Jasper Weekly Courier, Volume 64, Number 12, Jasper, Dubois County, 29 July 1921 — Page 6

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View of Lisbon Harbor.

Prepared by the National GsosrapMc Society. Washington. D. C.) Portugal, one of the least known and least written about countries of Europe, owes this fact, in part at least, to Its lunguagc. In spite of the claim made by some Portuguese, that their speech Is closer to the pure Latin than that of any of the other Romance peoples, students find that many (lothic, Arabic, and even Herber elements have strikingly altered the Latin foundation, making the language unusually diflicult for those accustomed to the commoner European tongues. Hut Portuguese is predominantly a Homance language, and Roman customs and practices have been just ns tenacious in Portugal as the Human tongue. Agriculture has hardly chnnged at all since the days when, under the protection of Roman legions, settlers came from Italy to the charm Ing valleys of Portugal and Introduced their methods of tilling the soil. The addition of maize to the crops gown Is perhaps the one significant clhinge since those days. Oxen are still used by the fanners us in old days, and they drag, not a modern implement of tillage, but the old primitive Roman plow consisting of crooked stick shod with Iron and having a single handle, drapes are trained upon trees as the Romans trained them, and wine Is made in the peculiar way In which it was made on the Sabine farms of old Italy before the beginning of the Christian era. Not Much Like Spain. What is now the republic, but was for centuries the kingdom of Portugal, covers the greater part of the old province of Lusitania, one of the rich but hardly won units of the Roman empire. Hecause of general lack of knowledge in regard to Pnrtuivl. there has been a tendency to b ',.- on the country as a sort of poor imitation of Spain. Geographically, there is little In common between these two countries which together cover the Iberian peninsula. Much of Spain is a dry, barren tableland; but Portugal, sloping westward to the Atlantic from the e:ist. Is well watered, and many of its hills are covered uith luxuriant forest growth. Th Romans recognized Lusitania to be fertile and desirable. and colonized it eagerly nfter the natives wen subjugated. jAfter the fall of the Roman empire. Portugal was overrun by the Visigoths from the north and later still by the Moors from the south. The results of the mingling of the blood of these two HMiples with that of the inhabitant whotu they found in Portugal is evident In the Portuguese of today. ""The Tagus river, at the south of which Is the beautiful capital and metropolis of the country. Ll!on. forms both an ethnic and economic dividing line. In the region to th north of the Tagus, comprising about three-fifth of the area of the country, are the more typical Portuguese. They are the Celtic. Cothlc and Latin mixture with little or none of the Moorish or African Mrain. This northern region Is a country f small farms largely cultivated by the proprietor and their families. The diffusion of the land among nr.'.ny Independent owners ha created a turdy eomanry which ha been the backbone of Portuguee nationality. The people are intensely patriotic and have ever been ready to flght again! foreign domination. Famous for Its Wires. Much of Portugal is hilly, and the tittle farm of the region north of the Tagu consist of a eric if terraces. Near Lief northern boundary of tin country in the alley of the lKu-ro river and its tributaries is the imi-t famous wine country of Portugal. It s estimated that in faomb!e ears nan t!t. m J'J gallons of wine aie pro

duced annually in Portugal for each man, woman and child in the country. Port and Madeira are the best known of the vintages. They are shipped through Opporto in great quantities, going chiefly to Great Rritain and Hrazil, but in less quantities to many other markets. Nearly two gallons of olive oil per inhabitant are produced each year. Portugal's cork forests are one of the chief sources of wealth for the country. From them comes nearly one-half of the cork produced in the world. The United States imports from Portugal about three-fourths of the cork which it uses. South of the Taxus river the long occupation of the country by the "Moors is evident not only through the architecture, hot also hecause of the appearance of the people. Almost pure Herber types are met In many farts of the district. Its Rise as a Kingdom. There was really no Portugal during Roman, d'ermanlc and Moorish domination. Portugal may be considered to have begun to emerge for the first time In 101)3 when the Spanish crown, having conquered n small part of the northern portion of the present Portugal, made It an hereditary countship. The rise of Portugal from this small beginning to an important kingdom and then an empire constitutes perhaps the most spectacular development of a nation to be found in modern history. The son of the first count, Alfonzo Henrlques, made his country independent of Spain and himself its king. He then began what was practically a crusade a gainst the Moors to the south, and with the assistance of Christian knights from other countries of Europe, succeeded In driving the infidels from Lisbon in 1147. He and his successors continued the tight, and by about the hundredth anniversary of the fall of LUhon the entire area of the present Portugal had been freed of Moorish dominion. The' country continued to grow in importance, wealth and power. Prim e Henry the Navigator became the patron of navigation early in the Fifteenth century, and under his encouragement Portugal's great page of discovery and colonization began to be written. The Portuguese were the first of the Europeans to have the necessary vision to make an ordered search for the hidden places of the earth; and their sailors were the first to establish contact between Europe and a largo part of the then unknown world, both east and west. Hut if the rise of Portugal was rapid. Its fall from great power and wealth was equally swift. Its man power was severely drained to take care of its extensive possessions and its even broader spheres of influence. Even then colonial affairs were managed rather poorly and there came the inevitable reaction. Weak kings at home with spendthrift proclivities combined to undermine Portugal's rapidly built overseas empire: and the competition of -other nation which went about the building of empires more methodically was no unimportant factor In the liP'.a ing of Portugal from the foremost position in world affairs which she had wen so quickly and with such seeming

