is also I claimed by Holland as canal locks : were used by the Dutch as well as ir. Italy at that period. Important Ship CaiwLs. The most Important artificial -waterways of the world which may be properly called ship canals are as follows: The Suez Canal, besun in 1859 and completed tn years later. The Crcvnradt and St. Petersburg Car.nl. begun in 1877 and completed !n 18 90. The Corinth Canal, begun In 1884 and finished in 1893. The Manchester Ship C?nal. completed in 1SS4. The Kaiser Wllhelm Canal, conr.ect-

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ng the Baltic and North ?e;is. completed in 1S95. The Elbe and Trave Cnn!, connecting the North Sea and the Baltic, ooened for traffic in ifKlO. The Weliand Canal. connecting L'ikc Kric with Lake Ontario. The Panama Canal, completed in is: 5 . The ( ape Co 1 Canal. coni;!eted in 1?1 1 There ar? hundreds of miles of canal in all countries many of them of jrrear importance to commerce on account of their cheap freight rates, .viez Cnnal falser Wilhol Cannl. The Suez Canal has long been considered 'he most important example of ship canals although the number of vessels passing through it annually does not ejua! that passing throug-h the canals connecting: Lake Superior with the chain of Great Lakes to the south. In lenjrth. however, it exceeds all of the other great ship canals, beinp ninety miles long:, of which about two-thirds is throush shallowlakes. The canal is without locks, being fen. level the entire distance. The length of time for a ship passing through the canal averages about ciehtefin hours and can be made either during the day or nlsht as the en-

Mi Thi HMmtmea i.re waterways is lighted by electricity. S' tvim vessels pass through propelled by 'hi lr own power. The tonnage per year averages between nineteen and i twenty millions at about two dollars ;er ten. The rilan of a water connection between the Mediterranean and the Red a poes buck to early Egyptian his'ory. Such a canal was constructed luring the time of Rimeses. hut it !- ' a ::-" choked up by sand. From tlire to tirao it was or.ened. nut !r was not ut'M! 'he DeLcsseps concession beitan Its work that the canal became a reality. The estimated cost of the wu'erway is $127,000,000 and its i maintenance Is expensive on account of the vast amount of dredging which ; must be done to keep the channel open as it is continually choked with ! sand. ' The canal connecting the Bay of .' Cronstadt with Petrograd is a water- ' way of great strategic and commercial I value to Russia. It Is about sixteen miles In length and cost $10,000,000. Like the Puez it is a sea level canal. The next great ship canal In the ' order of dte of construction Is the , one known as the Corinth, which connects the Gulf of Corinth with the Gulf ' of Aegtna and cuts across the Isthmus i of Corinth. It was beffun by Nero,

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vast for tint iiiaiiat'h h ad was abandoned. In 'iSsl a Frer.i h company obtained it concession to construct the waterway but before it was finished it was trans- : ferred to a Greek company and comi oicttfl by a Greek engineer named i .Uatsax. It is only four miies in , 'etiKth yet it solve? the journey from j j the Adriatic to the Piraeus, about two j j hundred and two miles. It cost about j .55.000.000. j ( The Manchester Ship Canal, which j ! connects the City of that name with i the Mersey River. Liverpool, and the ' Atlantic. Ocean was opened for traffic in 1S94. when Queen victoria came ' to the ci'y t" be present ;it the cerernony. It is about thirty-five miles in ' length and has four sets of locks Kiv- ; ing an average to each of fifteen feet. ; it cost $85,000,000 to build and last year its tonnage was nearly six m;l- . lions. i The great canal between the Baltic 'mid N'or'h Seas through Germany is ' known as the Kaiser "WiiheSm Canal, i or the Kiel Canal, frequently so culled 'from the fact that Kiel is the ensern terminus of th waterway and one 'of tin- best hartiors in Europe. I: cons' ru "ted fr nnlitarv ;ttui navni r-urposes. but It has also been of great value to jri reral mercantile traffic. It in sixty-one miles lonrr p. nil the route ; lips rh'.ffly through shallow lakes and alo-iit rivr valleys. The locks- at each 1 ev.d ar? large enough o accommodate ' Germany's lrfteat war vessel. By this I canal two hundred miles are saved by .- .ships coir.K from the Baltic to the ! North Sea. - The Kibe and Trave Canal Is anothI er German waterway and also Joins the North Sea and the RaUie The ( money for the work was furnished j partly by the Prussian government and partly by the City of I.uheck. It; Is about forty-one miles In length and j is spanr.ea iy iweniy-nmc tmccps. There are sven locks. The towing is done by electricity. The Weiland Canal has played Pa part tn the present war and managed o get on the front page of the press , 'hrougrh an attempt to Mow it up. This waterway connects L;?ke Ontario and Lake Erie on the Csrsdian side ' of 'he river and plays an lmpTtan' part In 'he commercial life of both Canada and the I'mted States. It is l twt nty-seven ml! In length and has ; twenty-five locks with a total rie of j lockage of threo hundred and twen'yj seven feet. Tt has twice been enlarged land cost about $23,000,000. ; Great Value Of Savilt Ste Marie. i i The Sault Ste Marie Canals, which have been such factors In the ore in- ' dustry are located adjacent to the falls of the St. Mary's River, which connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron and raises or lowers vessels I from one level to the other a height i I of seventeen to twenty feet. The canal belonging to the United States was 'opened In 1855. From time to time it i was enlarged and Improved, and In

