Indiana State Sentinel, Indianapolis, Marion County, 2 August 1893 — Page 11

THE INDIANA STATE SENTINEL, "WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 2, 1893-TWELVE PAGES.

11

JAMES STUART'S DOUBLE. V FACIAL RRSEMBLAXCE WHICH SEARLY PROVED FATAL.

A Strange Story of Eurly ny Kvrrythlnjr In Readlnem for the Eieratlon of an I n nor n t Mnn Hon Easily a Dnirn or More Men Were Mlfttaken na to the Identity of a 31 n n. Among all the remarkable and exciting scenes that were to be witnessed In San Francisco during the days of the "gold fever." one of the most extraordinary of these dramas was one In which an innocent man narrowly escaped hanging simply because he resembled a guilty one. In the early spring of 1S51 there landed in San Krancisco a man calling himself Thomas Berdue, with his "chum." Jo Wildred, bringing the product of some months of labor in the gold fields. They had very little business to transact in town, and two days later they made for the wharves to board a Sacramento river steamer. They had hardly stepped on board, however, when they found themselves arrested and landed in jail. On the very day they had landed in town, says the Philadelphia Times, Charles Janson, proprietor of a large dry goods house on Montgomery street, was found in his counting-room bleeding and senseless beside his rifled safe. At his residence he rallied enough to make a statement describing the men who attacked him. and it was on the strength of this description that the men were arrested. At that time murders and robberies were frequent in San Francisco, and it was known that a gang of escaped Australian convicts was burrowed among the sandhills of the neighborhood, and most of these crimes were attributed to them. Hence the prejudice against Australians, who were popularly known as "Sydney Ducks," was very strong, and many of them had been warned to leave the locality. This particular gang was led by one James Stuart, a desperate scoundrel, whose name was a terror throughout the state. Many crimes had been fixed on him, amrng others the murder of the sheriff of Yuba county, but so far h had escaped both the regular police and the vieilance cmrnlttee. The prisoners, of course, being comparative strangers, knew little of this. Early on the morning aftr arrest they were confronted with Janson, who was supposed to be dying. He declared positively that Berdue was the man who had felled him with a bar of iron. About "Wilfred he was not so positive, but he had few doubts. The prisoners, confidently asserting their innocence, were removed to the examining magistrate's office on the plaza in the "Old Adobe" building. But Berdue's courage failed him when he found the warrant, giving his name as "James Stuart, alias Berdue." described exactly. Then followed half a dozen witnesses who swore positively to his identity with Stuart. One in particular swore that he had lived for months in the same camp with Berdue; knew him well, and that he had always gone by the name of "Jim Stuart." Of course this, with Janson's recognition, was enough, and they were promptly sent to the recorder, whose office it was, after more examination, to commit them for trial. To escape the crowd they were removed by a back door and driven rapIdly in a close carriage by the side streets to the court house. But the excited thousands surged through ,Kearney-st. and reached the court house immediately after them, and learning that the prisoners were within, a fierce rush was made for the door. The railing within which they sat was broken down in an instant, and a dozen men leaped toward them. But it happened that an adjoining room was used for a drill room by a volunteer company of soldiers, and part of them were drilling at that moment. A happy thought