Jasper County Democrat, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 2 January 1902 — Page 3

INDIANA TRULY GREAT AS AN AGRICULTURAL AND A MANUFACTURING STATE

tacreesed to tal, while the number of work oxen decreased *1.125. The number of milch cow* increased 379,086; tho number of other cattle increased 697.371; the number of ewlne Increased *67,(H1. while the number of eheep decreased 41.3*0. The total Increase of lire stock since I*Bo was tUS 10. and the total number on hand In DOC was 7,488.0*3 head. Cereal Products. Snoufh. so far has been written to eeW|k!ih the fact that Indiana la not only Tfrtet agricultural state, but for Its area one of the most Important. If Indeed It ts not the largest producer of farm products of any state In the union, with a Jarre acreage of land yet to be subjected to tlllaga Upon any reasonable estimate of food consumption per capita Indiana Is capable of sustaining a population of 30,000,000, and even then might have a surplus for feeding less favored people. And this la by no means an Inflated estimate of the farm products of the state, as the following exhibit of the products as Jareals fully warrants the estimate:

A Is s i | j ■ H fi a a ,i ii • i a t l a «* F i a U6o 46,483 148.740 5X 964.363 6.655,014 78,792 6.214458 tSn 882,246 *96.969 71.688,919 6.317,831 433.495 1G.X48.207 Sh 88X 285 89,707 115,48X200 15.899.508 303,106 47,281,863 ,'So 250,200 99 960 108.815,091 31.491.661 877.532 $7,618,798

In the foregoing exhibit (the statist!oe •f production for 1899 being taken from the report of the Indiana bureau of statistics) It la shown that since ISSO the Increase in the product of barley has Seen 222.443 bushels; the production of buckwheat has decreased 101.889 bushels: the Increase In the production of corn has been 98.252.441 bushels; In oats. 26.146,173 bushels; In rye. 430,220 bushels, and the Increase In the production of wheat In 18*9 as compared with 1850 was 25.142,641 bushels. But after all It Is dlfflcult to grasp the sum total of Indiana's farm products. If we take the average product of cereals for the census years as tabulated we have the following result •f production In forty-nine years: Corn 4.593.332.800 bushels Oats 820,469.300 bushels Rye 24.412,000 bushels Wheat 1,381,396,960 bushels Orand tots! 6,819,600.350 bushels The more Indiana as an agricultural State Is studied the more captivating the subject becomes. But space forbids Inviting elaboration. Nevertheless, there are statistics relating to Indiana’s farm products, which, though in the popular estimates deemed of- minor Importance, are eourcee of immense wealth. As for Instance, take the production of timothy and clover hay. Irish and sweet potatoes, poultry and eggs, milk, butter and cheese and numerous other articles. The produot of Indiana farms and sum totals •f value are of surprising magnitude. The report of the Indiana bureau of statistics for 1899 shows that during the year the production of timothy and •lover bay amounted to 3,215,426 tons. If Valued at 110 a ton these crops for 1899 Would represent wealth to the amount •f 83X154330. The production of Irish potatoes reaches 6,441,672 bushels, adding, probably. 8X720,836 to the wealth of the State. There was also produced 135,560 bushels of sweet potatoes, 979 tons of broom com, 791.135 gallons of sorghum ■yrup, 11,891.464 pounds off tobacco, 144,133.666 gallons of milk. 31.905,140 pounds Cf butter. 1.083,403 pounds of cheese 1,211,TO2 dozens of poultry. 39,069.760 dozens of •ggs and 4.631,477 pounds of wool. In addition to these Items there are the truck farms and their products to be considered, es which there ore no statistics available but deserving a place In the sum totals of production of Indiana's farms—all going to demonstrate that the agricultural Interest of Indiana outstrips all othsr enterprises and must always be In the ascendency. “Then what of the farms? Do the nations Inquire T And what's ths response that corns* from ths fields, Where the sun and the rain with farmers conspire To make the earth proud of the storee that ehe yields 7 The voice of the wheat, and the rdoe of the corn. Mellifluous as the songs of the spheres. Have been heard In all time, since the diluvian storm, ■nylng: Seed time and harvest shall come with the years;’ .While God's covenant mows the stormclouds adorn. While the rivers shall roll their floods to the sea. The song of the wheat and the eong of the corn, Rehearsing Jehovah’s eternal decree, •hall hush Into silence the nation’s alarms ■y extolling the blessings of farmers and farms." Manufacture*. During recent years Indiana has mads rapid strides In manufacturing enterprises, and la becoming justly noted as • manufacturing state, but not in the sense that the product of its factories equals the product of Its farms. But It may be said that the farm and the factory mutually aid the state In Its march cf progress and prosperity. To get the factory and the farm In close proximity promotes the welfare of these lntereets and achieves the largest measure of success attainable. Manufacturing Increases population, and. therefore. Increases the deznand for food products which the farms supply. Growth of Enterprises.

In ttU ninety years ago, when ths In-

Neuronhurst

The Dr. B. Fletcher Sanatorium Co., after fifteen years of experience, hare foand the necessity for separating those cases of Nervous Diseases which have no tosntal complication from those haring psychical derangement. To that end they have purchased a commodious residence on E. Market-st., ten squares east of the Soldiers' monument, and fitted It op with every modern appliance for the exclusive treatment of nervous diseases of Women. The location Is all that can be desired for health and quiet.

