Indiana State Sentinel, Volume 5, Number 25, Indianapolis, Marion County, 11 December 1845 — Page 3

v have not mingle J with partiea in (heir domestic traggle; tod, believing oar own form of government to be the best, we have never atlempteJ to propagate it by intrigues, by diplomacy, or by force. We may claim on thia continent a like exemption from European interference. The naliona of America are equally sovereign and independent with those of Europe. They possets the same rights, independent of all foreign interposition, to make war, to conclude peace, and to regulate their internal afLirs. The people of the United Slates cannot, therefore, view with indifference, attempts of European powers to interfere with the independent action of the nations of this continent. The American system of government is entirely different from that of Europe, Jealousy among the different sovereigns of Europe, lest any one of them might become too powerful for the rest, has caused them anxiously to desire the establishment of what they term the "la'ance of pow

er." It cannot be permitted to have any application on ', .v t .- . i - 'i . .v it -. 1 I t njt ortH A mpnrtn rnnlin.nl mf matmil . Iv tn In I I nit jfl f States. We rnuit ever maintain the principle, that the people of this continent atone have the right to decide their own destiny. Should any portion of them, constituting an independent atate, propose to unite themselvee with our confederacy, this will be a question for them and us to determine, without any foreign interposition. We can never consent that European powers shall interfere to prevent such a union, because it might distu b the "balance of power" which they n ay desire to maintain upon this continent. Near a quarter of a century ago, the principle was distinctly announced to the world in tha annual message cf one of my predecessors, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as suljccts for future colonization by any European power." This principle will app'y with greatly increased force, ahould an European power attempt to establish any new colony in North America. In the existing circumstances of the world, the present is deemed a proper occasion to reiterate and reaffirm the principle avowed by Mr. Monroe, and to state my corditl concurrence in its wisdom and sound policy. The reassertion of this rincij le, especially in reference to North America, is at this day but the promulgation of a policy which no European power should cherish the disposition to resist Existing rights of every European nation should be respected; but it is due alike to our safely and our interests, that the efficient protection cf our laws should be extended over our whole lenilorial limits, and that it should be distinctly announced to the world as our settled policy, that no future European colony or dominion shall, with our consent, be planted or established on any part rf the North American continent. A question has recently arisen under the tenth article of the subsisting treaty between the United States and Prussia. By means of this article, the consuls of the countries have the right to sit as judges and arbitrators n such differences as may ari.e between the captains and crews of the vessels In longing to the nation whose interests are committed to their charge, without the interference of the local authorities, unless the conduct cf the crewa or of the captain ahould disturb the order or tranquillity of the country ; or the said consuls thr-uld rrquire their assistance to ciuse their decisiona to be carried into effect or supported." The Prussian conrul at New Bedford, in June, 18 14, applied to Mr. Justice Story to carry into i fleet a decision made by him between the captain and crew v( the Prussian ship Borussia ; but the request was refused on the ground that, without previous legislation by Congres, the judiciary did not posses the power to give ITVct to this article of the treaty. The Prussian government, through their minister here, have complained of this violation of the treaty, and have asked the government of the United States to adopt the necessary measures to prevent simiLr violations hereafter. Good faith to Prussi.t, as well as to other nations with whom we have similar treaty stipulations, requires that thee should be faithfully observed. I have deemed it proper, therefore, to lay the subject before Congress, and to recommend such legislation as may be necessary to give effect to these treaty obligations. By virtue of an arrangement made between the Spanish government and that of the United States, in December 1821, American vessels, since the 29. h of April, 1S32, have been admitted to entry in the porta of Spain, including thoac of the Belearic and Canary Islands, on payment of the same tonnage duty of five cents per ton, as though they had been Spanish vessels; and this, whether our vessels arrive in Spain directly from the Uuited States, or indirectly from any other country. When Congress, by the act of the 13ih of July, 1832, gave effect to this arrangement between the two governments, they confined the reduction oi tonnage duty merely to Spanish vessels coming from a port in Spain," leaving the former discriminating doty to remain against such vessels coming from a port in any other country. It is m mif stly urjust that, wbiUt American vessels, arriving in the ports of Spain from other countries, pay no mure duty than Spanish vessels, Spanish vessels arriving in ihe porta of the United Statea from other countries should be aul jecled to heavy discriminating tonnage duties. This is neither equality nor reciprocity, and is in violation of the arrangement concluded in December. 