i ea'. i j Ecn though shorn of many of its former pos, Portugal still controls more than S square miles of colonial dependencies, chiefly hi Africa. The posson of this extensive territory makes Portugal the fov.rth colonial power o! the world. If Russia be disregardeil. Oh! You Saucy Miss! Cholle Chapic I I'm not quite myself today. MisN Kidder Allow me to congratu!;::e on.

FEDERAL GRADES HELP MARKETING

Organisers of Co-opcnt'.vo Associations Fail to Recognize . V.'Jlc of Standard HIGHER PRICES' AHE SEM Florida Growers Pack Cucumbers Through Central Packing House Thus Insuring Uniformity of Product. (Prepared by the United States Derarti lent of Agriculture.) Growers of fruits and vegetables are appreciating more and more the benefits possible through organization In marketing their products. It is estimated that there are 14,000 farmers' cooperative buying and selling associations In the United States of which about 2,0o0 represent fruit and vegetable Interests. Will Find Bureau Grades Helpful. Where the association is organized for the purpose of selling, the organizers often lose sight of the fact that some standard must be adopted for marketing their products. Individuals or organizations will find the recommend-d or proposed grades formulated by the hureau of markets, United States Department of Agriculture, very helpful as a basis for their packs or brands. One Florida truck growers' association adopted tills past season the tentative United States grades for cucumbers as a basis for their "Fancy" and "Choice" packs, marketing them under their leading brand. Ah investigator of the bureau of markets inspected the association pack and the Individual shipper's pack and advised with them when any doubtful points concerning grades were raised. This Inspection service gave the bureau of markets an opportunity to determine in the field whether the grades as formulated would be practical, at least under Florida conditions. The association packed all cucumbers through a central packing shed, each grower's product thus being graded by a disinterested person. This made- for uniformity of the product. Every car loaded by the association was approximately 4 to 5 per cent within the grade requirements. Nearly every car Inspected outside the central packing houe was below grade, rangCucumbers Uniform in Size, Shape and Coloring Are Much More Attractive Than Defective Specimens. ing 3 to 20 per cent In excess of the 10 ier cent tolerance allowed for defective or cull stock. It is interesting to study the prices received by association members for stock packed under Federal grades through their central packing house and prices received by fanners outside the association. Prices given In the accompanying table are f. o. "h. car lots In bushel hampers. No straight cars of No. 3 were loaded on the street because it is customary to Include a certain portion of such cucumbers in both the No. 1 ami No. 2 5 ado. Grades Fixed or, Some Products. The Bureau of Markets has officially recommended grades for potatoes, sweet potatoes, strawberries, northerngrown onions, Bermuda onions, and formulated tentative grades for barreled apples, cabbage, peaches, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, celery, and asparnirus. These grades are the result of investigations conducted in the leading fruit and vegetable sections, as well as in primary markets. The adoption of such definite grades by fruit and vegetable shippers, whether individuals or associations, would assist very materially in increasing returns and no doubt tend toward better understanding between shippers and receivers. NEAT TRICKS IN GARDENING One of Best Is Laying Board Over Row of Sfeds to Start Them and Held Moisture. There are a great many little tricks tr.at should ho learned and practiced by the gardener. It is not necessary to be a wizard t practice these tricks bur Jut a 'eod, common sense gardener. One of the best of these Is the use of a beard laid over the row of seeds for a few days after planting to hold the moisture and make the seeds :ar: during dry weather. Another is to t!ood the furrow with water and allow it to soak Into the soil before IroppiiiL' the seeds, then cover with !ry earth. Sllirhtly packing or firrn!r. the dry soil over the seeds will bolp to brins the moisture to the surfr.ro and make the seeds grow. (iarlen trick are eay to perform try 1 few and see the results in th" form of freh vegetables for the table It -.e:U.s better living.

