Indiana State Sentinel, Volume 25, Number 26, Indianapolis, Marion County, 7 February 1876 — Page 7

7

THE OLD VORLD

PLOTTING FOR - POTTER. THE NEW YEAR IN EUROPE. The Shrewd Scheming of ; the Great Powers for Territory and Advantage Over Each Other. CASTELAR'3 CONCLUSIONS. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND THE EASTERN QUESTION THE SPREAD OF C0MMUSI5M 1 RUSSIA RUSSIA AND ENGLAND IN INDIA THE MEANING OF THE CONQTTE8T CF KHIVA THE QCEiTION OF SLAVIC NATIONALITY. The New Yors Herald of Tcesd ay contains a communication from Castelar, expieiident of Spain, in which he tarns ap the situation in Europe in his characteristic way. The letter bears date of Paris, January 2, 1S76, and i9 a follows: There H no'hln more difficult than to under6tand and apprecate tbe general laws of events occurring in oar day and before our eyes. If we tarn to the past wo diac-rn the leading Idea which survives lu ruins. The peculiaiitles, the accidents, the phenomena have disappeared. We see the principles and the spirit that animated them 0 urlng centuries. I a our time the multitude of conflicting eveuts that appear ou the surface dun the clearness of the backJ round, Just as the intense passion deadens the udgtnent. And yet events are governed by a boul now ai they have been la the past. The idea is thte consistent, continuing Idea which animates all lire. It is like the atoms that form the world or the nebulary formations In the star-lit heavens that Me even beyond the reach ot the telescopic eye of man. In order to.acertain how Ideas arise It la sufficient to compare those nations imbued with a pirlt or progreas with those that are a prey to reaction, .ihe former grow and Increase, nil history with their deeds, tue mind with their creations, the seas with navies. The forces- of the earth .become their slaves. The latter, decaying and feeble, divide their time between the hlf uinea of civil want and the inertia of despotism. In the sixteenth century the region which row forms the expiring empire of Tur key. seems destined to become the- mistress of torope. The territory that now forms the great American republic was hardly known, or was traversed by a few heroic adventurers, who were led forward to the virgin lorests and the mysterious riveTrs by the lmpu'ss of adventure. Now, the ab olute authority cf a military empire has dried up the f oantainsof life on the shores ot the Basphorus. In the forests of North America free conscience, justice, the modernizing spirit carried thereby the pilgrim, have founded a republic that seems destined, by an ever Increasing strength, to cic-e forever the era of wars, and the creative virtce of honest effort and labor found tne era of peace. The earth , like time. U divided into three great (arts. Africa and Asia represent tne past, producing inert socle tie.-, the despot at the apex and tne beri at tne Dase. AMERICA REPRESENTS THE FUTURE. Here the aristocracies of the past are not to be seen. The ci-Iefs of Asiatic castes called klDgs, the official churches where the recollections of a theocracy are sacred, the absurd privileges di viding human societies into hierarchies all these are and will be unknown. The liberty of the individual will be in fjill harmony with the liberty o; au.awaisening uie warmin or u niumplviug. progre-Elve Hie. And tetweea the slavery ot Asia and the liberty of America, between the castes of the old world and the democracies of the new, between the deepening shades of the past and the bright dawn of the future, the Europe of the present la p'aeed between two opposing forces, two contradictory prlncip es. it is between the monarchies or representatives of caste, which, though weak and decaying. eti:i retain sufficient strength to live, and the democracies that, strong, aggressive and robust as they are, have not yet acquired the culture necessary to completely assert thtlr power. Thus, as Asia la the land of monarchies and America the country of republics, so Europe seems destined to be for some time to come the region ot constitutional systems. It is the mediana between the extremes of monarchy and republic, as the present Is the medium between the past and the :uture. Jo Julnllwith greater fidelity that which I have undertaken. 1 will endeavor to Interweave events past and present, and to foreshadow, so far as events will permit, the future. As every man Is the so j of an extended genealogy, and every organ. srn the result of other and anterior organisms, so every leading event 1 snrrounded by numerous precediDg affairs regulated by a logical law. The connecting ot the events of the day with their antecedents wll , thercfore.be my special study In the present letter and in following communic ttions. In nature fatality reigns; in history liberty governs. In -nature we can demand no responsibility. We can not ask the sun why be scorches or burns, because he complies with Inevitable laws; but we can ask from the history of maa an account of the good or evil he doe-. Man is free, and, consequently, responsible under the moral law. For this reason, whenever wa find a man who takes a leading part in the development cf human Incidents we study him, his temperament, hi character, his intelligence, his public career, and award ilm the glory or -the infamy oi his career. Various communities occupy THE CONTINENT OF EUROPS TODAY. Ihe ZS'orti the Scandinavians, descended Irom suju races as the Normans, who exercised an enormous influence In the development Of civilization during tue middle ages, by the incarrions, the Jastof the eruptlous began by the German nations The Ka.t, Is hed by the slaves, Triiorn Lastern pr de calls Slavonians, great ilaves, Serve or Servians, and wuo cause the Last to trembie with terror by their confederaions and projected alliances. theateniDg more and more tae peace and