Indiana State Sentinel, Volume 28, Number 38, Indianapolis, Marion County, 17 September 1879 — Page 6

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9 THE INDIANA STATE SENTLNELi. WEDNESDAY MOllNING, SEPTEMBER 17, 1879.

WHAT WE EA.T.

The Manufacture and Salo of Poisonous and Dangerously Adulterated Articles. A Paper Read Before the "American Social Science Association" at Saratoga, September 10, 1879, by George T. Angell, Esq., of Boston, President of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animal. Boston Daily Advertiser. The common and wide sale in American markets of poisonous and adulterated articles which endanger the health and lives of those who use them is a fact established beyond all possibility of honest denial. They are found in our food, our drink, our clothing; in the cooking utensils used iu our kitchens, in the pipes that carry our water, in the wall papers that beautify our houses, in the colored papers and toys which are the playthings of our children. In the fierce competition of trade these dangerous and cheaper articles are gradually driving the safer and more expensive out of our markets. And this process seems likely to go on and increase without limit unless organized action shall be taken to stop their manufacture and sale. Take our eroceries for instance. In the report of the Canadian commissioner of inland revenue, published in 1877, it appears that out of 180 articles analyzed 93 were found to be adulterated. ... ADULTERATIONS IN QKOCERIKS. In the 1874 report of the Massachusetts State board of health many of these adulterations are given, some very dangerous. " In the Grocer's Manual, a book recently prepared expressly for the use of grocers, I find many named, some of which I 'will give. For instance, cream of tartar, seldom found in the shops over 30 per cent pure, the balance being terra alba, or white earth (.i dangerous article tending to produce kidney complaints and various diseases of the stomach), and various other adulterants. Cay enne pepper debased with red ochre, cinna bar, vernnllion ana sulphuret ot mercury: and usually the color preserved by red lead and Venetian red; chicory, dangerously adul terated. In cocoa, red lead, ochre and ver million to color, and sulphate or carbonate of lime to give weight. Pea flour, colored with Venetian red, used to adulterate coffee. Essence of coffee is made of various articles which color the cups of our cheap restaurants, In confectionery, reds and pinks are produced by cocbineal. red lead and bichromate ot lead, yellows bv chromate of load, gamboge, tur meric and Naples yellow; blues by litmus, indigo, Prussian blue, carbonate of copper. etc.; greens by acetate of copper, arsenate of copper, emerald green, bchule s green and Brunswick green, etc.; terra alba, chalk, etc. bsing used to give weight. Carry powder is made with lead and mer cury. Out or 10 pound ot pure honey is made a hundred of a line-looking compound some of the samples of winch will turn tea inky black. Liquors and wines, as a rule, manufactured from cheap rums and whisk ys, very little pure liquors being now sold. Sul phuric acid oil of vitrol) used in making port wine; also in making sherry wine; also . pale malt also in making Madeira wines. Milk debased with water, flour, starch, gum. turmeric, chalk, sugar, carbonate ot soda. and cerebral matter. Cream made by the use of iruras. Mustard seldom sold pure in the shops (and, I would add, often poisonous.) Olive oil falsified by oil from hemp, cotton. rape, peanut and mustard seed. Pickles made green with acetate of copper, a