1631, between the two countn- I'lio er-a isn government have made repeated and earnest remonstrances against this inequality, snd the favorable attention of Congress has been several times invoked to the subj'tt by my predecessors. I recommend, as an act of justice to Spain, that this inequality be removed by Congress and that the discriminating duties which have been levied under the act of the 13th of July, 1832, on Spanish vessels coming to the United Slates from any foreign country, lie refunded. This recommendation does not embrace Spanish vessels arriving in the Unittd States from Cuba and Porto Rico, which will still remain subject to the provisions of the act of June 30ib, 1834, concerning tonnaze duty on such vessels. By an act of the HtliofJuly, l?a2, coffee was etempted from duty altogether. This exemption was universal, without reference tollte country where it was produced, or the national character of the ves el in which k was imported. Ky tite tariiract nf tlie :!Hh of Auziiit JtH2,tnis exemption from duty was restricted to coffee Imported in American vessels from Ihe place of its production; whilst entree Imported ander alt other e'reututanrrs wa uhjwtrd tu a dutv or j-l percent, ad valorem. Under this art, and our ex i ing treaty with Ute Kins of the Netherlands, Java coffer imnorte I from the Kurotieaa poiU of that kingdom Into tlie United Stairs, whether in IXitch or ! American vesael, now pays this rate of duty. The covernment of the Netherlands complain tii.it such a discriminative duty chntilii have been imposed on coffee, the production of it colonies, and which is chiefly brought from Java to the ports of that kinlotn, and ei; .med from thence to foreijn countries. Our trade wilii the Netherlands is highly beneficial to both cotnilrira,and our relations with them have ever been of the most friendly character. Under a!l the circumstances of the case, I recommend that this liciiniiirttion should be abolwhed. and liint the coffee of Java imported from the Netherlands be placed upon the same fiinjwiih that imported directly from Brazil and otlier countries where it is produced. Under the 8th section of the tariff act of tlie 3vth of Atlant, 1?42, a duty of 13 cent per calkin waa imposed on Tort wine in cask ; while on the red wine of several other countries, when imported in casks, a duty ot only si t cents per eallun was impose !. This dis crimination, o far as regarded the Port wine of I'oitiignl, wa deemed a violation, of our treaty with that Power, w hich providm, that No higher or oilier duties shall lie imptwed on the importation into the United Mate of America of any article the rrowth, produce, or manufacture of the kingdom and pmveions of Purtiijal , than such as are or shall he ptyahle on the like article beim the growth, prodace or manufacture of any other fiireiitn country." Accordingly, to' give effect to the treaty, a well as to tlie intention of Congress, ex -preaaed In a proviso to the tariff art Uvwlf, that nuthins therein contained should be sn construed a to interfere with aultfKin treaties wilb foreign nations, a Ixeasury circular was issued on tlie lGth of July, 1814, which among other things, declared the duty on the Port wine of Portugal, in cvks, under l!ie exMin? law and treaty, tube S cents per t;llon, and directed that the excesof duties which had been collected on tuch wine should be ref-iuJed. Ity virtue of another clause in the same section of the act, it is provided that all imita Ikwi of Port, or any other winea, "hall be uhjeet to the duty provided fi the genuine article." Imitations of Port wine, the production of France, are imported to some extent into the United S'.a e; and the Government of that country now claims that, under a er.irert construction of the act, these imitations might not tn pay a higher duty than that imposed upon tlie original Port wine of I'ortiital. It ap pear to me to le unequal and m.j'i.-rt. that Fie och iMiitatkita of Port wine should be sutjcted tn a duty of 15 cents, wbde the uuire alua bte article f.min Ponuyil shotild pay a duty of 6 crnts only per gallon. 15 cretore recommend to Congress such legislation as may be necessary to correct tlie inequality . The late President in his annual mesn:e of December If(. recommended an appropriation to satisfy the claims of the Texan fovernroent a;aist the United States, wliich bad teen prtviotwly adjusted, so far as the powers of the Executive extend. These claims arose out of the net of disarming a body of Texan troop ander the command of Major Snively, by an officer in tlie servi- e of the United States, artin under the orders of otir poverr.tnent : mnd the foreifcle entry into the custom-house at Bryarly's landing-, on Red River, by certain citizens of the United rotates, and taking away therefrom the poods seized by ti e collector of the customs a forfeited ander the laws of Texas when an independent State. Her aereptanre cf the terms of annexation proposed