stability of other täte, .n the Southeast dwell the Ureeks, the pblloso. pliers, artists and law-makers old world, each day receding lurther and further from their pristine splendor. Near them are the Turks, he successors to the Grecian . empire, who eonqaered by the scymitar, but who. havicg Jailed to sustain liberty, are now preparing toleive th territory to some yoangar .nd freer freedom. The Uwmans, the Latin race and the Angio-Saxoni In their spicious isle occupy the tenter. And the two great pminsulu of Italy tnd Spain, which, with Greece, have con-t-ibuted most to human culture, the one at the fcouth and the other at the West, contain races li whom the Italian spirit and character Btlll predominate, notwithstanding the various e!exients of dltterenee that centuries have Introduced. In this Immense agglomeration of races Ciere are intermediate communities, having tampers peculiar to themselves, like the Magyars for instance,' situated between the saves of the North and those of the South, and ike the (Je; is, who held Ireland under the haxon rule. Again, there are the Roumanians, geographically belonging to the Slaves, but by o-lgin to the Ltlns. The first In power and soiendor Is the Russian empire, which, snce the Crimean war, hsi een devoted to tae work of a steady, inter ?r reorganization, and since the Franco-PrasMan campaign has teen mainly seeking foreign prep mderance. If we examine this great people, whose country resembles the eenatiiea of the ancient Asiatics, whose Inhabitants only awaited a signal at any tine to plunge into warfare, we sba 1 find those vjlcanlcaspiratioas which demonstrate the feverish activity of young races, gifted with atnbtlon and hope. At the blush we see only a c;ar on the throne and a people In the dust, but aieeper study an folds the genesis of a new . sflrit. The difficulties of the obscure Russian Ungne generally deprive Kassian writer of tleir merited fame, and yet there is no literattre more appropriate to our own age than the Kissian, because there 1 none o marked w.th tbe spirit of aoclal transcendentalism. E7n now Kassian literature mourns the death - of an eminent wrIUr, Count Tolstoi. Hi princiosl title to the remembrance and gratitude of pesterity is his . . TRAGEDY OF "JTVAW THE TERRIBLr," resembling the' historical dramas of Bchlller. In Ivan we have terrible personification of actocraey wise, like Augustus, and capricious as Nero, superstitions as Caligula, suspicions as Tliertus, cruel like all tyrants. Toward the end of his life, at tbe pen n lei e of his omnipotent away, we find him a prey to remorse. The satiety Of power embitters even llfK He contemplates Interment In an obscure cloister. lie becomes a wretched murderer by sacrificing his elcest son for state reasons. lie adopts as a substitute a puny youth with a narrow soul and frail body, too weak to struggle against a poleoned atmosphere, hanger and misery, agslnst the rebellious Poles ent bf the West. the Insurrection of ihe Tartan in the East and th rebellion of

the Bcandanavlans In the North, all appearing like so many spectres of death. "Ivan the terrible," at the hour of his abdloatlon, when at the monastery door nay, even at the verge of the tomb, meets those Boyard whom he has persecuted and decimated, kneeling at his feet, demanding bis retnstailment on the throne, already a mound ot petrified bones. Immediately he regains h;s stresgth, fastens on his armor, rashes forth like a hungry wolf, calls together bis armies. A comet appears which terrifies him and summons t'.e shades of lis victims. The news of a defeat maddens him to fury. Superstitious that according to the astrological announcement he will die on St. Cyrils Day, he on that day takes his life. Do we not see here all the mlerv of despotism painted by a master hand? In his magninoent novel. "Peace and War," we have the aristocracy of the last century. The class was based on the German style by Catharine II., who disavowing her own language, speaks always In French. Here, too, are the Intriguers, courtesans from the saloons ; generals useless in battle ; diplomatists of elegant manners but feeble intellect ; offices of surpassing vigor, butwith doubtful character and Irregular life. Noblemen, tired of the world before having known It, divert themselves by tying a bailiff to a bear and throwing both into a deep river. Indifferent youths promenade among the ruins of Moscow as it among the nosegays of a garden. We see the dreadful battles and the numerous armies of the years '12. '13 and '14; Count llostoptscbln defended the sacred capital of ancient Kussla against Napoleon, and announces to the inhabitants how the lnvadlrg troops progress, coupled with dissertations on the weakness of his own eyesight. As a most faithful image of fatalism we have General Koutoazof, who ulept on the eve of Austerlltx because everything was lost, and crossed his arms at the retreat of Beresina because everything was gained. Regarding the various types of Russian society we discern at the apex an aristocracy wasted