deadly poison. (I would add that ail bright green pickles are said to be poisonous.) Preserved meats are colored with ochre and red lead. Bottles bearing the brands of well-known sauces, as "Worcestershire, etc., are filled with stuff bought by the gallon and flavored with dan gerous chemicals, boaps are made with poisonous coloring matters which produce diseases of the skin. Teas are colored and doctored with arsenate of copper, verdigris, mineral green, Prussian blue, talc, day, soapstone and a variety of other articles. This coloring process is carried on largely in New York and Philadelphia. The Japan teas are about as bad as the Chi nese. Tobacco is made out of leaves of oth er plants, to which are added, in cigars and snuff, chromate of lead, oxide of lead and other articles. V megar is made from pre parations ot lead, copper, and sulphuric acid. (oil of vitrol). I would add that it U assert ed upon what seems to be reliable authority that probably halt the vinegar sold in our cities is rank poison.l These are only a tew of the adulterations stated and referred to in this book, which is written for and in the interest of grocers, and giving the methods by which they can deect these articles in regard to teas, i have the most conclusive evidence, that while they are usually adulterated before they reach this country, still they are largely adulterated and poison ed here; a friend of mine, partner in one of the largest importing tea-houses in Boston, and one of whose partners has resided sever al years in China, said to me, "I will not drink, nor will any member of my firm drink anything but the natural uncolored teas, nor would I advise any other man' to do it, but we find it difficult to sell them. Public taste demand teas colored and faced, which I consider more or less poisonous, and some of them contain prussic acid. I would add that the danger of adultera ted teas in this country has recently much increased, because they are now shut out from England. In regard to coffee, not only is the ground article adulterated, but machines have been invented and used in this country to mold adulterations into the form, of cotlee berries. It is frequently adulterated with chicory, which uselt adulterated with articles more dangerous. Now take sugars and syrups. The whole value of glucose imported into the United States in 1875 was $2,352; its importation in 18 1 7, two years later, amounted to IZZ3,3bO, in addition to which vast quantities are now manufactured in the United States. This glucose is made by boiling corn starch with sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), and then mix ing it with lime; the glucose almost always retains more or less of the sulphuric acid and sometimes copperas, sulphate of lime, etc. To make it more salable it is called "grape' sugar, though no grapes are used in its manu facture. Dr. R. C. Kedzie, president of the Michi can State board of health and professor of chemistry in the Michigan State Agricultural College, analvzed 17 specimens of common table syrups and found 15 of them made of srlucose: one of the 15 contained 141 grains of oil of vitriol and 724 grains of lime to the gallon, and another, . which had caused serious sickness in whole family, 72 trains of oil of vitriol, 28 of sulphate of it on (copperas) and 863 grains of lime to the gallon. ' 1 have evidence that glucose is used iargely not only to adulterate cane sugars and sryups, out also mapie sugar, candies, jellies, honey, etc., ana mat it u supposed that Britrht's disease of the kindeyi - is one of the results of it enormously increas