struck the recorder, lie opened the door between the rooms, and in a second twenty of the volunteers poured through it with fixed bayonets. .They charged the crowd, who lied like sheep; the room was cleared in a moment, and the prisoners .vere hustled, more dead than alive, into cells in the basement. All that afternoon and evening thousands of people surrounded the building, shouting for the prisoners, demanding that they should be brought forth and executed Instantly. Excited orators harangued the mob and many proposed an attack on the jail, but within the jail were fifty men with bayonets and loaded muskets, and the attack was not made. By degrees the excitement wore itself cut to some extent, and during the fight it was arranged that on the following day the prisoners should be given up to the citizens not to be executed immediately, but to be tried by a lynch court. The court was composed of two lawyers and three merchants, all prominent men. Competent counsel were selected for the people and for the prisoners, and at 3 o'clock on Saturday afternoon the court opened. In an involuntary glance around the prisoners saw little ground for hope written on that sea of faces. The prosecuting attorney opened the case with a few calm words and produced hi3 evidence, which was much the tame as on the day before. Jansen was brought in in spite of his weak condition, and swore positively to Berdue. almost as positively to Wildred; witnesses again testified positively to Berdue's identity with Jim Stuart. No witnesses were found for the prisoners and no evidence given; the constables who had been sent in search of men named by them returned without them. Probably they feared to be compromised by testifying for such unpopular men, and left the city to avoid it. A little more evidence was produced, and then the closing speeches were made to the Jury. The prisoners' counsel made a strong appeal for mercy, for time to investigate the matter, and was roundly applauded on closing, and the jury, being charged, retired. A little past midnight the Jury sent In word that they could not agree. A ray of hope dawned upon the prisoners, but when the news reached the crowd outside it was received by a frightful roar of "Hang them! hang them!" A speech from the presiding judge calmed, them somewhat, and when the jury again stated that they could not agree the court consulted a moment. Then the citizen guard was ordered to return the prisoners to their rells and the court adjourned to meet at the call of the president. The grand Jury was then in session. The next day they found a "true bill" And two weeks afterward B?rdue and Wildred weifi tried by the criminal court. The evidence given ujon the lynch trial was reproduced. The trial lasted butn. few hours; they were both convicted of the crime charged in the indictment robbery and sentenced to fourteen years in the pidtentiary. Wildro-J was immediately taken there, but for Berdue a requisition was in waiting, demanding him for trial in Yuba county as Jim Stuart, the murderer of the sherin. That ni?ht he wan taken to Marysvill. where the grand Jury had already found an indictment against him for murder. A few days later he was tried as Jim Stuart, sworn to for Jim Stuart by at leart a dozen witnesses, convicted as Jim Stuart, and as Jim Stuart sentenced to be hanged In three weeks from that time. One evening about a week before the time set. for the execution some San Francisco detectives were scouting among the sandhills over toward the Mission Dolores Suddenly one of them stumbled upon a man lying on the ground under some scrub oak. Imagine their surprise when, on holding a lantern to his face, they discovered Jim Stuart, whom some of them had seen eentenced to be handed at Marysville.