by the United States, does not diaeharze or invalidate the claim. I recommend Ihat provision by made for the rayment. The commissioner anpointod to China durine the special session of the Senate in March la-t shortly afterwards set out on his mission In the 1 nited State' ship ColtimMi. On arriving at Rk de Janeiro on bbt pt.ssnae.the state of hi bealth became so critical that, by the advice of his medical attendants; he returned to the United States early in the inon:h of Octoiter Inst. Commodore Kiddle, rominnndinf the East India squadron, proceeded on bis voyage In the Columlms, and was charged by tiie commis sioner with the duty of exchanging with the proper authorities the ratifications of the treaty lately ron !.nle.l with the Emperor of China. Since the return of the romniuwineer to the United States, bis henlth bus been much improved, and be entertains tite confident belief thnt he will soon he able to proceed on his mission. Unfortunately, differences continue to et ist among some of the stations of fonth America, which, following; our example, have established their independence, while in others internal dien ions prevail. It is natural that our sympathies siiould be enlisted for their welfare ; that we should drM thnt all controversies be ttreen them should he amicably a fjusted, and their covernment admintatererf in a manner to protect Ihe rights, and promote the nroDefitf of ttiftir people. It i rontrnry, how ever, U our settled policy, to interfere In their controre sits, wLelhcr external or Internal. I have teas reverted to nil the snVjerts connected w ith mir for fail relations, to wltirii I deem It necessary to rail vnnr atten tion. Our policy b not only pence with nil, but good will lewards all Ihe Power of the earth. While we are just to all. we require that all shall b Jnt to na. Exceptio the diTerenccs with Mritcs) and Great Britain, otir relations with sll civilized notion are of the most satwiartorv character, it I l.rtpert thnt In llnfl en lightened are. the differences mar be amicaMv l hinted. Tbc tecmar of the Trramry, in hi annual report to Conrres. Will communicate full Mate me nt of the condition of our li nances, Tbe Import for ibe fiteal year ending on the 30th of Jnne laf, were esTtHe value of i? : 1.M.4, of hie the amount exnonrd ?15, unito-lnthira bstar..f flrioi.97e.734 lor Jometi eontnmntinft. The exports for the. roe year weie of the value of Hllt,MHr nf hielt tue mount m rmeinc ar wies wn 7J,TH.na. i he rreript into the Treatury t1Ni,g the tame year were J?20,79,i:n t6 which. Ibers were tmrm vmrn custom, KIT, 328, 1 is 70 ; from aVs of public land, K1,t7?23to and from incidental and mivrell&neotM osirte SpM,9V8 5. 1 be vnenylitnres for the same period wr JgJO.o'AKrt98 ef bwiJ'ii,möltrt applied to tha

Jaymeat of the public dtbt. Tb balane in the lrmry oa the lt lily tax. m 7,658,304 12. 1 he amount of he public debt rernainint Onpaid on the lit Oet'r ltt, af 17,075,4 12. Kurth payment of the public drbt Iii hin krrn miilr, in antrcipailoa of the prripa of it Trimburarmeut andrr the authority eonftrrml upon the ssreretary of the Trra.urv by the attiof July 21, 134!, anil of April 1, and March 3, 1343, had, not the unarftk-d täte of our rvUinina itb Mexico mo naet-d hostile eollitiori with that power. In view of such a eontirt-ir-tT, i wa dct-mrd prtijeot to rrtain in the treasury an anxHint mutually Urpe for ordinary puruosev. A fc& jran au, our hole national debt growing out of tlieHt vo'utiuu and the war of 1312 w ith ttrral Dritsin n riiingui.hed, aid we frrx-nted to the world the rare and tiuble aprclacNi cf a Rreat and ;ro in? pro e who had fully lichar-d ct-ry obligation. Since that tum-, the rxt.ttng debt ha bt-n contracted ; and mall a it is " et-mpari-on nh the imilar burden f most other nations, it should be i minrui-lird at th earliest practicahl period. Shuuld the Mate of the country per'mit, and eK-ially if our foreign rrlatruua interrxwe no ilMia.-k-, it it contemplated tu apply all ihr mm), in the tnasnry a they accrue D(-)!m! hat i rrniiitrd fur the appropriation by Conpress to its liquidation. I cherih the hope of aonn brine; able to congratulate the country on ile recovering once more the lofty ponio which it so recently occ ii nicd. Our eouriirv. which elnlii to the world

be-ri of wir eoTemmriit, in cUvtloputr all ihe wmrcr-t ol ntional pruaiM-rllT. oors to mankind ilir iM-rmatiriit t-xaniple ui a liar ' t l um fite frtm li.e blightin- lurtiirncc of a public deb; The attention of Congress U invited to the importanceof making suitable modifications and reductions of the rates cf duty imposed by cur present tsriif laws. The objects of imposing cuties on imports should Le to raide revenue to pny the necessary expenses of government. Congress may, undoubtedly, in the crcrcise of "a sound uUcretion, discriminate m arrang'mp; the rates of duty t n different articles; but the discriminations should be within the revenue pUndard, and be rund; with the view to raise money for the support cf g vernment. It becomes impoitant to understand distinctly what is meant by a revenue standard, the maximum of which should not be exceeded in the rates cf duty imrvsed. It is conceded, and experience proves, that duties may be laid so high as to diminish, or prohibit altogether, the importation t f any