ed use. It appears also from Professor Kedzie's report that cheap sugars sold in Michigan are generally adulterated, and that poisonous articles are used to color them. I have much evidence that a large portion of the sugars sold in New York City contain not only glucose but also another insidious poison, muriate of tin, which has been largely used for bleaching them. At a meeting of the United States Beard

of Trade held in New York, November 13, 1878, Mr. Fuller, a retired sugar-dealer, declared that sugars, molasses and honey are now so adulterated, that, although very fond of those articles, he did not dare to use them except in small quantities. in regard to "baking powders the Hew York Evening Post of January 6, 1879, states that much alarm is felt in that city on account of their adulterations; that eminent physicions had been consulted; that more than oUU kinds ot these baking powders are now manufactured in America; that the price of alum is less than three cents a pound while cream of tartar costs more than S0 cents; that makers of these powders substitute alum for cream of tartar, in part or al together, and the result is griping consti pation, indigestion, heartburn, and dyspepsia; that the eminent New York chemist, Doctor Henry Mott, Jr.. had recently analyzed 16 of the powders, and found alum an important ingredient in every one. - An article by Doctor Mott in the Scientific American ot November lb, leio, states that these powders often contain in addition to, alum, terra alba, insoluble phosphate of lime etc. In connection with the adulteration of gro ceries, 1 would also state that mills in various parts of the United States are now grinding thousands of tons of. white stone into fine powder, which sell for about a half a cent a pound, and that in some of these mills they grind three grades, called soda grade, sugar grade and Hour grade. , CONCEBNINU MILK. In regard to milk, it was estimated a few years since by a Boston sanitary commission that in a single year was paid in that city nearly $ouo,ouu lor water mixed with milk, and that this water was probably taken in many instances from dangerous sources, and was liable to contain and carry germs of disease, It appears from this year s report of the Bos ton milk inspector, and Professor Avery, who is employed to analyze milk seized by the inspector, that probably the city of Boston paid last year more than $680,000 for water mixed with milk, iiow much ot that water contained lead poison, or was taken from wells which receive the drainage of cesspools, it is of course impossible to determine. I have evidence that in at least two of our large cities from 90 to 95 per cent of all milk sold is adulterated before it reaches the consumer and that the death-rate of infants in my own city has been found to be in a givsn time more then four times what it was in similar population outside the city. I have evidence that both the lactometer and creamometer are entirely unreliable todetect adulterations, that cream is made trom white glue, and that various articles are added to milk to conceal the addition of water. Now let us take up OLEOMARGARINE BUTTER AND CIIKKSK. More than 90,000,000 pound of these articles were manuiactured in the U mted states in 1878, much and probably most of it so carelutly disguised that it is sold in the markets without detection. JUr. John Michcls, an eminent microscopist of New York City, says that in the process of manufacturing the oleomargarine butter and cheese, the fut used is never subjected to a higher tempera ture than 1JU degrees Fahrenheit; that such butter may be still considered to be in a raw state; that any germs of disease, morbid