and enfeebled by excess, llae most of the aristo cracies of Europe, but at the Dase a people totally unlike any ot the neighboring nations. COMMUNISTIC PROPAGANDA IN RUSSIA. Thus you will not consider strange the pro gress which socialism dal'y makes in the old Russian society. Those schools that wish by a formula, more or less broad, to solve social problems, lose all credit in the West, gain In the East, and are a dangerous influence in Russia. I knew Hertzen little before his death. He was very decided In persisting in his communistic propaganda, and very proud of belonging to a race like the Slav, which, according to blm, should settle the contradictions between tbe laws of the Individual and the laws of tbe state. In one of the last co a greases of the democracy I heard the persevering Bakunlne propose to us as the Ideal of all politics, as the remedy for our evils, as tbe port of refuge, as tbe heaven of hope the patriarchal Slav munincipal institutions, with their radical negation of all property. But 1 never thought that these dreams, which vanished before reason and experience like mist before the sun, could move so pro:oundiy the heart or uusian society. a rious thinkers, from their patmos of exile, for mulate them. In numerable books and pam vhleta propagate them. Societies, which take their names as the apostles of truth and that of spiritual proletaries, organize them. This force is like an army ot guerillas, abler than all tbe bailiffs, stronger than all armies, breaking tbe narrow network of tbe custom house. They diffuse themselves. A literature poetizes them. The women, tender as an Idyl, effusive as love, in love with their own emancipation, believe in them. Young men, Intoxicated by the joy of new life, swear by reason and by rinnt todefend them. If it is necessary, in one hundred combats, and to realize them, even at the cost ef the greatest sacrifices. Head the requisitions of the flist crown prcsecutsr, Zycharetf, and yon will be frightened at the measureless strength and measureless extent or socialism in Kussia. In Moscow, the Russian's Rome, a clandestine printing office has been found devoted to revolutionary writings. and woraei Dy imperial employes. The clubs and secaons extend In all directions in a most powerful organization, similar to that estab lished by the Italian carbonari during the servitude of their country. A prince, an old public functionary, presides over tbecmo of St. Peters burg ; a territorial proprietor of the first order is chief of tbe club of Tain bo IT. and a pensioned judge of ernditlon and integrity has expended nearly s-IO.too from his own puree In this propaganda. Tne province of Pouza has a principal justice of the peace in the socialist legion, and in tne province oi v lataa a deputation or nobles passed through for the first time to collect funds The governor general, on his part, submitted to a council of students, who, iu their turn, were under the central commission, resident in Swit zerland, ine lair sex show AN INNOVATING FANATICISM similar to ttat which took possession of the Roman young womtn In the first ages of Christianity and the maidens of ranee in the first days of the revolution. The daughter of a general supports socialist schools. The wife of a colonel of gendarmerie initiates her own sons, Several ladles belonging to the families of pri vate councillors of the emperor Indoctrinate their innumerable serfs. The impulse of all these unfed forces is so great, so Impetuous, so Irresistible, that the Imperial agent is in despair and declares solemnly the impossibility of arresting or suppressing a great politico-religious fanaticism which prevails all over the empire. The high classes in Kuss'a feel something of the same revolutionary Impulse that was feit by the high clashes In France toward the end of the last centnrv and which led them to fight in America and to lay down their own privileges on the night of the siuoiAusruss at tne root or tue tribune. A od the high classes are confounded with the ortho dox; with the purely Russian party; with that which desires to reawaken the ancient Greek rellglm and the imperialism anterior to the time of Peter the Great: with the lniDlaca ble enemy which combats the reigning family. accusing it of having destroyed Muscovite orunality, with having raised up servile bureaucracies and subjected the Interests of Russians to those of proud and conqurlu? Ger many. Thli interior sltuatl n la complicated with the exterior situation, which, acoordiua to the general feeling, has within its' womb two wars, one emanating from the conquests In Asia, me oicer emaiirz irom amDiticus in Europe Slowly tbe Muscovite empire has branched oui into tbe canter ot Asia. The English power, aiarmea at i;ussian conquests, has ire quentiy approached a dispute, ills very true tli at the Russians hasten to calm suspicious and pnitgmauc ü.ogiana, ana to say, wl to geojrraphlcal memorials and military maps in hand, how a complete Ignorance of Central Asia explains nomany vain ana uurounaea apprehensions Ihe military lines which earrison tne frontiers of S'beria, forced by continuous wars and by political wounds that have broxen out unexpectedly here and there, have moved and stretched in a 1 directions bv a march that was said to be indlspenslbie to their security. These reasons for natural defense, lmposel by nature upon ail beings by a rudimentary Instinct of self-preser vation, have stretched the dimensions of Russia as fir as Turkestan. During 123 years she sub mitted to all sorts of outrages, of deflences, of assaults, until ner representatives - . THROTTLED BT BARBARIANS, her hosts decimated, Bhe decided on an expodi tlon in 1843 through boundless wastes of sand and deserts of ice. In this way an army was lost, devoured by the insatiable voracity of the sageclad steppes. The peace asked for by ihe khan and signed in 1843 was no more than a breathing spe.i ror ine narDarous warrior and a snare spread for Russia. Thus the new shifting of tbe lines of that military frontier was not enough The exploration of Lake Aral and tbe flotillas launched upon its waters were not enough, if tne khan oi Khiva did not move otherwise, he nevertheless launched against the Muscovite camp the ferocious Kirgbees of the desert, who uTCaea xogeiner, men aisoanaeu themselves again, like tempest clouds, shunning every serious attack, every plan of seien tl lie, tactical warfare. Thus it Wcaiue necessary for the Kus-iarjs to embody tbe treacherous steppes wlthl i their dominions, and to give for frontier to their eraptre, not the desert, with its nomadic races only and a sedentary