given article, and thereby lessen or destroy the revenue which, at lower rates, would be derived from i:s importation. Such duties exeeed the revenue rates, and are not imposed to raise monpy f-r the support of government. If Congrc-s levy a duty, for revenue, of one per cent, on a given article, it will produce a given amount of money to the treasury, and will incidentally or necessarily atlord protection or advantage, to the amount of one per ce::t. to the home manufacturer of a similar or like article over the importer. If the duty be raised to ten per cent., it will produce a greater amount pf money, and nfibrd greater protection. If it be still raised to twenty, twenty-live, or thirty per cent., end if, as it is raited, the revenue derived from it is found to be increased, the protection or advantage will also be increased ; but if it be, raised to thirty-one per cent., and it ia found that the revenue produced at that rate is less than at thirty per cent., it ceases to be a revenue duty. The precise point in the ascending scale of duties at w hich it is cscertaimd from experience that the revenue is greatest, is the maximum rate of duty w:,ich can be hid for the bom fide purpose of collecting money for the support of government. To raise the duties higher than that point, and thereby diminish the amount collected, is to levy them for protection merely, and not for revenue. As long, then, as Congress may gradually increase tlie rate cf duty on a given article, and the revenue is increased by such inrrrase of duty, thy are within the revenue standard. When they go beyond that point, and, as they increase the duties, the revenue is diminished cr destroyed, the act ceases to have for it object the raising t.f money to support the government, but is for protection merely. It docs not follow that Congress should levy the highest duty on sll articles of import w'iicli thry will bear within the revenue standard; for such rates would probably produce a much larger amount than the economical administration of the government would require. Nor does it follow that the duties on articles should be nt the same or a horizontal rate. Some articles will bear a much higher revenue duty than others. Uelow the maximum of the revenue standard Congress may and ought to discriminate in the rates imposed, taking care so to adjust them on different articles as to produce in the aggregate amount which, when added to the proceeds of sales of public lands, may be needed to pay the economical expenses of th? government. In levying a tariiTof Juties, Congress exercises the tnxin; power, and fur purposes of revenue may select ihe til'jerls ff taxation. They may exempt certain r.rticlea nliogethiT, and pel mit their importations free of duly. On others they muy impose low duties. In these classes should be embrnced such nrtirles of necessitv as are in general use, end especially guch as are consumed by the wealthy citizen. Care should be laken that all the great interests of tlie country, including the manufactures, npriculturc, commerce, navigation, and the mechanic arts should, ns f-tras may ho practicable, derive equal a Jvantag;s from the inciJental protection which a just system of revenue' duties may afford. Tavation direct or Indirect, i3 a burden, and it s! ould be so imposed as to operate ns equally as may he on all classes, in the proportion of their ability to bear it. To make the taxing power nn actual benefit to one class necessarily increases the burden of others beyond their proportion, and would be manifestly unjut. The terms M prelection to domestic industry," ore of popular import, but they should apply under a just system to the various branches of industry in our country. The firmer or planter who toils yearly in the fields, is engaged in "domestic industry," and is as much entitled tobe " protected," as the manufacturer, the man of commerce. the navigator, or the mechanic, who are engnged also in I 11.1 .: : .i irr . uwiin-Mii; uiuiiKiry in tncir ciucrent pursuits, ihe joint labors ol all classes constitute the aggregate of the domestic industry " of the nation, nnd they are equally entitled to the nation's " protection." IS'o one of them can juslly claim to be the exclusive recipients of "piotection, which can only be afforded by increasing burdens on the "domestic industry " of the others. If these views be correct, it remains to inquire how fir the tariff act of IS42 is consistent with them. "That mny of the provisions of that act are-in violation of the cardinal principles here laid down, all must concede. The rates o( duty imposed by it on some articles are prohibitory, and on others so high as greatly to diminish importations, and to produce a less amount of revenue than would be derived from lower rates. Thny operate as 'protection merely," to one branch of "domestic indus? try," by taxin other branches. By the introduction of minimums, or assumed and false values, and by the imposition of specific duties, the injustice and inequality of the act ol l$t2, in its practical operations on different classes and pursuits, are seen and Telt. 31 any of the oppressive duties imposed by it under the operation of these principles, range from one per cent to more than two hundred per cent. They are prohibitory on some articles, and partially so on