secretions or embryos of parasites in the ani mals trom which this oil was obtained are liable to be transferred in a living condition into the systems of those who use this butter: that animals used for food are subject to the attacks of internal parasites, that lodge in countless multitudes in all parts of their bodies; that some of the most dangerous forms will also live and thrive in man; that the trichina which enter the body at once breed by the million, and invade the whole system from head to foot; that it is well known that living organisms have withstood a temperature much higher than that which caul fat is subjected to in the preparation of oleomargarine, and that even 1W degrees have ' been resisted by these germs; that it would not be strange if the caul fat from diseased animals, whose meat is not used for food, should often be sold for this purpose; that he has found in oleomargarine animal tissues, with fragments and cells of suspicious nature; that he has reason to believe that the refuse fat of at least one pork-packing establishment is used m its manufacture, and that he views with anxiety its introduction ; as an article of tood. Frofessor Church states that he has found in oleomargarine, by analysis, horse fat, fat from bones, and waste fat, such as Is used for making candles. OTHER ADULTERATIONS. ' In regard to our meats I have the most overwhelming evidence that thousand of tons of the meats of diseased animals are an nually sold in our markets, and that the de tection of these meats, after they have been dressed and put into the stalls, is in most cases impossible. In regard to the adulterations of wines, liquors and other intoxicating drinks abun dant evidence has been widely published. In regard to drugs, an eminent medical gentleman of Boston said to me some time since: "The adulterations of drugs in this country are perfectly abeminable. The physician orders a medicine for a patient in ex treme danger. The medicine has only quarter the strength it should have, because ot its adulteration, and the patient dies. one ot our most respectable Boston merchants told me a few weeks since that he had within a few days talked with oneof the larg est wholesale drug dealers in the city, who told him that the adulterations of drugs were now so great that it was almost impos sible to make a living by the sale of honest goods. Subsequently I called upon one of our most respectable retail druggist) and he indorsed the statement as correct. ARSENIC POISONING. Now let us consider the subject of poison ing by arsenic. The amount of arsenic lin ported into this country during the year ending June 30, 1875, was two million, three hundred and twe'nty-seven thousaad. seven hundred and forty-two pounds (2,324,742). .bach pound contained a fatal dose for about 2,800 adult human beings. , It is sold in our markets almost freely as wood and coal, at a wholesale price of from a cent and a half to two cents pound. What becomes of it? 1 answer it is used in wall papers, paper curtains, lamp shades, boxes, wrapping paper for confectionery, tickets, cards, children i kindergarten papers, artificial flowers, dried grasses, eye shades and numerous other arti cles. Among the articles frequently made dangerous by this or other poisons may be named also ladies' dress goods, veils, aewing silks, threads, stockings, gentlemen's under clothing, socks, gloves, hat-linings, lining of boots and shoes, paper cellars, babies carnages, colored enamelled cloths, children's toys. various fabrics of wooL silk, cotton and lea ther in various colors. Arsenic has been

found also in toilet powders and and candles. Professor Nichols of our Massachusetts In