populationthe tribes fixed to the ground by the force of an lraperfsct clvllitatlon but a civilization superior to the rude and savage täte of those aggressive letons. bowered In the Immensity of Asia. Khiva has been annexed to the Russian Empire, but this annexation is not enough ; It la yet necessary to make the frontier the north of A'KQtnlstaa ana i'ersia. lSut in this case, although Russia should take possession of m er u, where for the present she has fixed the limits of her conquests, that have been conducted from the limits of the Caspian sea to the Aaiatle continent, the EBigtish have no notice to tremble or alarm themselves, because as yet the Russian positions are Rerarated from those of the Ens fish by 426 mile and an impregnable eordiliera Thus it la that those who know the interior of Asia advise England that in order to prevent lutnre complications she ßhould imitate the course of Russia aad take Herat. AKOLO-BUSSIAN DIFPXRKIfCKS. Bat the territorial question Is not the most lm porta nt among Anglo-Russian questions. "While the Asiatic possessions of England are at great distance from the metropolis, the Asiatic possessions of Russia are like natural extensions of the empire. While English domination have character purely mercantile, which is not likely to captivate oriental imaginations, the Russian

domination has an Imperial and military chair

acier in. narmony witn tne renins oi Asia. While Kocland Drofeeaea a aevere and austere religion, foendedon the Independent judgment of the individual, but little fitted to move the people even of the south of Europe, Busala professes a religion Oriental In Its poetical rltea and wisdom, its Asiatic traditions the only religion, perhaps, that cou.d captivate and bring to the bosom of Christianity people brn In the land of mystery under tne sky of miracles. Thus It is that tbe fears of England about Asia, in presence of the progress of the Russian empire, appear to me well founded. The eyes are hardly fixed on the distant horizon of Asia when the arbitrary question of Europe to-day, the question of the East, springs ap spontaneously. ' The events of Europe develop themselves by circles, as It were, around a central controlling event. which becomes as a central star in the ceiestiai econemy of the heavens. From ISM until 183 the events or Europe were grouped around tne proclamation of the republlo and tbe proclamation of tbe empire In France. yom 1&3 until 185 Europe was governed by the events arising out of the war of France and Eng land witn Kussia, and the war ot n a mom ana Fiance agfelnst Austria. From 1Sj9 until la6a all politics gravitated between France and Prussia. To-day, since the modification ot the treaty of Pans, which was tbe prize obtained ty itussi for the numllllatlons suffered in the Crimea the difficulties of Europe came back to revolve around the most dreaded question of the East. And. In tracing the question of the East, tbe problem already indicated In dwelling upon the social life in Russia reappears In all Us vigor. with it we have also the awful queeuon oi tne unity or that Slavonic race, more fruitful yet or wars and catastrophes than the unity of that German race, which only came with such bloodshed and strife. THE SPREAD OF SLAVISM. This migVy Russia has, with the municipal sentiment of young tribes, and, with the national sentiment of ripened peoples, another, which Commences to spring op in Russian hearts, and which will assert itself In tbe future the sentiment of race. Slavism surges and swells with robust and eager life. A few days ago. In the bouse of the Princess Troubertkoi, I met Riegel, the celebrated orator of Prague, one of tbe principal supporters in the East of those Slavonian principles, which to-day possess some of the most eminent spirits, and which tomorrow will descend, by the mysterious filtra tion of ideas, from speculation to reality, until they penetrate to the very depths. And Riegel demonstrated, with a great deal of data and with much clearness of expression, bow tuavonlsm has come to lite auiong persecuted and op pressed nations among the Slavonic races, who were obliged to seek for vigorous support, which they could not find except, in tne Dosom oi nussia. According to Russia, the Muscovite people have not been the promoters ot siavonism; it nas been the Slavonic peopl-M who could not Sup port the yoke of their rulers, whether Austrian, German, Hungarian or Turk. In such oppressed races Illustrious philologists were born who have shown that the HUrgic language of the Russian church stands, with respects to modern Slavonic idioms, the same as the ecclesiastical Latin with respect to modern la tin tongues. From these oppressed people came the hlstorl ans who have appealed to the ancient united past. Among these oppressed peoples they praise those wno ass: mat me Muscovite eagre should open his wings and direct his flight to ward the south, to the west, to the Danas oi tne Danube, full of scattered slaves, to the borders of the Euphrates; to those snow-covered Alps, elevated by God to be so many temples of liberty and right, where tne clank of so many chains is b eard, to those dark lorests ana lb e depths oi tne Balkan, where the crescent lingers in the heavens, a dark and sinister star; to those Imperial mountains, which, to convert themselves Into fortresses of universal emanci pmlon, await but the sharp shout of war that must be raised in the regions of the North. The truth is that if we look for Ideas more precise and more exact about Sla von ism we win nna them In Bohemia, and among her eminent writers. There its fundamental character is recognized to its depths. The halt German and half Mongolian empire, sneered at In Russia, is given Its historic originality and Its anterior independence. The Germans and the Magyars are accused oi