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s '.''it t - V"4- v. -s . .. 1" ' " ' t : 1 1fF-. 1 Z i 1907 a general widening and deepening took place. A number of new locks were erected the I'avis Lock being completed in 1914. The Canadian Canal was completed in 1895. j During one year the tonnage of the Saitlt. Ste Marie Canal was nearly ,,i)rhly millions, or four times that of t ne Suez Canal. Th"e Cape' Cod Canal is an artificial channel conne-t ing Buzza rd's Bavwith n-o),i!. a, ..,, a, ,.,-;-, at ohusetts. It s;;ves shipping from Long Island to Boston and other New Ergland points about seventy miles, the greater part of which is rough water and an ocean graveyard for ships During the period from 1 843 to 1903 more than ten thousand vessels were wrecked 'n the repion of Nr. n'ueket i shoals, r.nd about -vf-n hundred lives were lost. The- cm:;! is n sea level 'one and is thirteen miles from bay to ' bav. The history of the latest ship canal tt Pansma Is too n e'l-known to need repetition here, suffice it to say that It .has taken Its place among the great canals of the world and s'ands out as j a monument to the energv and brains j of the American engineer. Boat CanalH. i Of the boat canals, the Chesapeake and Ohio is perhaps The oldest and ! originated in a project formed by ueorge Washington as early as 1774 to make the Potomac r.avig-able from tidewater to Cumberland. Maryland, and to connect by common roads with the affluents of the Ohio west of the AJleghenies. The YVar of the Revolu-

fT 9m mg ."",1-.,V.VU';iil.'V'HJ? , , , C tion and later Washing'or.'s tlrc'inr to the presidency prevented i.itu from carrying out Jus scheme end it was for the time .abandoned. However, in 1S50 such a cnnal was comnlctcd a' the cost of $11,000,000. It runs from j Cumberland to Georgetown a dis i tance of one hundred and eighty-four : miles, and is always alive with old : fashioned canal boats towed by n-uie.-The Erie Canal, which connects thrHudson River at Albany and Trcv with Lake Erie at Buffalo, I? thr-e hundred and s;xty-'hree miles in length. Its construction was due to ' the energy of DeWitt Clin'on. It was begun in 1817 arid completed in j s;-. , at the cost of nearly eizht million In 1900 there was a demand for an increasing capacity for this canal m ; order that boats or barges of fro; i one thousand to twelve hundred tons ; could tie used. This led to an anprpi priation of $101.00.000 to cover th? j cost of deepening and extending the canal system. Th new part of the i waterway became the New York St.iti ! Barge Canal. There :to ' hi rt y-t' ve locks on the new barze canal. In th-3 City of Oswego there is nli.it Is known as a sipr-.on look the first of its kind built In America. Any ntimber of smaller canals plied by boats carrying frflel.t might be ; mentioned, but spacf" will not perm;, t suffice It to say, that canals help in the reduction of the price of food b making cheap freight rates. The farmer and the consumer both profit ' by these man-bu'lt waterways.

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