Concluded from First Page.

dlana territory had a population of 24000, Its manufacturing establishments Included, all told. 0 grist mills 14 sawmills, | home mill* and I powder mills There were 18 tanneries and 28 distilleries, 1.25* looms and 1.520 spinning wheels The number of grist mills, or, more properly, flouring mills has Increased, and the horse mill, has disappeared, as also the old-fashioned loom and spinning wheels with which our grandmothers and greatgrandmothers were familiar, end with which they manufactured the cloth that supplied all domestic demanda Those were the days of small things in the history of manufacturing In Indiana, antedating the Introduction of the steam engine and other appliances in manufacturing which have revolutionized industrial affairs and astonished the world. The Increase of manufacturing enterprises in Indians particularly during the past fifty years, if not marvelous is something akin to the extraordinary. Beginning with 1850 we have data showing conditions for forty years, down to 18*0, and. assuming that the increase between USO and 1890 was maintained be-

tween the years 1890 and 1900, the sum total* were as follows:

T “* II i Ii *f Is II I II 15 II 1850 4692 $ 7,750.403 13.748 1 1728,844 1 1X309,700 I * 18.725,423 1860 6.323 18,431,121 20.5C3 6,318,335 27,14 X 507 42,803,469 1870 11,847 6XO6X 426 64.413 18,366.292 63,135.096 108,017,278 I*Bo 11.198 65.74 X 902 62.072 21,960,888 100,202,907 1 46.202.441 1890 112,364 t 79.433 379 124 549 66,749.970 • 150,119.106 286,119.106 1900 13,610 93.693,858 179,690 *1.539,164 160,035,306 804.035.771

In the foregoing exhibit It la shown that In fifty years, from 1850 to 1900, the number of manufacturing establishments increased 8,818. But the increase in the number of establishments does not necessarily Indicate an Increase In product, since the tendency Is to absorb the smaller establishments by those having a larger capital, resulting In a larger production. Tho Increase of capital during the fifty years, as shown by the exhibit, was 385,923,454 The Increase In the number of employes was 166.842; the Increase In the amount of wages paid was *77.810,320; the Increase In the value of raw material was *149,725,805. and the Increase In the product was *285,319,348. Lack of Data. It Is unfortunate that there Is no legal authority In the state by which the capital Invested In manufacturing enterprises can be obtained, and this la equally true of every other Item In our manufacturing industries. As an Illustration, take the article of glass. In 1880 the United States census reports give four establishments, having a capital of *1,442,000, and having a product valued at *790,731. In 1890 the census reports twenty-one establishment* but the compendium to which we have access does not give capital. The product, however, Is given at *2,9%.409. There are now known to be In the state elghty-flve glass manufacturing establishments, that number having been Inspected by the Indiana department of Inspection In 1900, giving employment to 12,532 persons. But there Is no data available showing capital Invested, nor of annual product. If It were admissible to introduce averages based upon data supplied by the United States census reports the eighty-five glass factories now In operation In Indiana would represent capital Invested amounting to *30,642,500, and an annual product amounting to *16,603,075. While It 1* not assumed that such figure* are accurate they nevertheless Indicate, upon a conservative basis, the magnitude of the glass industry of Indiana. A Ferest State. It has been elsewhere stated In this article that Indiana Is or was a forest state abounding In hardwood timber that had to be cut down and burned to make clearing* for farm*. As the years went by and manufacturing Industrie* Increased In number and Importance these hardwood forests increased In value, and have added Indefinitely to the wealth of the state by being transformed Into lumber for manufacturing purposes too numerous to mention. The saw-mills are oeaselessly at work, and there are hundreds of establishments engaged In ths manufacture of articles requiring the hardwood lumber such as the forests of Indiana supply. It Is used In the manufacture of furniture of every description, and has mads Indiana one of the great furniture manufacturing states. It 1* used lri the manufacture of every description of vehicle, agricultural implements and cooperage, giving a product In 1890 of more than *18,000,000, the lumber produced In 1890, the latest available data, being valued at *19,964,293, and fqs- 1900 would probably reach *25,000,000. Hardwood Concerns. Of these hardwood manufacturing e* tabllshments, Including saw and planing mills, but exclusive of furniture, chairs, vehicles and agricultural implements, 851 establishments, employing about 9,000 persona were inspected during the year 1900, but data relating to capital Invested and annual product Is not furnished by the department of Inspection. If this could be secured It would add millions to