He was taken to the vigilance committee rooms and an agent hurried to Marysville Arriving there, he was still more surprised at learning that Jim Stuart was still there, safe in custody, and was to be duly and 'egally hanged on the following Friday. A short Interview with the prisoner gave him the key to the mystery, and he hastened back to San Francisco. But before he returned Stuartthe real Stuart, at San Francisco had made a full confession of both the murder of the sheriff and the robbery of Jansen's store. The governor was in town at the time. After an Interview with Stuart In the presence of the committee he immediately forwarded full pardons to both Berdue and Wildred. The former received his two days before the time fixed for his execution and straightway hastened to San Francisco. The real Jim Stuart was hanged by th vigilance committee on the day that had been set for Berdue's execution, and the latter was present at the scene. It took place upon California-st. wharf, and the gallows was a derrick erected for unloading vessels.

SOME PECULIAR DELUSIONS PEOPLK WHO TIIIXK THEY HAVE BEEX TRAXSFOIIMED. A Gentleman, Slightly Unhinged, Fanelen Jllmaelf a Steam Roller, While a Venerable English Woman Thinks She la Made of China Sometimes Cared by Accident. In all the history of delusions nothing is stranger than the cases, by no means uncommon, where persons, often otherwise sane, get an idea into their heads that they are somebody or something else and live and conduct themselves as if they were indeed this other person or thing. A case noticed in th medical press not long ago showed how a gentleman, his mind unhinged by sudden trouble, fancied he was a steam roller, and with his attendant used regularly to plod around the square where he resided In the idea that he was leveling the surface of the ground as he passed over it. Endeavoring to root out this mania his doctor laid down some large flints in his patient's back garden and asked him to observe that he could not be a steam roller .because after he had passed over them the stones did. not sink into the ground. "That's because I'm not heavy enough," replied the madman, and proceeded to fill his pockets with heavy weights and carry others in his arms. Pays a famous surgeon: "Once did I succeed In curing a man inflicted with this sort of mania. He had an idea thvt his nose had grown suddenly to an enormous length so long, in fact, that he declared he was unable to enter a room except of the largest size. Other medical men whom he consulted laughed at him and endeavored to convince him that he was mistaken, but without effect. He only got worse and worse, and at last declared that he was unable to move, his nose had grown so heavy. When he applied to me I at once declared that all he said was true, but that if he followed my directions I thought I could cure him. "On a day appointed he came to me and I tied a handkerchief round his eyes. I had previously provided a large basin filled with bullock's blood, and. making him stand over it, hit him a ciolent blow upon the nose. Then saying. 'Take it away to my assistant, as if bearing off the severed nasal organ, I dabbed some of the blood over my hands and the patient's r.ose and removed the bandage from his eyes. The plan worked successfully and the patient was cured of his delusion." ' Strangely enough, with persons afflicted with such a mania, many of the cures are accidental. An old lady living in the north of England got an idea into her head that she was made of china, wore thickly-muflled shoes and lived in a padded room for fear of breakage, and would never drink anything warm for fear she would crack. One morning coming downstairs she fell and rolled down a lengthy flight, and finding that she had suffered no damage but a. few bruises, saw clearly that the idea she had formed of her own composition must be a mistaken one. Similarly an old pauper in a provincial workhouse got the notion into his head that he was, above all things, a codf.sh. One day the inmates of the workhouse were indulged in a visit to the seaside and the harmless old lunatic taken with the rest. Walking upon the pier the old man somehow stumbled over a rope and fell into the water, where he floundered for some time, but was eventually rescued, half drowned, but effectually rid of the idea that he was In any way amphibious. London TId-Bits. Pnlxon Versa Venom. It is common to hear people talk about 'Toisonous" serpents. Quite to the contrary are the following remarks of a physician quoted by the New Orleans Picayune: "Serpents are never poisonous; they are venomous. A poison cannot be taken internally without bad effects; a venom can. Venoms to be effective have to be injected directly into the circulation, and this is the manner in which the snakes kill. Their venom, taken Internally, Is innocuous. "Another popular error Is the supposition that a snake bites Probably no creature In the world provided with teeth and Jaws has so little power of biting. The jaws are not hinged, but are attached one to the other by cartilage. Thus a snake can have no leverage in opposing one jaw to the other and could not in this manner pierce the skin. The fangs are driven into the flesh by a stroke and not a bite. A snake Is harmless unless in coil. From its coil it throws its head and body forward, and strikes or hooks its fangs into the object aimed at. The entire work Is done with the upper Jaw, the lower Jaw having nothing at all to do with it. A man striking a boathook Into a pier furnishes an example of the way In which a snake strikes. Biting is a physical impossibility." Colored Photographs from Xittare. The possibility of photographing colors directly from nature seems to be at last proved. The theory of the process belongs to M. Llpmann and its practical application to M. Louis Lumlere of Lyons. Bv means of his special preparations, the secret of which has not transpired. M. Lumiere is enabled after an exposure of about half an hour to obtain a faultless photographic reproduction of colors. Among the things thus chromatically photographed were boxes of matches. Japanese screens, stuffs, nosegays nay, even landscapes from nature, looking for all the world like very clever studies In water colors, the dull gray of the houses, the brown of the soil, the various shades of green of the grass, fruit ami foliage, the deep blue of the sky, and the light, laughing blue that peeps surreptitiously through rifts In the fleecv clouds all colors, hues and tints were there. Ancient Glnssniaklntr. The art of glass manufacture is probably nearly as old as the world itself. Specimens of glass work of a superior sort have been found in the ruins of the most ancient Egyptian cities, and representations of glass blowers abound in the oldest sculptures. In ancient Borne glassware was highly prized, and its manufacture was carefully studied and cultivated. In the middle ages the great glass center of the world for many years was Venice. The city long kept the elassmaking art a- secret, but finally it ! was discovered, and then Venice had to suffer brisk competition from England, France and Bohemia. The latter was fur a long time Venice's strongest rival, and up to the time of the discovery of English flint or lead glass the Bohemian glass was the finest in the world, according to American Importer.

A TIGRESS WITH A RECORD.