being tyrants and oppressors, roiana is bitterly reproached for rebelling against the interests of her own race; she herself, from being the oppressed, to become the oppressor, when her Serfs awakened at the crack of the Muco vite whip to redeem themselves. The con ft d eratlons of those young races, whose so -is have had one and the same cradle and origin in the distant past, will have tbe same country, not withstanding the existence of their divers na tionalities, In the far off future. THE HERZEGOVINA QUESTION. This very numerous race is divided lntsj Northern and Southern Slavs. The latter oc cupypartof Istrla, Dalmatla and Albania, and Croatia, Slavonla, Bosnia and, above all, on its military frontiers. Herzegovina ard the two principalities of Montenegro andServia. Hid den there in Slavonian genealogy, first by erudition and then by poetry, their interests have been converged into all the races who think themselves brothers by origin and by blood, and who feel themselves called upon to fulfill si mi' lar destinies. For this cause the rising of the moss oi Herzegovina has ptoiounaiy moved all the elaves. In their enthusiasm the desired that the war of Ignored tribts, lost in mountain detllts almost unknown to the world, should create the most lively interest such as was awakened by Greece at tbe hour of her Independence, when all nations remembered that she had yet in her Veins some of the elements of heroic life, and some reflection of her brilliant and Imaginative arts and the warmth of splendid Ideas in the mind. As a general rule, all bellevo here in Europe that the present organization of the Turkish empire can not last longer, but ail fear the consequences that may arise Irom Its complete collapse. Thus the enthusiasm for the insurgents is contrasted with the universal fear of their patrons, the real heirs ot that sick man who is In the last agonies on the banks of the Posphorus. L rd Russell a'one had fallen Into a great extra vag med, and trusting an oiu principle or English policy, con founds the Greek Insurrection, that captivated him so much by its changes, with this Slavonic insurrection lu whose miaat exist many of the peculiar passions of Christians, but also many inauceuvres or liussiau pontics, uari ualdl himself, whose temperament is that of heroism and whose mind burns at the fire of liberty, as a soldier of every tiemooiatlc crusade, notwithstanding his personal prestige, ana me inmienoa which he exercises over hearts, has called the free to succor the op pressed by means of proclamations, in which warlike ardor competes with a tone of prophecy and even he has not been able to find the ready sympathy of other times, when the cause of an enslaved tribe was confounded with the proper cause of liberty by those who love the sacred principle of uniersai emancipation And it is certainly not because Turkish despot ism has defenders, nor the generous Impulses of an encnalned people toward liberty bave ene mies In Europe; the Ideas of right have ex tended and have taken root, so that our heart beats as much for tbe mountaineer In Bosnia as for the negro in the lorests of Flo Ida for all those who Buffer or who have suffered barbarous oppression In the world. Unfortunately, In the insurrection of Herzegovina a strange phenom enontsseen AN INTRIGUE OF DIPLOMACY rather than a movement toward liberty. The Germans and the Russians, more and more ene mies at the bottom of their hearts in proportion as they appear more and more friendly by the courtesy of their words, attribute the movement to intrigue. The Germans say that it is a ma no?uvreof Russia to revive the Eastern Question The Russians murmur that it is a revenge of Germany, foi1 tbe veto opposed this spring by Russia to all attempt at war. The truth is that such rumors eool the spirits and take from those poor mountaineers In arms that suffrage ef tbe public conscience, to which they have a perfect right by tbe hard stern fate of their oppressions ana oy tne neroio exroris or tneir resistance BEß VI A AND MONTENEGRO READY FOR BAT TLB. . . The Slavonic war that war of races certainly kindles and lmpassirns the bosom In the heart of the Danublan Principalities, among those who bave spent their lives in combat with tbe Turks. Above all. those two 'regions that are truly Slavonic (Montenegro add Servla), which have tbe same history, origin and tendencies, tremble for their comrades, and burn to launch themselves into (hat fight. The eagle is not so agliated when Its nest Is invaded, nor doe, the lion roar so loudly when bis hiding plae.ia found, as these people when tbeyiee the crescent and the cross once more In antagonism, and the mountain - passes watered so often with tbe hltorlo - blood of their aires. That ancient Servian empire, whose throne was tae eternal mountains and whose creed was national independence, adhering for the most part to the Byaantine religion, baa ever fought to prevent the establishment of a Greek empire upon the ruins of the Roman empire, or the reconstitution of Rome in its universality and grandeur. They were united when all tbe European world went to pieces at the fall of feudal institutions. They were strong and serene when the Kassians bent down under the sabres of the Mongolians, and the sons of Poland and Bohemia fled to Germany to escape tbe sword of the Tartars. Once they extended from the Ionian to the mack eat with the tiara for a