ths statistical reports of tbs wealth of the state. And this Is all the more desirable because the raw material which supplies ths factories is chlsfly. If not entirely, the product of Indiana*# forests. There are In Indiana, as shown by the esnaus of 1900, 100 incorporated towns and cities having a population of L 118 ,221, ranging from m, the smallest, to 169,164 tbs largest, and In nearly al'. of the vnaa towns t.iere will be found sots# narawood Industry, If nothing more than the manufacture of baskets. Take for Instance the town of Alford svllle. In Daviess county, having a population of 204. There Is a planing mill and an establishment which produce* hickory ditaenalon stock. the two enterprise* employing sixteen persona. ths significance of the statement being that In all of the smeller towns and cities of the stats a considerable per cent, of the population Is engaged in manufacturing enterprise* As a further illustration of the the fact of increase of industrial enterprises In the small towns, (he town of Gilman, in Madison county, with a population of 200, has a window glass factory and a saw-mill, employing sixty-two persons. Inspection of Factories. The state factory Inspector, the Hon. D. H. McAbee, In his report for 1908, shows that I*o towns and cities were visited. including the largest oenters of population. and 1.637 factories were Inspected. leaving 170 towns to be visited, which, being the least Important In population, are not likely to. add more than 1.000 manufacturing establishments to the number reported in 1900, giving a total of 2,637 establishments. But it is shown by the United State# ceneue of 1890, that there were in the state that year 1X864 manufacturing establishments, employing 124,340 persons, yet the state factory Inspector'# report for 1900, giving 1,667 establishments as Inspected, and employing 130,240 persona shows that in 1900 these factories gave employment to 5,900 more persons than were employed by 12.354 establishments In 1890. It becomes dlfflcult to reconcile such statements; Indeed, they cannot be harmonized. Hence the necessity. If the public would know the extent of the manufacturing enterprises of the state, the capital Invested, the number

of persons employed, the amount paid for wages, the value of raw material and their annual product, that the legislature should confer authority upon some one to obtain the information. Natural Gaa. The discovery of natural gae in Indiana about I*Bs gave n tremendous impetus to manufactures in the state, particularly In that section known as the •’Go* Belt," which includes the counties of Delaware, Madison, Hamilton. Jay, Hancock. Blackford, Howard. Grant and Randolph, having an aggregate area of *.IBB square mile* This natural gas, because of its groat superiority as a fuel, brought to the state several hundred manufacturing enterprises requiring the Investment of many millions of capital, besides adding many thousands to the population of the state. These establishments embrace a wide range of articles, the more Important being glass, tin-plate and Important Iron products. As a result, what la known as.the "Gaa Belt" has become one of the most extensive manufacturing sections of the entire country. Exhibits could be mutliplled showing the vast Increase In the magnitude of Indiana's enterprises, but In the absence of reliable data for 1990 the elements of conjecture make conclusions unsatisfactory. The best that can be done Is to assume that there are now In Indiana 13.510 manufacturing establishments. employing 179,190 persons, paying out annually *81.539,064 for wages, consuming annually raw material valued at *160,035.306 and having a product valued at *304.035,771. The figures submitted relating to Indiana's manufacturing enterprises In 1900, while they are reasonable approximations, manifestly are below the high water mark of the state's manufacturing Industries. That Indiana Is making rapid strides toward grjater eminence as a manufacturing state la admitted on all hands, and even now some of the products of Its factories, such as agricultural Implements, carriages, saws, engines and other articles have entered the foreign trade of the country, are offered In the remotest outposts of the nation’s commerce, and If we are to credit current reports, more capital Is coming to the state seeking Investment In manufacturing enterprises. The outlook Is cheering In the highest degree. Scientific farming Is taking the place of old methods. Manufacturing enterprises are bringing the consumer of food product# close to the producer. The home market Is becoming more and more Important. And In a word the rank of Indiana as a great agricultural and manufacturing state admits of no controversy and Is assured beyond per adventure.

The New Telephone Companies.

Of all the financial enterprises ever tars' dertaken in the state of Indiana, none other hgve had the phenomenal success that has attended the Independent telephone companies. By "independent” is meant the companies In opposition to the Bell monopoly. The largest of these companies, are the New telephone company of Indianapolis, which is local to the city of Indianapolis and Marion county, and the New long distance telephone company, which has, for Its territory, the entire state, and now has connection with about 41,000 telephones. Both of these organizations are owned and controlled by Indiana capitalists. The investments have proved, not only satisfactory, but very profitable, to the gentlemen responsible for the enterprises. The telephone, as a public utility, has come to stay. These Independent companies are giving to the citizens of the state, what they never would have had, or could have had, through any other agency. The people realize this, and are supporting them magnificently. Investments in Independent telephone properties are becoming extremely popular. The movement has spread so rapidly over Indiana that the whole state may now be said to be completely covered. The New long distance telephone company has contracts with companies ’n the etates north, south east and west of us, end expects, within the next four months, to be connected with Pittsburg; within the next nine months, with New York, and, within ths next twelve months, with Boston. It expects connection with St Louis and points West, within six months, and will be connected with Cleveland and Detroit and points intervening within ths next four months. When this Is accomplished ever* farmer. who has an Independent telephone, can talk to any of these points, from the privacy of hit own home. He ma*’ put his ear to the markets of the world’any time he likes, and keep in the closes* possible touch with the doings of hunJLiity, the world over. f

Willing to Compromise.