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STAKE TOMATOES FOR BEST QUALITY FRUIT

Plants Are Thus Held Off Ground and Kept Clean. In Pruning Remove All Side Shooti and Suckers, Leaving Only Main Stem Small Saplings Are Good and Inexpensive. (Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.) It generally pays to stake and prune the tomatoes grown in the small home garden because .by this method the fruit is held off the ground and is clean, a larger number of tomato plants can be grown on a given space and the fruit generally ripens earlier than If the plants are aUowcd to growin the natural way. In pruning the plants all side shoots and suckers are removed, leaving only the main stem with its leaves and clusters of fruit. It is easy to determine which are the side shoots and which are the young blossom clusters because the shoots appear directly in the little locket where the leaf Joins the stem, while the fruit clusters appear on the naked side of the stem where there is no Tomato Vines Tied to Stakes hruoute Cleaner Fruit Than Those Permitted to. Trail on the Ground. leaf. Pinch out the side shoots, hut be cartful not to injure the blossom or fruit clusters. Tomato stakes should be from 4 to G feet long and 1 to l1 Inches through at the thickest part. They may be small saplings cut In the woods and sharpened at one end, or they may be split from a log that Is free from knots. Sometimes strips of waste material from a sawmill or planing mill, known as edgings, are used. It makes little difference so long as the stakes are strong enough to support the plaids and are inexpensive. Thestakes should be driven firmJy into the ground, one on the north side of each tomato plant, and the plants tied to them once a week during the active growing period with soft cord or narrow strips of muslin. Sometimes the tomato plants will reach the tops of the stakes and then hang over until the tip will touch the ground, clusters of fruits being formed all along the stems. Twenty-five to W) tomato plants trained to stakes will supply the average family with all the tomatoes needed for use while fresh, also for canning. It pays to go to some little trouble to have them early, also to stake and prune them so that the quality will bcthe best. PLAN SEEDBED FOR ALFALFA Plenty of Good Barnyard Manure Should Be Applied If Soil Lacks Humus and Fertility. If you are planning a five or tenacre field of alfalfa, and you ought to plan it if you do not already have alfalfa, see that the ground Is madvready In good shape. Alfalfa needs a hospitable soil, but It isn't so hard to make a soil pretty fairly hospitable, Apply lime If the soil Is acid, and plenty of good barnyard manure If It lacks fertility and humus. Then remember this: You cannot get the seedbed too fine for alfalfa; this crop needs a firm, fine seedbed and to get the very best results, you should see that It' gets what It need. DISCARD ALL BOARDER HENS In Small Fleck Owner Can Determine by Observation Which Fowls Are Layers. In any flock some hens will be found to be much better producers than others. Often there are a fewhens that are such poor layers that It doesn't pay to keep them. Where th" flock b small the owner can determine by observation which hens are merely boarders; and those are the ones tu eat. WAR ON INSECTS Preventive measures are best against insect enenve-. Rotate the crops, avoid intnluelng Insects and disease. pr:o ti-. frequent cultivation, and employ fertilizers to stimulate plant growth. A vigorously srowinu' warden may produce a crop In spite of injurio'is tn-ecr. but it ti-htin.: Injects be thorough.