crown, like the Pontiff, and the globe beaten ! Into a cross for an ensign. i. RELIGIOUS ZUFFICUXTIES IN ßKRVIAi i ' 7 Terhapa great part of Its misfortunes is explained by religious differences. The Servian of the West are inclined to the Roman religion 5 the Servians of the East to the Greek church. These differenc e explain many interior rivalries of Servla and much enmity of her tribes with the neighboring tribes. The popular songs of Servla tell that one day war broke out between the Hungarians, a Catholic people, and the Turks, an lnndel people. One of the Servian kings belonging, like the majority of his na tion. to the Greea: orthodoxy, went to encounter the Hungarian, and said : If you conquer what will you do with our church?" 'I will Impose Catholicity by force." And going to the sultan be asked of him the same aud received this reply: 4 If I conquer, I will raise the orthodox churches close to the synagogues, bo that ail who believe In Mohammed and wish It may go

w uiirw, uu 10 iae oiners an wno believe in Christ. The Greek religion suited the Servian snlrit and character much bette r than the Cat hollo religion. The predominance of metaphvslcs In the Hellenic faith attracts people naturally in clined to mystical ideas. Thus it is that Orien tal convents, lost In the dark woods or reared upon abrupt mountains, seemed to the eyes of those warlike tribes In the mlrrorlngs of faith. in the rosy flush of hope, as sanctua ries of thought, where tbe priests guarded the sacred fire of truth, where the penitents interceded with God for their people, where the prophets wept for the dead, and called upon the living In the hour martea by providence lor combat and death. For 40U years the Servla which expired at Kassaro has revlve-1 every day in the hearts of her sons. None of them think that her hero, Lazarus, has disappeared from the slumbering tight. No, be Is hidden 'in those distances behind the veil of Impenetrable mysteries, as God behind the celestial stars of the firmament. The apostles who baptized Servla have de scended from their aJtas to providentially cover and shield him. The armies which be di rected received communion on their knees, and in that communion they received, at tbe same time with the divine host, the immortal bone of one day seeing their chieftain rise from his Invisible temple to THE VISIBLE THRONE OF BERYIA. Mysterious swallows, that fit 'between Jerusa lem and Belgrade almost at a single flight, after having brushed with their wings the ashes of Calvaiy and dipped their pinions in the waters of the Jordan, chirp by the woods and at;the mon astery doors legends of this nature which only the faithful Servian hears. Unhappy people. Their martyrdom Is one of the most heart-rend lng tragedies in the pages of history. Their mountains are the hiebet of Calvaries, and perhaps the most bloody among the crucifixion of nations. Persecuted, martyred, their life during the last three long eenturles seems like a continuing death. Their oppressors cast i portion or tnem irom the bosom of he cities to the bosom of the woods, and com pelled them In a savage state to wander in the mountain fastnesses and to clothe themselves in the barks of trees. Those who remained la the city carried their heads bowed upon their oreasts ana tneir eyes nxeu upon the ground. If they raised their heads It would be said that they elevated it to look for tbe light of heaven and for liberty. If they raised their glance It woadie said that they elevated it to look at their tyrants, and this would brine down death. Some were dragged from their families, so that they might not speak oi tneir country even at the nresiue with their children, or in the nuptual couch with their wives. Terror reigned to such a degree that the old men and the women went in search of the strongest lu the tribe and said : "S;ay us before leaving us to the will of me oppressor." now often has the mountaineer, on departing for the woods, caught his betnroined by tue hair, gazed upon ner witn theecstatis eyes of love, driven his bunting knife to her heart, launching form an agoniz ing wail and receiving in return a dying smile from the martyr glorified and transfigured. Tbe principal hero 01 Servian independence killed ms oia anu nonoreu lamer witn nis o n nana In that eternal captivity. In those ages of mis lortune. this race acquired a mixture of en thuslasm and dissimulation of pride and selfabnegation, of strength and astuteness which hardened it and gave it the cunning and pa tienceof the weak, as well as the energy and the might 01 tnes'rong. IRON ARMS, IRON HEARTS AND DIPLOMACY I know of no history more worthy of attention and study than the history of Strvlan Inde pendence. Abandoned by all, the Servians wi 1 erect thej.ss.ve3 into a strong people by the indomitable force of their character and the un speskablo virtue of their national patriotls Without ever coaling to measure the obstacles and the diiuculiies which oppose them, they win employ patience, astutene s, and even deceit when the forca of arms can not bs used They are nerved like steel, and these are always at tue service oi tneir .Macula veuiau intellects And the prominent quality among them is sublime pride. In the middle ages they availed laemse ves of liome agaiusi,. Constantino pie and of Constaptlnopie against Rome In the nineteenth century they avail them selves of Russia against Tarkey and of Turkey aglnst Russia. According to their convenience they are either slaves or nerosg. They will prostrate themselves like weak nuns in their solitary convents to importune the skies by prayers and tears, or they will sally out to the field armed and arrogant, like the warriors of ancient Greece, to make every pass a Ther mopy.'a No cause will move their iron hearts but their own. No body who has been oppressed will merit compassion from those who have alone been abandoned in all of tne.r oppressions. In the midst ot the universal enthusiasm which Greek Independence excited, consecrated by the recollections of the first of aucient poets and su og to the lyre of the first of modern poets, they remained indif ferent, notwithstanding that the enemy of Greece is their own enemy, calculating that a great Hellenic empire might reduce them to a dependency