others, and bear most heavily on articles of common necessity, and but lightly on articles of luxury. It is so framed that much the greatest burden which it imposes is thrown on labor and the poorer classes who arc lenst able to bear it, while it protects capital and exempts the rich from paving their just proportion of the taxation required for tlie support Of government. V title it protects the capital oi the wealthy manufacturer, and increases bis profits, it does not benefit the operatives cr laborers in his employment, whose wages have not been increased by it. Articles of prime necessity or of coarse quality, and low price, used by the mass of the people, are in many instances, subjected by it to heavy taxes, while articles offiner quality and higher price, or of luxury, w liicli can he used only by me opuient, are itjiuiy taxeu. it imposes Heavy and un just burdens on the farmer, the planter, the commercial man, and those or nltoliiir pursuits except the capitalist who has made his investments in manufactures. All the great interests ol the country are not, as nearly as may be practicaoie, equally protected by it. 1 he government in theory knows no distinction of per sons or classes, and ahould not bestow upon some favors and privileges which all others may not er j y. - It was the purpose of its illustrious founders to base the institutions which Ihey reared upon the great and unchanging prmci pics of justice and equity, conscious that if administered in the spirit in which they wore conceived, they would be feit only by the benefits which, they diffused, and would secure for themselves defence in the hearts of the people more powerful than standing armies, ind all the means and appliances invented to sustain governments founded in in justice and oppression. Ibe well known fact that the tariff act of 1812 was passed by a majority of one vote in the Fena'.e, and two of the House of Representatives, and that some of those who felt themselves constrained, under Ihe peculiar circum stances existing at the time, to vote in its favor, proclaimed its delects, and expressed theif determination to aid in its modification on the first opportunity, affjrds strong and conclusive evidenre that it was not intended tobe permanent, and of the expediency and necessity of its thorough revision. In recommending to Congress a reduction of lhe present rates of duty, and a revision anJ modification of th act of 1H42, 1 am far from enlertaining opinions unfriendly to the manufacturers. On rf.e contrary, I desire to see them prosperous, as fir as they can be so, without imposing unequal burdens on other interests. The advantage under any system of indirect taxation, even within the revenue standard, must le in favor of the manufacturing interest and of this no other interest will complain. I Tffommeiidtd to Congress the abolition cf the minim um principle, or assumed, arbitrary, and false values, and of specific duties, and the substitution in their place of ad valorem duties, as the fairest and most equitable indirect tax whi h can be imposed. Ily the ad valorem principle, all articles are taxed according to their cost oi value, and those which tte of inferior" qüihty, of of imalt tost, bear only ibe just proportion of the tax with those which are of superior quality or greater coat. The articles consumed b all ere taxed at the lame rate. A ayctetn of ad valorem

revenue duties, with proper discriminations, and proper guards against frauds in collecting them, it is not doubtsd, trill afford ample incidental advantages to the manufacturers, and enable them to derive as great profit as can be derived from any other regular busiuess. It is believed that such a system, strictly within the revenue standard, will place the manufacturing interests on a stbale fooling, and innre to ibeir permanent advantage; while it will, as nearly as may be practicable, extend t ail the great interests of the country the incidental protection which can be afforded by our revenue laws. Such a system, when once firmly established, would be permanent, and not be subject to the constant complaints, agitations, and change5, which must ever occur, when duties are not laid for revenu?, but for the "protection merely" of a favored interest. In the deliberations of Congress on this subject, it is hoped that a spirit of mutual concession and compromise between conflicting interests may prevail,

and that the result of their labors miy be crowned with the happiest consequences. J;v the constitution of the United Mates n is pro vided that "no money shall ba drawn from the trca?ury but in consequence of appropriations made by law." A public treisury was undoubtedly contemplated and intended to be created, in which the public money should be kept from the period of collection until heeded for public uses. In the collection and disbursement of the publh money, r.o Agencies have ever been employed by law, except such cs were appointed by the government, directly repionsille to it, and under its control. The 6afe keeping of the public mony should be confided to a public treasury created by law, an under like responsibility and control. It is not to be imagined that the framers of the constitution could have intended that a treasury should be c;catcd 01 a place of deposite and safe-keeping of