stitute of Technology found eight grains of arsenic to each square foot of dress. Another chemist found 10 grains ot arsenic in a single artificial flower. A child in Troy, N. Y., some time since, died in convulsions by taking arsenic from a veil thrown over its crib to keep off flies. A case has been recently brought to my knowledge of a Boston gentleman so severely poisoned by wearing poisonous underclothing that for several days be could hardly see. Possibly the largest use of arsenic is in the preparation of our wall papers. The Massachusetts State board of health, in their report for 1872, gave 25 pages to this subject. These poisonous papers are of a great variety of colors grean, blue, red yellow, pearl and other colors. Some are cheap, some costly, some figured, some plain, some glazed, some ungbized. There is but one way of surely detecting them, and that is by chemical analysis. It bas been estimated that full three quarters of all our wall papers now manufactured contain arsenic. The Michigan State board of health has recently published a book containg 75 representative specimens of these papers, and by order of that board it has been rmt into every important public library of Michigan, as a warning to the people of that State. It bears the very appro priate title of "shadows from the V alls of Death." This book states that these papers are sold in every city and important village of that State, and that their use is increasing. It advises (1) to use no wall paper at all; (2) never use wallpaper without first having it tested for arsenic; and (3), if arsenical paper is already on the walls, and can not well be removed, then (as sonic protection), to cover it with a coat of varnish. There can be no doubt that thousands of people in this country are now suffering, and many have died, from the effects of arsenical wall papers. Yet their manufact ure and sale are permitted to go on without restriction. "When I was in Germany," said an eminent Boston chemist to me, "I discovered arsenic in two'1-specimens of wall paper, and the manufacturer was in jail before night. Here I have analyzed hundreds of specimens in a single year, and found arsenic in a large proportion of them, but nobody was prosecuted." POISON BY LEAD. But great as is the danger from poison by arsenic, 1 suspect there is coming to be quite as great from poison by lead. That lead is a cumulative poison, slowly gathering in the human system trom infinitesimal particles until it reaches quantities productive of. paralysis, disease and death, is a fact well known to chemists and physicians, That hundreds of thousands of persons in this country are now suffering from lead poison, taken trom water they drink, is a fact that can not be honestly denied. That no water which has passed through lead pipes (and galvanized iron are said to be about as bad) should ever be used for cooking or drinking, or given to aaimals to drink, unless proved by chemical analysis to be safe, is a fact which will be some time generally acted upon; and then we shall not be liable, as now, to drink almost everywhere away from our own homes water poisoned by lead. But lead water-pipes, though bad enough, do not seem to me the worst form in which wo are likely to be exposed to lead poinon. I auote the following from the Boston Jour nal of Chemistry November, 1878: "Attention has recently been caned to a new risk of chronic poisoning by the old enemy, lead. What we call tin vessels are in daily use in every household in the land. They are cheap, durable and convenient, and have been considered perfectly safe for the thousand culinary purposes to which they are devoted They are safe if the tin plate is honestly made. But, unfortunately, this is not always to be counted upon. Tin is comparatively cheap, but lead is cheaper, and an alloy of the two metals may be used in place of the dearer one with profit to the manufac turer. "The alloy is readily acted upon by acids, and salts of lead are thus introduced into food. The Michigan State board of health has lately been investigating this subject, having been led to do so by a letter trom a physician who found that certain cases of what had been taken for corea were really paralysis agitans, which could be traced to this kind of lead poisen. Other cases were brought to light in which children had died of meningitis, fits and paralytic affections. caused by milk kept in such vessels, the acid in the fluid having dissolved the lead. -Malic, citric and other fruit acids are, of course, quicker and more energetic in their action upon the pernicious alloy. 1 be danger is the greater because the lead salts are cumulative poisons. The effect of one or two small doses may not be perceptible, but infinitesimal doses, continually repeated, will in the end prove injurious, if not fatal. Analpsis of large number of specimens of tin plate used in culinary articles showed the presence of an allov with lead in almost every instance, and often in large quantities. It is safe to assert that a large proportion of the tin wares in the market are unfit for use on this ac count." This is what the Boston Journal of Chemistry says. The editoriul article goes on to say: It is stated by Dr. Kedzie (who is not only presi dent of the Michigan State board of health, but an eminent chemist), that a peculiar kind of tin plate, the coating of which is largely made up of lead, is coming into general use tor rooting, eaves-troughs and conductors. and it is suggested that much of this lead will eventually be dissolved and find its way into household cisterns, bueceitible persons may be poisoned even by washing in this leadcharged water, and all who drink it, even after it is filtered, are in danger of chronic lead poisoning. , In a subsequent issue of the Journal of Chemistry, January, 1879, appeared the fol lowing: "Dr. Emil Querner.of Philadelphia, writes us that since we called attention to the subject he has tested a great number of tin ves sels from different sources with nitric acid and a solution of iodide of potassium, and found lead in evey case." . He adds: "All my vessels for cooking, ' etc, are now made of sheet iron, and give entire satis faction." And Jthe Journal of Chemistry advises the use of sheet-iron, instead of the tinware which has been found to be subject to poisonous manipulation. This evidence of scientific men ' published in a "scientific journal" only substantiates other evidence which I have carefully gathered from widely different sources, showing that in the competitions of trade cheap tinware, composed largely of soluble lead, is nowcoming into daily use in our kitchens, our dairies, our milk pails, our tin cans, in which all varieties of meat s, fish, ' vegetable and fruits are kept, in the pots used to prepare - our tea and cotlee. and the vessels used . for cooking al most every variety of food. And . it is said that the beautiful mottled ware called "marbleized ironware," which has been largely manufactured in the form of coffeepots, tea-pots, milk-cans, sauce-pans and various other cooking dishes, and which was pronounoed bv the "Harvard University" chemist, who analyzed it, to be K'alive with poison," is still sold and used to s4me extent. If it would not make this panel too long for extensive publication I shouli) be glad to go on with a hundred pages of evidences