more lasting than their uependency on the Turks and drag them from a destiny so brilliant as the leadership and the direction of the Christian peoples In the East. And when the Mohammeuans of Bosnia, all slaves like the Servians, arose against the Turks. Servla aided Turkey to subjugate them, under the plea of their being ancient renegades, traitors to their country in the terrible day of Kassoro. PRACTICAL PATRIOTS. Thus there is no people who have better known how to profit by everything favorable to themselves, and to flee from everything adverse to them. They divined the policy of the Rus Biantmplrein the East when Peter the Great established it with the same admirable instinct with which certain birds presage and announce the tempest! n the mountains aud the hurricane on the sea. None better than servla nas com preheHded the weaknesses and the strength of Turkey. None has profited better more Servla by the mild policy ot Joseph II. of Austria. None has comba,ed the sultan as this singular nation has done in the person of lu hero, George Kara, when the condition of Europe at the be ginning of the century made Vic tory easy. None would have made, as Servla did of Mllof-ch, an apostle and a re deemer, out of an Instrument of oppression The history of its independence makes it an epitome of the heroic times by the sublime valor with which each one of Its pages glistens, and a study in politics by the ability and prudence which are mixed with heroism. Only by such means could sbe secure her existence when, in the year 1812, abandoned by Rnssla, delivered over to Tarkey, she could, while dragging along and raising herself to the measure of fortune, combating or negotiating accord! og to neces sity, penitent or warlike, martyr or oourtler, possessing a fabulous valor on certain occasions and on others a prudence more increaiwe man her valor, with the audacity of the savage- and tne foresight or tne save, const uuie nerseir a na' lion at once independent or Turkey and triou tary to it, and certain that in time Europe would assure her existence and be an acconspliee in the aspirations and aggrandizement ror which 8 he yearned alter so rauch hnmUlatloa and servitude. In the dlfllcuit tisk of covern log themselves this Servian people has not shown the high capacity amd tne singular selfrestraint which it did in the combat loc tnoe pendenco. After having obtained bo many vie toriea over their blood-stained enemies, tbey obtained few victories over Ibeir own uaea.ona. Oriental depotism which seems kept at a dis tance b the removal of the Turks raises itself oo the top of that society aud its conspiracies u-e extended in all directions, me ministers conspire against the sovereign, tne sovereign against liberty. The constitution of 1835 shows the primitive inexperience of these peoples. They were CLOSE TO AUTOCRACY AND DKMAG0GISM; to aristocratic oligarchy and barbarous comnaanlsm ; to Aslatie patriarch allam and Western democracy. The institutions were altered at the will of the prince, and customs corrupted. The assemblies were periodical reunions of nu merous deputies, which lasted four or five daysThey only knew bow to follow in blind obedl ence or write useless protests. The councils of state were converted, little by little, into perxuanent conspiracies. The councillors aspired to an absolute omnipotence. Prince Mllosch w4 de

throned In 1339 and substituted by his elder son, Prince Milan, who on his death bed, In the hour of . - bis agony, did not know of hie J1 , father's dethronement nor of his own fortune. Prince Milan, eldest soa of Mllosch, was succeeded by Prince Michael, second son, not with me title of heir, but In that of a elected prince, who did not reign by reason of his blood but la virtue of popular suffrage. The monarch, who contrasted with Mliosrh by his gentleness, only found conspiracy and mutiny among the people; subterranean Intrigues In the court, plots presided over by his

uwu uuoisierB, intrigues engenaerea by ms own mother untU the catastrophe in 184 A and his de thronement. By this our hero of Kara, the first hero of independence, returned to the throne, and .was the victim of new conspiracies and new crimes. His family held all the eminent posts and dishonored all the national tribunals. His foreign policy was no less mournful thauhls interior policy. Serf of the Hapsburgs, courtier of for tune, spy and tool of- their maehlnationa. ser. geant of their army, he sent the Servian bands io fight against heroic Hungary, and contributed powerfully to her defeat. He insured tbe slavery of bis own people, and subjected tbem tome aespousmoi Metternich, in the end as terrible as the autocracy of the sultan. The popular assemblies held their tonenes to avoid the disc oss: on of so many fatal U, and public Indig nation arose unui m-a dynasty was consumed. An assembly deposed it, and PRINCE MIL08CH RETURNED TRIUMPHANTLY In 18i9, weighed down by years, to represent the old Servian autocracy, after having promised to represent liberty. And bis dethroned son, Michael, also retarded, after long travel in Europe (by which he was singularly polished), to establish a system much more parliamentary and to found comparative li berty. But this good prince fell under the dogger of an assassin, and was unable to finish h s work. A son of his, educated in the austere college'Of Paris, by an eminent philosopher (M. Huet) reigns to-day In Servla. The patriots say that he is neglecting puouo interests ana taxing care only or his own O fT'l that Via An wKa . V. a nm m V. 4 .. try to lend a decided support to the independ .uttu , VUCktUG VUIU9 LUD KUUCIWICV Ut UUWUU ence of their brothers In liosuia And this un popularity of the prince of . Servla contrasts wtm the popularity of .the Prince of Montenegro, who, at the front of 200,0(0 mountaineers, appears, by