From the Chicago Record-Herald.. M < "I think." eald the amateur pfwS't slanting the maiden's hand towarlfethe light. In order to see the lines ?«ore plainly—"l think you are going to the married twice.’,’ "Oh. dear," she eald, "can’t you Jt *t out off the think and make It a del id sure oncer*

MINERAL WEALTH OF INDIANA

money. On the other hand, a country rich In raw material, but without natural fuels, remains a country ot agriculturists and shepherds, with an unskilled laboring class—usually an aristocratic, landowning class and a low-scale, unskilled laboring class. The coal deposits of England made the foundation of a great industrial and commercial nation. Pennsylvania early took the lead In Industrial enterprise* in the United States for th* same reason. It ha* been demonstrated that It Is cheaper to haul the Lake Superior Iron ores to Pittsburg than to take the Pennsylvania fuel to the Iron regions of Minnesota and Michigan. While the Lake Superior regions have the greatest and cheapest iron ore deposits In the country, they have not created any great industrial centers, but the natural resources of those states go to maintain Industrial centers of states that have the fuel, such as Pennsylvania and Indiana. The chief industrial centers of Colorado are not In the gold and sliver raining districts, but they are in proximity to the coal deposits of that state, where the smelting plants ere located, for It was demonstrated by Yctual experiment that it,was cheaper to haul the ore down to the coal supply than to haul the fuel to th# mining camps. And so It Is with Indiana. If the state had no other resources but Its fuels. It would still remain a great factor In tho Industrial world, for It would draw on other states, as It Is now largely doing, for raw material. However, Indiana has an abundance of raw materials, especially In the constructive and-building lines. Ths timber resources, especially In ths hard woods, ars still extensive.

COAL.

According to a comprehensive survey of the coal field of Indiana under the direction of Prof. Blatchley, the efficient stats geologist—the first accurate geological survey showing the exact location of the coal deposits of the state—there are about T,OOO square miles in Indiana underlaid bv coal. This Is about the aggregate area of the coal fields of Europe exclusive of England. The Indiana coal deposits are confined to the southwestern part of the state. There are between twenty and thirty horizons In which the coal occurs, of which five contain workable coal over large areas, and at least seven others contain workable coal over small areas. The workable coal runs from three to ten feet In thickness. The upper beds, known as •’bituminous” coal, average toetween four and five feet thick, while the lower or "block” or "semi-block” cc.nl seams average three feet one inch. The upper beds occur In large basins, often hundreds of miles In area. The lower beds are naually In email basins from a few acres to several square miles. In these basins the coal Is thick in the center and thins toward the edges. AS the Indiana coal field is a part of the eastern edge of the Illinois “coal basin.” the coal beds have a general dip and get deeper toward the center of the Illinois basin at a point in southern Illinois. On this account only, the lowest coni bed Is found along the eastern edge of the Indiana coal field. The east edge of thefield Includes the eastern parts of Fountain. Parke and Putnam counties, the eastern four-fifths of Greene. Martin, Dubois, Spencer and Perry counties, and the western parts of Orange and Crawford counties. Going westward this coal measure descends or dips at the rate of twentyfour feet per mile, and gradually the other beds set In until, along Ihe M abash river, the lowest bed, which outcrops through Owen and Martin counties, may be *OO feet below the surface, or below sea level. But as many as sixteen other beds have been found above It In a drill at Vincennes with a total thickness of coal there of thirty-four feet. In very few localities can more than one or two beds be worked at th# same point. Through the middle regions three or more beds are being worked at a alngle point. None of the lower beds can be -corked In the western part of the field on account of their depth. What Is known as “coal 3” and “coal 4.” tlie block coal of Clay and Parke, and "coal 4" of Linton. Greene county. Is too deep to work In Sullivan and Knox, on account of the twenty-four-foot per mile dip southward .—et least under existing conditions. Location of Beds.

In the eastern edge of the Indiana coal field workable coal Is found In a limited quantity. Practically, there are no workable coal deposits In Putnam. Orange and Crawford. There is workable coal In two townships in Owen. West of this lower coal belt Is another belt from ten to twenty miles wide, where the coal deposits are still shallow, the mines seldom reaching 100 feet In depth. This belt reaches western Fountain and Greene, central Parke and Clay, central Daviess and eastern Pike and Warrick counties. The country is flat and rolling. The coal is found In deposits, but block or semi-block is largely workable. The Brasil block coal and Parke county block and Linton semiblock coal 1# mined In this belt. On account of the blocky character of the coal mining operations have been more extensive In this belt than In the higher belts. The third belt west of this, which covers Vermillion, southwestern Parke.western Clay and Daviess, eastern Sullivan and Knox.western Daviess and Vlgo.Plke and Warrick counties, is from ten to twenty miles wide. The upper coals are near the outcrop and extensively mined. The coals of the second belt east of thle are too deep here to mine, except In few places. Most of the mines of Indiana are in these two belts—the second and third. The fourth belt west of this, which extends Into Illinois, comprises the counties of Gibson. Vanderburg and Posfey. and western Sullivan and Knox. The drill there reveals all the coal seams found In the state, some sixteen In number. -e lower coals here are below the sea level and thin and not workable. The upper coals are of workable thickness, but on account of their depth—2oo to 400 feet—development here has been retarded, capital having been attracted to the shallower coals in the middle belts. But It Is only a question of time when these deeper coal seams which comprise the greatest deposits of the Indiana ~-»d will be extensively worked. The regions where the most active operations in mining are being carried on are Greene. Sullivan. Clay. Vigo, southern Parke and Vermillion counties. Linton In Greene county Is growing to be the great coal center of the state. The block coal deposits of Clay county begin to show signs of exhaustion, but the other coals of Clay will not be exhausted for many years to come. Parke, Sullivan. Vigo and Greene counties seem to contain the largest area of workable coal at shallow depth, but their deposits have hardly been touched. Gibson, Knox. Fountain and Vanderburg contain large areas of undeveloped coal lands. There Is a fine vein of coal ("coal 6”) outcropping or near the surface through Pike and Warrick counties, which is of more than average thickness, and which has hardly been touched. Daviess county has been, and Is yet a great producer of coal, and there are still large areas of good workable coal. The western part of Greene Is all underlain with wovkabie coal. Except at Linton, where coal mining is now conducted on a large scale, this field remains practically Intact. There are limited areas of unmlnnd block coal In the southeastern part of Parke ■Bounty and the western part of Clay county, and In Owen county near Patrlckstfurg. In Fountain county there are numerous basins of workable coal, which have never been worked, but they have been sufficiently prospected to establish their existence In workable quantities. Forty Billion Tons. Prof. Blatchley estimates that there are 40,000.000,000 tons of coal in Indiana, of which one-fifth or 8.000,000,000 are estimated to be workable under the present conditions. He eetlmatee that 100.000,000 tons or 1-400 of the total amount or 1-80