have gathered of facts I have stated, and of other kindred - facts relating to poisonous food, drink, clothing, and in articles of ornament and use, all of which I shall be glad to furnish whenever desired for publication. I wish to add, that of dangerously adulterated articles sold probably ali the chemists in America have never - analyzed one sample in 10,000; that in many cases pure samples of adulterated articles are prepared expressly for chemical analysis, and that, of all the cases of sickness and death resulting from these poisons, probably not one case in 10,000 has been traced to its real cause. We now come to the important question, WHAT 18 THE REMEDY? It is no use to talk about total depravity. The fact is, that the world is growing better; that nine men out of 10 would rather sell honest goods than dishonest ones, and that probably nine out of 10 who sell these dangerously poisonous goods sell them innocently, simply buying at the lowest prices and selling what they find in the markets, and what N their customers ignorantly demand. What is the remedy? . I answer, "Protective

health associations in our cities and import ant towns. All honest merchants who want to sell honest goods and not be undersold by dishonest ones should belong to them, and members should be entitled in return for their subscriptions to analysis of a certain number of articles each year, either for themselves or friends. Whenever such an association gets fairly at work in any city or town, it will become almost impossible to sell adulterated and poisonous articles without detection. So far as that city or town is concerned thedemand will cease, and dealers will require ot those from whom they buy guarantees that goods are pure and harmless. 1 he purchaser who finds he has a poisonous or adulterated article will return it to the retail dealer. The retail dealer will send it back to the wholesale dealer, and the wholesale dealer to the man who manufactured or adulterated it, and demand not only his money but full damages. And the guilty party will be glad to pay and stop the manufacture or adulteration. It will not be necessary to prosecute one case in a hundred, and every innocent party will bo protected, tor no man will care tofight powerful organizations, sustained by honest merchants and good citizens. After a few of these assocations have been put in operation and their results published others will spring up, and won have power enough to secure not only the enactment, but also the enforcement, of proper laws. Until they are formed I think it will be difficult to secure the passago of proper laws by Congress or in the States, and still more difficult to properly enforce them. I know from exper ience that laws to regulate these matters with out organizations interested to enforce- them will not be enforced. Of course, these analshould be largely reduced. In cities chemical and microscopical bu reaus may be organized under the direction of eminent chemists and microscopists, in which one will analyze a certain class of articles, another another class, and so on young chemists taking charge of those easily analyzed. One of the results will bo a wide demand for chemists and microscopists. Every con siderable town in the country will need at least one, qualified to analyze all articles of common use, and, perhaps, to give chemical and sanitary instruction in the schools. There is no reason why large houses in any branch of trade should not have amongst their employes one or more competent to act as chemists and microscopists, and then guar antee their articles pure. W hen these things come about, poisonous articles of food and clothing and poisonous wull papers and cooking utensils will vanish from cur markets. Lead pipes used to con vey, and which aro corroded by, drinking water will no longer be used tor that pur pose. Cess-poo's and wells will be placed at a sate distance from each other, and the results will be exceedingly profitable, not only to public health but also to pnblic morals and public honesty. If I were addressing a body of clergymen, I should say that one of the most important stops, in my judgment, toward a revival of religion, is to form associations which shall take away from our merchants, manufacturers and tradesmen these terribly demoralizing, and, in many cases, almost irresistible temptations to dishonesty and crime. Here, then, is the remedy. "Protective health associations" in our cities and important towns, and a wide use of chemical and microscopical analysis. The sooner these things como the better for consumer, producer and the highest and best interests of the Nation. Until they coniethis wide and unrestricted sale of deadly poisons in our markets will continue; thousands of manufacturers and merchants will be constantly tempted, and in many instances almost compelled, by the competitions of trade, to manufacture and sell poisonous and adulterated goods, and we shall be liable every day to poisonous articles of food and drink; adulterated and unwholesome milk; lead poison in ourj water-pipes, and the dishes in which our food is canned and cooked; arsenical and other poisons in our clothing, and in the papers which cover the walls of our houses, and which are the playthings of our children; adulterated drugs and medicines, and to sickness and death from a hundred sources and in a hundred forms, which can no more.be attributed to the mysterious ways of Divine Providence than fires or other casualties which result from our own carelessness and neglect. Funny. During an excursion from this city to Niagara Falls, and while at Cleveland, an incident occurred that will never be forgotten by those who heard it. The Kennard House at that city was crowded with guests, when an eccentric and witty druggist of Smit afield street appeared late at night at the hotel office and demanded a bed. ' The clerk replied that there were only two vacant beds in the house, one wherein was quartered a Pittsburg morning newspaper man, and the other in a room wherein was a Pittsburg evening newspaper man, who were with the excursion. . -.; . -"To tell the truth, they are both pretty drunk so you may take your choice as to which room you will sleep in."' , , '. The druggist said that on general principles he would take his chances with the evening newspaper journalist as they excelled the morning men in more ways than one, and he would doubtless be so drunk that he would lie dormantly quiet all night. ' He went to bed and was soon sound asleep.- The journalist, however, awakened about 12 o'clock, and thinking it a long time between drinks, dressed himself, unconsciously in, the druggists clothes, and sailed out to make a night of it. Ever and anon he muttered, as ho treated all present: ' . ' "Funniest thing I ever heard of. When I went to bed last night I only had 25 cents to my name, and now I've got over a hundred dollars, (showing a corpulent roll of bills,) and I'm bound to spend every cent of it before morning." .. ' , He did. , . . ; The modern idea of the care cf children does not seem to include constant watchful ness. But the natural instincts of the mother tell her better ahe knows she can never 1 e safely absent from her youthful offspring

PHIL) SHRIDAN'g PERIL.