THE I1LOODY CAÄEER OP OXLY OXE AM -MAL. In the Space of Mne Month She j Killed Dosen of Unman Beings and DrpopoUtfd Several Villasps Her Method of Attack Was So Sudden mm to Prevent Any Possibility of Kr pe. A correspondent of the Allahabad (Hindoostan) Pioneer, writing on nanfating tigers, mentions the career of a young tigress who, in the space of nine months, killed some dozens of human beings, depopulated several villages, and stopped work over a greater part of a forest division, in spite of the most strenuous efforts made to destroy her efforts increased by the Incentive of Its. 500 reward offered for her head. She began her career In July by killing two women near a forest village, and by the end of the following December had killed at least thirty persons, becoming bolder and more cunning with each fresh murder. Her beat lay in the foothills of the Himalayas, and she roamed over an area twenty-five miles long by three or four broad. The country was such that she could neither be tracked for any distance nor driven by elephants or beaters. She would not kill a tied buffalo nor would she go back if once disturbed. She became at last so bold that she would in open daylight carry off men and women when cutting the crops in the terraced fields, stalking the unfortunates from above and suddenly springing on them. The terror of her ferocity spread through the country. The villagers left their homes for safer regions, and no wonder, for the writer found on one occasion a village seemingly deserted, but in reality in a state of siege, the inhabitants being afraid to draw water from a stream 100 yards from their houses. Work was commencing in the forests, and in a short time the tigress learned to stalk the sound of an ax and made many victims before the forest was proved to be even more dangerous than the fields had been. The method of attack adopted was so sudden as to prevent anv possibility of escape, the blow dealt so deadly as to render even a cry for help impossible. The victim was dead and carried off before his companions knew what had occurred. The most strenuous efforts were made for her destruction; poison, spring guns and dead falls were ineffectually resorted to; any number of buffaloes were tied up at night, and many a time the fresh trail of a kill was taken up in hopes of obtaining a shot at the tigress, but with no further result than that of recovering a mangled or half eaten corpse. During January and February this tigress had killed fifteen to twenty more persons, and at last a file of soldiers were requisitioned to see what force could do to remove this horrible animal, cunning having been found to be of no avail. On being killed she was found to be a young animal in perfect condition. The pad of her left forefoot had at one time been deeply cut from side to side but had thoroughly healed, leaving, however, a deep scar, which proved her presence wherever she roamed. The writer mentions one instance in which two cowherds living in a small grasshut in a somewhat wild forest were cooking their food in the evening when a tiger suddenly sprang on one and carried him off. His companion intimidated the animal with shouts and threats and succeeded in making him leave his victim. Carrying his wounded companion into the hut the man closed the entrances and waited for daylight. But this he never saw. for after a time the tiger, emboldened by the increasing darkness, returned, and forcing his way into the hut, carried off the uninjured man, who was doubtless doing all he could to prevent the tiger's approach. The other who was first seized died of his wound's and of terror the next day, after relating the story to those who had found him. "Of the man eaters I have known none have been old or decrepit animals driven to feed on human beings because they could not obtain other food. They lived in a country full of game and where cattle were plentiful, but they had lost their fear of man, and trusting In their superior strength and cunning had no dilficulty in satisfying their hunger. At the same time they seemed to recognize that an armed man was dangerous and that they must be doubly on their guard to avoid falling into a trap. It is this apparent knowledge of man and his habits, amounting in some instances almost to reason, that renders a man-eating tiger so terrible." THE GRACES OF MAXXERS. A Trine That Represents he Height of Good Ilreeding. It is the little graces of manners that make up a charming personality. For instance, an exchange remarks that so few people know how to receive a favor graciously. Ask them to render you a service, and they could not be more ready than they are. But try f offer them a courtesy and see how quickly you .will retire from their presence with a feeling of wounded pride and annoyance. Some will refuse outright, and others will accept as if they were bestowing a royal condescension. To accept something that we do not want, for which we have no use, to accept It In such a manner that the one who offers it will feel that he has rendered a desired service, is the height of consideration and good breeding. The strong, capable and ablebodied do not like to be served. It is so much easier to serve one's self than to lie back and be waited upon. They truly feel that it Is more blessed to give than to receive blessed perhaps because they do not want to receive. But such people would deny to others what they claim most strenuously for themselves the right to confer a favor or to discharge an obligation, the sense of which sets heavily upon them. A Xleee of Robert Itnrns. Returning past the "thorn aboon the well" we came by a pleasant way to Bridgeslde cottage, the home of Miss Isabella Bums Begg, ni?oe of the bard, and his only surviv'ng near relative, writes Theodore F. Wolfs in an Interesting sketch of "the only near relative of the poet In the August Ladies' Home Journal. The cottage is a cozy structure of stone, from whose thatched roof a dormer window, brilliant with flowers, peeps out through the foilage which embowers and half conceal the tiny homelet. The trimmest of little maids admitted us at the roadside wicket, and conducted us along a path, bordered by flowers, to the cottage door, where stood Miss Begg beaming a cordial welcome upon the pilgrims from America. She is the daughter and namesake of Burns' youngest and favorite sister, Isabella, who married John Beg?. We found her to be a singularly active and vivacious old lady, cheery and intelligent, and manifestly pleased to have secured appreciative auditors for her remini.scenees of her gifted relative. She is of slender habit, having a bright and winning face, and soft, gray hair, and when sne was seated beneath the Burns portrait . we could see that her brilliant dark eyes are like those on the canvas. She Never Cime Hack. She was a coy young woman, and she looked decidedly pretty in her new summer costume when Guard White beheld her sitting on one of the divans in the art gallery yesterday afternoon. He gave her several of his most killing looks t and she responded with the sweetest of smiles, and the heart of the young man . in blue beat so hard that the kettle- ; drums in the Turkish village were not to be compared for sound. As he gazed S into the young woman's limpid eyes the order of Col.- Bice that all members of the Colombian guard must desist from flirting was forgotten. As he walked