Concluded from First Pag*.

of ths workable amount have been mined, and that at the present rate of production the Indiana coal field will last not less than 800 years. The coking of Indiana coal le still a small Industry, but It has proceeded far enough to demonstrate that the upper coals, especially ’’coals 5, 6 and 7,” will make good coking coal, requiring about three tons of coal to make one of coke. With the gradual substitution of coal for natural gas In Indianapolis and other Indiana cities and towns the demand for coke for heating purposes will not fall to stimulate the coking Industry In Indiana. According to the report of State Mine Inspector Epperson 5,865,000 tons of coal were mined in 1889. This was an Increase of 690,000 tons over the year 1898. In 1900 the output was 6.283,000 tons, an Increase over 1899 of 443,000 tons. Last year Indiana coal displaced 600,000 tons of Illinois coal in the Chicago markets. During the past eighteen months there be# been great activity in the Investment of new capital In coal landa While considerable of It was Invested simply tor speculates purposes, twenty to thlily new mines were opened up In 1900, ai d more than a dozen in 1901. The large addition of new mines In 1900 was due chiefly to the opening of new fields by the extension of the Southern Indiana railroad from Linton to Terre Haute and tho projection of branches into Sullivan county from the main line. It was also Influenced by the diminution of the natural gas supply ‘and th# consequent enlargement of the Chicago market. At present the output of coal Is only limited by the capacity of the railroads to furnish coal cars to the operators. In 1900 the total amount of wages paid amounted to *4,843,343, and the number of men employed was about 10,000 or about the same number of men employed In the Butte, Mont., copper mines.

Crude petroleum, next to coal, le the most Important mineral deposit of the state. While the supply of natural gas Is steadily decreasing, the oil production Is gradually Increasing, the value of ths petroleum product having Increased from *2,230,000 In 1898 to *6,000,000 In 1901. This, too, fn spite of the fact that the development of the oil field has been restricted to the northern rim of the oil-gas belt, the courts having stopped oil exploitation In the field where natural gas Is still producing in paying quantities. As the gas wells become exhausted oil wells will take their place in the same region and will supply fuel almost as cheap as the natural gaa OH not being wasted as the natural gas Is, the deposit will not be so soon exhausted. At present the oil product of Indiana ts consumed chiefly out of the state, but when the oil In the region now occupied by the natural gas Industry Is produced It will be In the main utilized locally to furnish fuel to tho mills which natural gas brought there. In most cases corporations and pipe lines holding gas leases have protected themselves for the future by securing oil privileges on the same lands they now control for gas supply. The oil field already developed Is but a fraction of the known 011-bearlng Trenton rock region of the state. Petroleum occurs also In other formations than the Trenton limestone. The most prollflo oil well In Indiana ts not In Trenton limestone rock. The Trenton limestone Itself did not generate the oil or gas. The porous character of this formation In localities simply served as a receptacle for the fluid distilled from animal remains during the Silurian ages.

TWO DISTINCT FORMATIONS.

In Indiana crude petroleum occurs In commercial quantities In two distinct geological formations—ln the lower rocks of the Silurian system, known as the ”Trenton limestone,” and In the lower formation of the devonian system, known as the '‘cornlferous formation.” The principal 011-bearlng formation Is the Trenton limestone This formation underlies the whole state, but on account of Its dip It has not yet been penetrated by the drill In the western part of Indiana, while in the northeastern part It Is only reached at great depth on account of the thick mantle of glacial drift material overlaying the country rock. The Trenton rock does not outcrop In any part of the state, but near Lawrenceburg, Dearborn county. It Is found within 350 feet of the surface. • West of this, near Balem, It li found at a depth of 1.350 feet, and farther west, at Loogootee, in Martin county, a well drilled 1.680 feet did not reach Trenton rock. In th# main producing field the Trenton Is reached at an average depth Of 1,000 feet. The principal producing oil field In Indiana extends from the Ohlo-Indlana state line westward to Marlon, Grant county, and from Warren. Huntington county, south to Hartford City, Blackford county. The greatest length Is fifty miles and extreme width thirty miles. This field embraces the townships In the extreme southern tier of Adams, w-” and Huntington counties, and the nortnern tier of townships of Jay and Blackford counttea, and the four northeastern townships of Grant county, with Isolated pools In the adjoining townships. Outside of the main oil field Isolated pools In the Trenton formation have been developed and exploited at Peru, Miami county, Kellar. Wabash county, at Broad Ripple, north of Indianapolis, at Fisher Station, Hamilton county, at Parker. Randolph county, and In the main gas belt at Alexandria. Madison county. Development In the latter field has been checked by the enforcement of legislation prohibiting the opening of oil wells In producing gas regions While It Is true that Trenton rock underlies the whole state at various depths It Is only where porous strata exist that the rock is petroleum bearing. Comlferou* Oil Field.