his resolution and bis patriotism, to ba the chief of a great army. Each and ail praise his singleness of character, the clearness of bis intellect, the intensity of his valor, the energy oi nis convictions, thj purity or bis patriotism, the very rare mixture of eminent qualities, and the assurance he gives of serving his heroic race. Tbe peoples who are oppressed ' y Turkey hope that Montenegro, Impregnable fortress for defence, will keen back the Turks toward the South while Servla, in the North, more Donniarea. ricner. sironeer. eon a renrnsent the part which the mountaineers have al ways represented in ire redemption and establishment of great modern nationalities. Ina KUbsequent letter I bope to say something more on tais subject. . hjcilio ua stela k. THE WIDOW'S MITE. SHE CONTRIBUTED IT TO MISPLACED CONFI DENCE. The Norwalk correspondent of the New York Sun reports a romance as follows: In July, 1S75, a man describing himself as D. K. Wilson, son of the lion. John Wilson, ex third auditor of the United States treasury in Washington, came to Norwalk and made the acquaintance of the widow of tha late Capt. Frank B. Smith. They were married after a courtship of three weeks. While the arrangements lor the wedding-were going. on, Wilson had his trunk taken to Mrs. Smith's bouse, was introduced to ber triends. and he created the impression that be was a gentleman of wealth and position. Mrs. smith was fascinated by her adorer, and a lew dajs before tbe nuptial knot was tied Wilson prevailed on her to sign an order in his lavor on one of the savings banks here for f 6,500, which sum he ob talned, and with about ?G00 of it purchased a horse and carriage. Soon alter the mar riage Wilson . began to maltreat his wife, lie went to Washington, and on his return reported that be bad expended the $6,000 in refitting two elegant houses that belonged to him. This she believed. lie then, by t-M&xiE, -prcniiüii g, threatening, and even teatlng his wife, obtained all tbe ready means she had, including her diamonds, rings, ami other Jewelry, and then sold a cow belDnging to her and POCKETED THE MONET. A few days ago Wilson received intelligence of the death of his father in Washington. He desired to go thither at once, but he bad no money. His wife bad a diamond ring at the village Jeweler's the only article remaining to ber as a remainder of former bappineES and prosperity. Wilson prevailed npou her to sign an order on the jeweler for tbe ring, which he obtained and sold lor 562. He then demanded the keys to his wile's truck, in which .were various articles ol value. These ba obtained under protest, sold them, and with the money went to Washington, whence he telegraphed to his wile on Friday, January 14: Father buried to day. Has willed yon 10,000. Meet me at 10 o'clock train, Saturday. Previous to to bis departure for Washington, he kirked a son of bis wife, seriously injuring him. When Dr. Lockwood, a friend of tbe family, called to prescribe for the boy, the story of Wilson's acts of lrand and ill-treatment was told, complaints for breach of the peace and for obtaining money under false pretencea were made, ana when Wilson reached borne on Friday night be was arrested at the residence ot his wife. He was taken betöre Justice Selleck, who held him for trial, faxing bail at the small sum of $100. Faillug to obtain this he passed the night in jail. In reply to a letter of inquiry sent te Washington as to Wilson's character, the following was received, dated January 20: Wilson is here, and says bis wife gave him a check lor 6,000 to pay up all his father's debts. Iiis father mortgaged all his propertv here In endeavoring to keep bis son out of prison. Tbe total ot Wilson's confidence operations of various kinds here will amount to not less than f a,wu. lie is now in cus tody. , . ROBESON'S RASCALITIES. A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE LETTING DAT' LIGHT IN UPON IHM. The Washington special ox the Chicago Tribune telesrauhed the following to that paper yesteriaT: Representative Willis, acting as a sub-committee of the House on naval affairs, has spent several hours in tbe examination of the paymaster general of tbe navy. He discovered" . (he thinks) tbat under the present laws the b;nds of paymasters of tbe navy are Insufficient: that, although many defalcations bave taken place- in times past, no defaulter has-been adequately punished by Imprisonment, fine, or otherwise. Defaulters bave been court-martiaiea, ova cave airways escaped tbe- just penally lor their crimes. He also learned tbat no- civil suits ag'einst the bondsmen of defaulters has ever been Dressed to a successful termination. Tbe paymaster eeneral admitted that it- was customarv to Intrust paymaster's slerks with lartb sums of money, without raqulr ing tbem to give bonds,, or in any other way to paotect tbe ; Interests ol tire government. The examination showed that, beside, some contractors fox a long time bave been furnishing supplies for tbe navy, a fact wbiaa suggests further examination is order to ascertain It under tbe general laws, and tbe manner in which tbey are executed, sufficient competition among -would-be con tractors is allowed. Great delects in the laws regulating tbe inspectinfr ot materials and supplies purchased for the navy were alao made aDDarent. Inspectors, although lutrnsted witn very . responsible duties, are required to give no bonds for tbe proper rarformanca of those dotier, and regular exnerts are employed in the boards oi survey 6 t'JJt goods purchased who are not even sworn to make correct reports. Examinations in regard to the workings of other bureaus of the navy department will take place during tbe present week

STRENGTHENING THE HOLD ON LITF. Life Is dear to most. If not all of us, and"

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