proudly to and fro each turn brought him nearer to the smlltng beauty, and each time his manly bosom was thrilled by the smile she gave him. This sort of thing went on for several minutes, when she arose, and as she swept into the vestibule she cast him a sidelong glance .which plainly said, "Follow me." The guard did so. By the side of one of the columns stood his charmer, and she extended a dainty hand, which sank out of view In his white glove. After a few minutes' conversation the girl asked for the time and Guard White gallantly pulled from his vest pocket the handsome gold watch he OAT 115 "Oh, 'it is half past 3," she cried, "and I must let mamma know the time. She sits right in there. Poor, dear thing, she is awfully deaf and one has to scream to make her hear. Just let me take your watch a moment while I take it In and show it to her, and I will be right back." It took the guard less than a second to unsnap the chain which held the timepiece, and handing it to the charmer he watched her run into the gallery. And then he waited for her return. She never came back. Exchange.

STORY OF A SICKROOM, IX WHICH AnE SOME GOOD SIGGESTIOXS. A I-rfidy Gives Her Experience In n Sickroom, and from Personal Observation She Concludes That, ns a Rale, Sick People Are Not Properly Taken Care Of. Once upon a time, not so very long ago, I was asked to spend a few hours in a sick room. The day nurse was exhausted, and temporary assistance was necessary. Of course, I consented to serve, though I would gladly have scrubbed the sidewalk Instead had I been permitted to exercise my preference. The general reader may think this Is a hard-hearted statement, but when I say that I have the same dislike yes, more than this, contempt for my own sick rooms It may throw a different light on the matter. I never remember to have had a pain in my life that I didn't feel disgusted with it. Well, I passed into a closely shut I might say hermetically sealed apartment, where the steam and vinegar treatment had been in operation for the relief of pneumonia. The patient lay on her back, with what seemed a cushion about a foot high on her chest. I discovered later that it was a flaxseed poultice. The tired nurse m?de some final touches to the Invalid's toilet, gave me some instructions in a dismal undertone and left me to my misery. I was not to speak to the patient and allow no one else to enter the chamber, and on no account must I permit a breath of air to float in. High screens were placed against doors and windows. Now, if I had my way, I should have thrown that poultice as far as I could send it. and after bathing the chest in warm water I should have covered it with soft, light flannel, and then I should have turned the sufferer slightly on her side, covered her comfortably, opened a window at the bottom and top and let in some of God's fresh air, which I believe is more important in pneumonia than in health. But I was under orders, and perhaps it is Just as well, for I might have killed her, because as she was frightened at the very thought of air and everybody else in the house was in the same condition my sense of what was right could scarcely have borne the weight of the opposition. For a few moments there was nothing to do of any consequence. The nurse had applied the half peck, more or less, of flaxseed that went to form the poultice, and I had plenty of time to think. "Is there any need of this condition?" I asked myself, and something which is to me like the voice of God replied: "No, there is not." Once the patient moaned, with a feeble movement of her hand toward the weight on her chest: "Oh, so heavy!" "Shali I take it off?" "No, no; kill me, kill me," she whispered hoarsely. Well, she passed on a few days later, and though I had previotisly speculated about this peculiar method of suffocating patients with foul air and pressing the breath out of them with heavy weights. I never quite realized till that day how utterly unscientific and cruel such treatment was. I shall probably be accused of a colossal conceit when I say that I believe I could have cured this patient at this critical moment if I could have been allowed the freedom of my will, to have raised her will from the living grave into which It had been plunged not by her malady, but by the concentrated thought of every member of that household that she was doomed and by the filthy and barbarous method of the attendant physician. But I have said it, all the same, and