This formation occurs only In the western half of Indiana where It Is represented either by sand stone ten to twenty feet In thickness or 'by limestone five to seventy feet thick, and In some places by both sandstone and limestone. The sand and limestone formations are overlaid by black or brown New Albany shale; so named on account of their outcropping on the Ohio river near New Albany. Ind. This shale Is from 100 to 200 feet thick. It Is very rich In bitumen and attempts have been made at New Albany to utilise thla shale as fuel. Experiments by the New Albany gas works showed that whereas It required five pounds of Pittsburg coal to produce ICS gallons of gas It required five pounds of New Albany shale to produce the same quantity. But the New Albany shale gas had twentytwo candle power to eighteen for the Pittsburg coal gas. Experiments by distillation of the shales In other parts of the state have produced from 7 per cent, to 12 per cent, crude oil. The distillation of shales in Scotland and .Germany Is an important Industry. The Scotch output of mineral oil amounted to 60.000.000 gallohs last year which was refined Into naphtha, burning oil, gas oil, medium oil, lubricating oil, and paraffine. As a valuable by-product 25,000 tons sulphate of ammonia was also produced which Is used In making commercial fertilizer. It Is from the oil and gas which nature has separated from these bituminous shales that the cornlferous rocks became charged wherever porous. Some of these porous places or reservoirs have been struck by oil drillers nearly all along the cornlferous belt from the Ohio river to Lake Michigan. But so far, this formation has firoduced oil In paying quantities only at Terre Haute, near Loogootee and In Jasper county, near Medaryvllle. The cornlferous field, however, has not received much attention from oil operators for the reason that the Trenton field affords surer and more remunerative Inducements. At Terre Haute the Phoenix well was struck In 1880 and ever since it has averaged 1,000 barrels per month. The oil Is found In the cornlferous limestone tnere at a depth of 1,630 feet. This la the best oil well In Indiana. None In

PETROLEUM.

the Trenton rock has come near equaling It as a steady producer. The Loogootee wells show both oil and gas at a depth of 47* feet Boms of these wells yield twenty barrels per day. The total production last year In that field, however, was only 8,000 barrels. The Jasper county field Is of more recent development and has been confined chiefly on a lease of 35.000 acres, which was sold together with nineteen wells last year to an English syndicate for *150,000. This company has since added 100 producing wells. The yield per well Is smalt but as the oil stratum Is struck at 100 feet and the cost of pumping Is low and tho lubricating quality of the oil Is excellent, two-barrel wells are paying big. profits. As high as |lO per barrel ha* been obtained for this oil as a lubricant but the average price Is *5. The outcrop of the New Albany shale extends from tlie Ohio river, near New Albany, In A northeast direction through Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jefferson and Jennings counties, thence In a northwesterly direction through Bartholomew. Johnson, Marion. Boone, Clinton. Carroll and White counties. Production In 1900. From 1891 to 1901 8,534 wells were completed in the Trenton limestone oil field, and on Jan. 1, 1901, 5,480 wells were producing, showing 8,054 dry wells. Fourteen per cent, of the oil wells drilled In 1900 proved dry or barren. The total production of the Indiana fields In 1900 was 6,096,765 barrels, of which 184,090 barrels came from the cornlferous field, 8,000 barrels from Loogootee, IXO9O barrels from the Phoenix well at Terre Haute, and 164000 barrels from tho Jasper county field. In the Trenton rock outside of the main field Peru produced 237,288 barrel#, Alexandria 69,894 and Broad Ripple 30.194 barrels. The average price In the Trenton field was 96V4 cents per barrel. From 1891 to 1901 the average prices of petroleum In the Trenton fields per barrel were as follows: 189 L 40 cents; 1892, *7 cents; 1893, 45 cents, 1894 48 cents; 1896, 64 cents; 1896. 63 cents; 1397. 43 cents; 1888, 69 2-6 cents; 1889. 87% cents; 1900, 96H cents.

NATURAL GAS.

The natural gas field of Indiana covers about 28,000 square miles In the eastern central part of the state. It Is the most extensive natural gas field in the world. Blackford, Delaware, Grant and Madison are the principal gas-producing counties. The gas field extends also over parts of Jay, Howard, Hamilton, Randolph,Tipton, Wells, Adams. Rush and Shelby counties. In tlie cornlferous formation of the westen part of the state gas has been struck at Loogootee, Martin county, and Petersburg, Pike county, in paying quantities and at other points in that formation in other parts of the state, but not in paying quantities. Natural gas and petroleum have a common origin. Ail the higher anticlines In the main gas field In which the porous Trenton limestone occurs have been tapped for gas, and while the stored reservoirs have not become exhausted the demand upon them from the local factories and pipe lines to Chicago and Indiana towns has been so great during the past fifteen years that the natural rock pressure of 326 pounds has steadily decreased until It Is now but 150 pounds. According to the state gas supervisor the natural producing gas field has contracted from its original area of 2,*00 square miles to 1,300 square miles, the salt water having In numerous places enoroached upon ths gas and risen to higher levels In the synclines, preventing a uniform pressure which formerly prevailed. There are Urge areas In th# producing field yet untouched which piping companies and manufacturing corporations have kept in reserve, and while the maximum production of natural gas production In the state has been reached, and It Is now on the decline. Indiana will etlll have more natural gas for many years to come than any other state in the union.