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DARUN

0 BABY

Children's Laughter Sil in i it 1 .r. v.v :-:-

Mrs. Janssen's experience of interest to childless vivcs. Millston, Wis. " I want to give you a word of praise for your wonderful medicine. We are fond of children, and for a considerable time after we were married I feared I would not have any. I began taking Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, and it strengthened me so I now have a nice, strong, healthy baby girl. I suffered very little at childbirth, and I rive all the credit to your medicine, and shall always recommend it highly. Mrs. IL H. Janssen, Millston, Wi3. Mrs. Held of Marinette, Wis., adds her testimonial for Lydift E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound. She says: Marinette, Wis. " I was in a nervous condition and very irregular. My doctor advised an operation. My husband brought me one of your booklets and asked me to try Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound It overcame rny weakness so that I now have a healthy baby girl after having been married nine years. I am glad to recommend your medicine, and you may use my letter as a testimonial. "Mrs. H. B. Helh, 330 Jefferson St., Marinette, Wis. There are many, many such homes that were once childless, end are now blessed with healthy, happy children Decause Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound has restored the mother to a strong and healthy condition, as It acts asa natural restorative for ailments as indicated by backache, irregularities, displacements, weakness and nervousness. Women everywhere should remember that most of the commoner ailment of women are not the surgical ones they are not caused by serious displacements or growths, although the symptoms may be the same, and that is why so many apparently serious ailments readily yield to Lydia E. Pinkham' Vegetable Compound, as it acts as a natural restorative. It can be taken with perfect safety and often prevents serious troubles. Therefore if you know of any woman who is suffering and has been unabla to secure relief and is regretfully looking forward to a childless old age, ask her to try Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, as it has brought health and happiness into so many homes once darkened by illness and despair. Lydia E. Pinkham's Private Text-Book upon "Ailment Peculiar to Women " will be sent to you free upon request. Writ totThe Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Co., Lynn, Massachusetts. This book contains valuable information.

Salt Your Breaking the Solid Drought. The Drunk Good ol private stock from muh I'll ol cellar. Whoopee ! Home, James ! The Chauffeur That wasn't your private stock, sir. I saw you buy It from a bootlegger. You've forgotten, sir. The DrunkAw right. Hospital, James 1 The Chauffeur And it was a strange Dootlegger one you did't know. The Drunk Morgue, James, morgue! Nashville Tennessoean. ASPIRIN Name "Bayer" on Genuine Beware I Unless you see the name ; "Bayer" on package or on tablets you j are not getting genuine Aspirin pre- : scribed by physicians for twenty-one ! years and proved safe by millions, i Take Aspirin only as told in the Bayer package for Colds, Headache. Neuralgia, Rheumatism, Earache, Toothache, Lumbago, and for Pain. Handy tin boxes of twelve Bayer Tablets of Aspirin cost few cents. Druggists also sell larger packages. Aspirin Is the trade mark of Bayer Manufacture of Monoaceticacidester of Sallcylicacid. Why Librarians Laugh. "Father wants ?n to jrot 'Twenty Thousand Lrs Under the Sea." said a youn2ttir nt.the librarian's des!:. Possibly lie thought it was a Ilevere beach story. Bxton Transcript. "O Happy Day sans: the laundress as she hung the snowy wash 011 the lino. It was a "lAippy day" because she used Red Cross Ball Blue. Serious Time. Brenda Freddy Is thinking very hehlously about marriage. Billy How lone has lie been married? The Bulletin (Sydney). An honest failure is much better than a fraudulent success.

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a Pleasing Sound Altooni, Pa. "I am v;riting to tell you whnt Lydia E. Pinkh.im's Vegetable Compound has done fcr me. V had six children die almost at birth. From one hour to nineteen days is all they have lived, ßefore my next or.e was born 1 took a dozen bottles of your Vegetable Compound, and I can say that it is the greatest medicine on earth, for this baby is now four months old, and a healthier baby you would not want. I am sending you a picture of her. Everybody says 'That 13 a very healthy looking baby. ' You have my consent to show these few line3 to anybody." Mn. C. W. Benz, 131 3rd Avenue, Altoona, Pa. will ii V Stock the Blackman Way

DO YOU TAKE SALT with meals, or just fill up on salt once or TWICE A WEEK ? A few licks of BLACKMAN'S Tonic Salt should be a part of the daily diet of your live stock. It is medicated and will improve digestion, make the feed go further, and keep them in healthy condition. So simple, so easy. Just drop brick in feed-box it will do the rest Tbe Blacliman Stock Remedy Co, Ck&Utsogtj Tcca.

The Spy. Array Worm "Why are you followinj: that man?" Cut Worm "He haa a seed catalogue under his arm." Life. It's a touching farewell when a man gives you the tips of his fingers instead of a vigorous handshake. ) M 6 Bellans Hot water Sure Relief J!FOR INDIGESTION The. reason Women Made Young Bright eyes, a clear skin and a body full of youth and health may be ycurs if you will keep your system in order by regularly taking GOLD MEDAL The world's standard remedy for ldir.7, liver, bladder and nric tcid troubles, tieenemies cf life and locks. In use lac 16J5. All druggists, tbre sires. Look for the n&m Coli Mt!l rerr b ad accept no irr..tlia

Relief

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