I know I am speaking the truth. Eleanor Kirk's Idea, The Dnngerons Xutnieg. Cases are not infrequently reported in which children and sometimes grown persons are poisoned by the free use of nutmegs, it not being generally known that this article of common household use is really a deadly poison. This is true, in fact, of most common condiments but when misused these articles, such as pepper, capsicum, etc., are so obnoxious to the taste excepting when taken in very minute quantities, that the consumer is warned in a very positive m inner before he has had an opportunity to do himself serious injury. This is not the case, however, with the nutmeg. This nut, which contains a poisonous principle of a very dangerous character, may be consumed without inconvenience in quantities sufficient to produce fatal consequences and it is surprising not that death occasionally occurs from its use, but that deaths are not more frequent. A fatal case has been recently reported in which a boy of eight years fell into a comatose condition after eating two nutmegs and died within twelve hours. Albany Express. Every Girl Should De Tnnght to Dnrn Every girl should be taught to darn with all the dainty stitches of the art. There should be Instilled Into her a sense of the disgrace of wearing a stocking with even a broken thread, while a darn well put in has a homelike, respectable look that in no way deteriorates from the value of a good stocking. Darning U a lady's occupation akin to embroidery in deftness and gentleness of touch. It requires skill and Judgment to select the thread, which should be but a trifle coarser than the web of the stocking, or, In case of cloth, than the thread of the goods. Where a cloth may be easily raveled it is better to darn it with the ravellngs unless it is in a place where more than ordinary strain comes on the goods. Thick cloth should be darned between the layers and when done by a skillful hand and well pressed the work becomes practically invisible. Sensible Fashion In Table Decoration. All forms of table garniture are required to be low. The tall vases are used upon mantels In the drawing-room, the sitting room and the little reception room, but no longer upon the table, where their height proves a hindrance to dinner chat. The custom of putting huge pieces in the center was never good, but so long as fashion declared in its favor it held nevertheless, and only very few had the courage to denounce it. Now, when it is the correct thing to arrange tempting bits of color as low as can be, the wisdom of the change cannot be denied, and diners out gain an enlarged "rte", r. rrcw neighbor! and vis-a-vis. Exchange.

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No. 14. Sizo No. 13. No. 14. Size No. IS Box case, Lonli XIV. etyle, Waitham or Elgin movement seven jewels, SI9.75. These watches arc sold by retail dealers at from 30 to $30. fifteen years. No. 20. Size No. 13. No. 20. Size No. 18 Monarch eas with wide Vermicelli border and engraved center, Waitham movement, seven jewels. $23. Tili.- is the finest watch we oiler and id well worth $40, according to the prices charged in jewelry stores. The cases art warranted for twenty-one yes. The readers of The Sentinel never had an opportunity to get first-clasa watches at any such prices as the above, and aftef this stock is sold they will probably not soon have such a chance aain. This offer is open only to subscribers A The Indiana State Sentinel. One of these watches will make a hand some birthday or Christmas present fo your wife, your iter, your daughter, oi your sweetheart; for your husband, youi father, your brother or your eon. In order to avoid confusion and mistakes the watches should be ordered only by their numbers. Thus it is only necessary to say: "Sen i watch No. S (or whatever number is desired) to the following ad dress." Write the name, town, county and 6tate vrv plainly. The cash trust accompany every order. We should prefer to have our subscribers iiee the following coupon, which can bo cut out, filled up and tent to Tun IsDiana State Senti:el with a draft oo Chicago, New York, Indianapolis or Cincinnati or a poetolhce money order for the amount. 189

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Please send one watch No. . . to the following address: Name Post Office County State Inclosed find draft (or money order) for $

' . watches tobe precsely as they are repre satisfaction. It will be both useful and orn