Some Gas History.

Natural gaa was discovered In Indiana In 1886. The gas belt, which Is now a network of factory towns, where the greatest glass works In the world are located and also some of the largest steel plants, and where all classes of manufactures are represented, was then purely an agricultural region, without factories of any kind except a few small Baw mills, flour mills and brick yards. Many single manufacturing plants, coeting upward of a million dollars each, are on sites which were corn fields or cow pastures sixteen years ago. Anderson then was a small oounty seat, supported by the farming Interest. El wood and Alexandria were railroad crossings, without the title of villages. The taxable property of Madison county the year following the discovery of natural gas was appraised at less than *10,000,000. Ten years later the appraisement of taxable property had Increased t0'*27,000,000. The population of the county, which before the discovery of gas was 56.457, had increased to 70.470 In 1900. Madison Is the tvplcal county of the gas belt. Delaware, Grant and Blackford have done almost as well tn manufacturin' - ; Increase of wealth and In population. However, It must not be Inferred that Indiana was not In a high state of prosperity at the time of the discovery of natural gas or that the state did not then contain an Intelligent prosperous and contented population. Nor Is it true that agriculture was tb? sole resource of the state. At that time Indiana had Rad a large percentage of Its population engaged for many years In ths exploitation of the greatest tract of hardwood timber ever found in tne world. Lumbering end the wood manufacturing Industry had been one of the greatest resources of the state and back in the seventies the product of the forest exceeded the agricultural product of the state. Indianapolis. Evansville, Ft. Wayne, South Bend and Terre Haute were even then great Industrial centera South Band was then, as It is now, the' center of the wagon and plow manufacturing Industry of the United States, and New Albany had the largest plate glass worka Ft. Wayne had the largest car wheel foundry In the world. Michigan City led In the cooperage business of the country. Evansville was the center of the largest hardwood market of the world. The value of the natural gas consumed In Indiana from 1886 to 1900 Is estimated by the United States geological survey at *1.000.000 the first two years. *5.000,000 each for the years I*BB, 1889 and 1S90; *4.000,000 for 1891; *4,700,00 for 1892; *5,500.000 each for the years 1893, 1894 and 1895 and a little over *5,000,000 annually since. Up to ten years ago the timber of the state manufactured and exported yielded more than *15,000,000 a year for twenty to thirty years back. However, as the destruction of timber had been carried on at such a rapid pace that natural gas counties had their supply exhausted at the time of the discovery of natural'gas the discovery of natural gas came at the proper time to replace the timber Industry which was about to dwindle down and totally disappear, especially in the gas belt regions. The river counties, which at one time were the principal manufacturing counttea of the state, having lost population for a time after the exhaustion of the timber resources. Is an Indication what would have prevailed generally throughout the central regions of the stats during ths last decade If natural gas had not been discovered. However, the coal fields would have .been more rapidly developed and the centers of glass and steel manufacturing would be tn the coal regions In the southwestern part of the state Instead of tn the eastoentral part. It would have required, perhaps, twenty years longer to realize the existing industrial conditions of the state. With the assurance of permanent fuel supplies in petroleum and coal the manufacturing Industries of Indiana can be considered on a permanent foundation regardless of the duration of the natural gas supply. Future of Gas Supply. Authorities conflict as to the probable duration of the gas supply. That it is a stored product, which is being drawn upon in Immense volume they all agree. But It Is Impossible to estimate the amount stored In the Trenton roegj although the volume drawn therefrom can be approximately estimated. Natural

rock pressure has been cited by some authorities as the gauge by which the sup. ply can be estimated, but the late Prof. Orton of the Ohio state-university * recognized authority on petroleum and natural gas deposits, took the position that It was Impossible to determine by ths natural pressure how long the gaa confined in the porous rock of an anticline would last

BUILDING MATERIALS OF THE STATE

According to the report of the state geologist on the clay resources of Indiana, the clay deposits rank next In value to coal and building stone among the natural resources of the state. The advance In the price of lumber has caused greater demand for bricks and has attracted large capital to the clay manufacturing industry of the state during recent years, and the value of the clay products of Indiana Is estimated at nearly *5,000,000 a year. Clay deposits of various grades are extensive, especially In the coal regions.