A Reminiscence by General Gordon of the . Battle of Appomattox. . Philaddlphia Tlnws. "I had a message from General Lee tellinir me a flag of truce was in existence, leaving it to mv discretion as to what course to pursue. My men were still pushing their way on. 1 sent at once to bear from General Longstreet, feeling that if he war marching toward me we might still cut through and carry the army forward. I learned that he was about two miles off with his men faced just opposite from mine, fighting for his life. I thus saw the case was hopeless. The further each of us drove the enemy the further we drifted apart and the more exposed we left our wagon trains and artillery, which was parked between us. Every time either of us broke only opened the gap the wider. 1 saw plainly that the Federals would soon rush in between us and then there would have been no army. I there fore determined to send a flag of truce. I called MajoA-Huntcr, of my staff, to me and told him that I wanted him to carry a flag oi truce lorwaru. ne replied: " General, I have no flag of truce.' "I told him to get one. Ho replied: " KJeneral we have no flag of truce in our command. "Then, said I: "Then get vour handker chief, put it on a stick and go forward.' " 'l have no handkerchief, general.' "Then borrow one and go forward with it.' "He tried, and reported to me that there was no handkerchief in my staff. " l hen, major, use your shirt. lou see, general, that we all have on flannel shirts. "At last, I believe, we found a man who had a white shirt. He gave it to us. and I tore off tho back and tail, and rigging this to a stick Major Hunter went out toward the enemy's lines. I instructed him to simply say to General Sheridan that General Leo bad written mo that a flag of truce had been sent from his and Grant's headquarters, and that he could act as he thought best on this information. In a few moments he came back with Major of Sheridan's staff. This officer said: - " 'General Sheridan requested me to pre sent his compliments to you, and to demand the unconditional surrender of your army. , "Jiajor, win you please return my com pliments to General Sheridan and say that I will not surrender r " 'But general, he will annihilate you.' " '1 am perfectly well aware of my situation. I simply gave General Sheridan some information on which' he may or may not desire to act.' 1 "He went back to his lines, and in a short time General Sheridan came galloping for ward on an immense horse and attended by a very large staff. Just here nn incident occurred that came near having a serious ending. As General Sheridan was approaching I noticed one of my sharp-shooters drawing his rifle down upon him. I at once called to him, 'Put down vour gun sir; this is a flag of truce!' But be never raised it. He simply settled it to his shoulder and was drawing a bead on Sheridan, when I leaned forward and jerked his gun. He struggled with me, but I finally raised it. I then loosed it and he started to aim again. I caught it again, when he turned bis white face, all broken with grief and streaming with tears, up to me and said, 'Well general then let him keep on his own side!' The fighting had continued up to this point. In deed after the flag of truce, a regiment of my men, who had been lighting their way through toward .where we were and who did not know of a flag of truce, fired into some of Sheridan's cavalry. This was speedily stopped, however. : I showed Gen eral Sheridan General Lee's note and he de termined to await events. Ho dismounted and I did the same. Then, for the first time the men seemed to understand what it all meant. And then the poor fellows broke down. The men cried like children. Worn, starved and bleeding as they were, they had rather have died than have surrendered. At one word from ma thev would have hurled themselves on the enemy and have cut their way through or have fallen to a man with their guns in their bands. But 1 could not permit it. The great drama had been played to its end. . Hard Times. We have in our mind says an exchange, a brilliant and cultivated young lawyer who started in life with $20,000, and a beautiful snd accomplished wife. He is now a sort of factotum in a carpet manufactory, Tun ing hither and thither at the beck and call of those whom- he secretly despises, doing heavy tasks far beyond his strength, yet eager and anxious to please, lest tho slender . l. .i r supporr wmcn no uenves iruiu hjib uiumai work be cut off. We know a gentleman who was a bank president 10 years ago and owned his carnage, who now does copying in an insurance office at $35 a month, supporting God knows how a wife and five children on it. . We know of a gentleman who once held a high office in a Western State, who solicited work at cleaning out offices and building fires. Nor have the changed times less bitterly affected woman. Jennie Uollins, ot Boston, laraeo ior ner employment bureau and working men's home, says in her last report: "Many kind ladies who hired their servants of me in the past years, have been obliged ' to apply for em ployment themselves of late. I sent a lady to a hotel as a housekeeper, and the most humiliating part of it was, that her room was in the attic with two of her former servants." We are constantly learning of wo men of education and refinement, formerly wealthy, who are . engaged as seamstresses, nurses and housekeepers; and in one case we even know of a lady, who would be at home in any parlor in . the land among educated rjeorjle. who served as a cook in a hotel for months. ' .. What Is a Boom? ' PrOTidcnoa Journal. . The current word to express a peculiar and frequent phenomenon in our politics is "boom." It is derived from the Western idiom describing the freshets in rivers and creeks. In those streams that are far from the stable equilibrium of tidal waters there are very great inequalities of volume. Some of them vary from six inches of dust in a drv time to 60 feet of water di r'ng a sea son of rains, nnd all have their primes when the usually thin and shallow streair-i come pouring down in a yellow flood, bearing fence rails and corn stacks, and other signs of the invasion of the .riparian farms, and laden with the dog-gone expletives of the settlers and the vexations of the travelers delayed at thn fnrda. The stream is powerful while it laata. but that is onlv for a day or two, and while it is at its height of a temporary greatness it is called a "boom," "Lost creek or the Dry Fork is a booming," is the way in which the natives describe these passing ebullitions of nature. ' y ' DTwo Irishmen stood one day talking about a ... ..el .1 : the moon and tne sun. -. -oDure, me sun gic a sthronger light," said one. "But the moonis more sinsible,7' said the other. "How do yees makA that out?" "Oh. it's aisy." "Let's hear ye prove it." "Bedad, the moon shoines in the noight, when we nade it, while the sun comes out in broad daylight when ev in a one-eyed man can see wiQout-it.

XEX VASTELESS BEOTJTAXOit.

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