The principal deposits of commercial clays are In the coal measures, in the glacial drift deposits of the northern and east central parts of the state, and In the shales along the eastern edge of ths coal measures. In nearly every county common bricks and drain tiles are manu. factured for the local trade, but at Brazil, Terre Haute, Clinton, Vender burg, Montezuma. Cayuga, Hobart and Porter, In the western part; New Albany, Huntingburg and Evansville, in the southern part, and Martinsville In the central part, there ere large clay working plants which manufacture brick and other clay products on a large scale for the Chicago, Indianapolis, Louisville and other Important markets. The principal clay produet of the state is the common brick, irut preesed brick, fire brick, terracotta, tiles for draining and roofing, and sewer pipes are also manufactured. In Vermillion oounty there are several large deposits of fire clays with but few email plants there manufacturing Are brick. In Lawrence and Martin counties there ere extensive deposits of kaolin, but mostly inaccessible to railway transportation. Near Huron, on the B. & O. railroad, a Pittsburg company has been extracting alum salts from kaolin beds, but outside ot this the kaolin beds of the state have never been worked. The Indian* kaolin Is not suitable for porcelain ware for want of plasticity, but could be used for refractory wares. In the coal measures a good quality of potter’s clay Is found In nearly everv county In the coal field, notably near Huntlngburg, Cannelton, Loogootee, Shoals, Coal Bluff In Vigo county, and Annapolis, Parke county. Except at Huntlngburg and Cannelton these clay deposits have not been extensively worked. Analyses of the samples from the largest Indiana deposits show identical chemical composition with the clays used In the great potteries of Zanesville and Akron, O. Potter’s clays are also used by local plants In Wayne county. The undeveloped clay and shale deposits with coal veins underlying them are very extensive. The shale makes an excellent vitrified brick and near Martinsville It is used for making common brick. In Lake, Porter, Laporte, St. Joseph and other counties In the northwestern part of the state, there are extensive deposits of glacial clays which are being worked into various kinds of brick, terre cotta and other products for the Chicago markets Chicago not only derives Its principal supply of fuel from Indiana, but this state is the ehlbf source of Its building supplies, even to the sand for mortar.

CEMENT RESOURCES.

Ths manufacture of cement is assuming a large Importance In the industries of Indiana. Two kinds of cement are manufactured—hydraulic or water rock cement, and Portland cement- The hydraulio cement industry is confined entirely to Clark county, which produces more than one-fourth of that product in the United States, , aftfr manufactured, tom rt r(& which occurs In K. Scott andfjMfefenrs counties. It own as the *WBver Creek hydraulic I Vstone,” after a creek by that nanv/ ] Clark county, where It is more exp* A (than elsewhere, and where the ceite; the Industry is located. There ire larger areas in Clark ebuntv JjknA the hydraulic limestone of Jenrlng j.nd Scott counties has never been wJritfA This hydraulic cement is largely -used in government construction works, such as improvements of rivers and harbors, and canals. The annual output Is about 2,000,000 barrels. The Portland cement manufacturing Industry Is of more recent introduction In this state, let, when the plants now under construction for the manufacture of Portland cement are producing the output will at once exceed the hydraulio product. There are now two large plants In Crawford county, at Mllltown and Marengo, whtci are crushing the pure oolite deposits there. Another p\ant on the oolttlo Ilmtstone belt is now under construction near Mitchell, which will have a capacity of 1.000 barrels per day. Through the oolttlo limestone belt In various points, but especially In Lawrence, Washington. Harrison and Crawford, there are extensive deposits of almost pure oolite eqtally as good as those already talqen up by the Mitchell and Marengo cot ipanles, which only await the necessary capital to manufacture Portland cem< jt. It has been suggested that the waste oolitic rock from the Bedford quarries < mid be utilized In the manufacture o this cement, but the drawback at 1 ’.at point Is the want of the proper cU m to mix with the carbonate of lime tc manufacture the product.

OTHER RESOURCES.

Practical r all the whetstone quarrying of th( United States la confined to Garland ciinty, Arkansas, near the famous Hot iprlngs, and to Orange county, Indiana, n< tr the well-known euloho-sa-line spring of French Lick. The deposits of ttyse fine grained sillclous rocks are extensile In Orange county, but for want of air Investment of large capital the quarriel are now worked on a small scale In a rude way. A fine quality of grindstone h the same formation Is also found and worked in a small way In Orange and kartta counties. Glass ands mpldlng sand deposits are' found In vanouh parts of the state. Glass sand sultaW* forSxlass manufacturing la found In k^dison. s >Biackford, White. Laporte aid Parke counties. In MnJlaan and Blafckfird the gtVss and deposits are utilized by local glasslw-orks. In Parke county §laai sand and dial veins occur In the sami region. Iron orei Umintte (boifcon), hemltite. slderlte and pyrites "occur Martin, Mouraq and Perry countl** and In the Kankalteo regions In St; Jose.% Lake and Porter counties. Before the % B r some fifteen furnaces were kept up mgjdng pig Iron from the best deposits coal fields. After the war only one \mace remained, and that went out of existence In 1898. The Iron ores of Indiana arV too Impure, containing an excess of silica and sulphur, to compete with the Lake Superior] Iron mines. \ Zinc Sulphides occur In small pocketyy deposit* In the coal regions, but this ore \ will new be found In large enough quantities t* mine. Indloha has no Igneous rock in place—that 1», rocks of volcanic origin—therefore, to gold, copper or lead ores will ever be found in place. The float copper and lead and plaoer gold found in various local files of the state, like the granatlo metamorphtc, , volcanic "nigger heads’* bowlders and quarts and other foreign rock fragments which are found In Indlana were brought from the mlner&lbeartag regions among the mountains of CMaada by the great glacial Invasion, which, during the Ice age, extended as far south as Brown county through the center of Indiana, and to the Ohio river in the eastern part and to Posey county In the western part. The placer gold found to the sands of Bean Blossom creek. Brown county, and elsewhere, la of drift origin and will never be found In paying quantities, although small wages have been Wade by Brown county miners.

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