the public money, which was irresponsible to tlie government The first Congress under the constitution, by the net of the Second September, 17?'J, " ta establish tlie Treasury Department," provided for the appointment of a treasurer, and made it his duty to receive and keep the moneys cf the United States," and "at all times to submit to the Secretary of the Treasury and the Comptroller, or either of them, the inspection t.f the moneys in bis hands." That bank, national or state, could not have been intended to be used as a substitute for the treasury spoken of in tha constitution, as keepers of the public -i - e .1- e. . . t. .4 money, is mannest irm tne iact, that at inai time there was no national bank, and but three or four State banks of limited capital existed in the country. Their employment as depositories was at first resorted to, to a limited extent, but with no aowed intention of continuing them permanently, in place of the treasury cf the constitution. When they were afterwards frotn time to time employed, it was from motives of supposed convenience. Ojr eiperience has shown, that when ban fiin corporations have been the keepers of the public money, and been thereby made in cflVct the treasury, the government can have no guaranty that it can command the use of its own money for public purposes. The Inte Bank of the United States proved to be faithless. The Stale hanks which were afterwards employed, were f.iithles. But a few year ago, with millions of public money in their keeping, the government was brought almost to bankruptcy, and the public credit seriuuly impaired, because of their inability or indisposition to pay, on demand, to the public creditors, in the only currency recognised by the constitution. Their failure occurred in a period of peace, and great inconvenience and los were suffered by the public from it. IId the country been involved in a lortign war, that inconvenience and los would have been much greater, and miht have resulted in extreme public calamity. The public money should not be mingled with the private funds of banks or individuals, or be used fr private purposes. Wlion it is placed in banks for safe keeping, it is in effect loaned to them without interest, and is loaned by them upon interest to the borrowers from them. The public money is con vet ted into , . . , j .. i I , i . r it . hnnliniT r9mt:il nnrl 14 Hani anrl Ifllnprl nut for ITio nni nln ! profit of bank stockholders; and when called for, (as was j the case in 1837.) it miy be in the pockets ofthe borrow crs from the banks, instead of being in the public treasury contemplated by the constitution. The framers of the constitution could never have intended that the monpy paid into tho treasury should be thus converted to private uso, and placed beyond the control of the government. Hanks which hold tho public money are ulten tempted, by a desire of gain, to extend their loans, increase their cieculalion, and thus stimulate, if not produce a spirit of speculation nnd extravagance, which sooner or later must result in the ruin of thousands. If the public money be not permitted to be thus cscd, but be kept in the treasury and paid out to lhe public creditor in gold and silver, the temptation afforded by its deposite with banks to an undue expansion of their business would be checked, while the amount of the constitutionnl currency left in rirrnlaiion would be enlarged, by its employment in the public collections and disbursements, arid the banks themselves would, in consequence, be found in a safer nnd sounder condition. At present, State bank ate employed a depositories, but without adeq'iate regulation of law, whereby the public money can be secured rginst Ihe casualties and excesse, revulsion, suspension and def tlc.ttion to which, from over issues, over trading, an inordinate desire forgiin,or other cause; they are constantly exposed. The Secretary of the Tieaury ha in all cases, where it i practicable, taken collate! al secuiity for the am-iunt whkh they hold, by the pledge of stock of the United Sttte,or such of Ihe States as were in good credit. Some of the deposite bank have given this description of recurily; aud others bave declined to do JO. Entertaining the opinion Ihat " the separation of Ihe moneys of the government f:om banking in.ti'utions il in dispensable fjr the safety of the funds ofthe government and the rihti of the people," I lecommend to Congress that provision be made by Uw for such separation, and that a constitutional treasury be created for the safe keeping of the public nvney. Tlieconstitutijnal treasury recommended i designed as a secuie depository for the public money, without any power m make loans or discounts, or to issue any paper whatever a a currency or circulation. I doubt not that sifch a treasury a was contemplated by the Consti tution, should be indrpendi-nt of all banking corporations. i he money ot the people should be kept n the tieasury of the people created by law, and be in the custody of asrent of the people chosen by them-elves, aconlin to the hrm of the constitution ; agents who are responsible tu the government, who are under adequate bond and oaths, and whu are subject to severe punishments for any embezzlement, piivate use, or misapplication of Ihe public funds, and for any failure in other tespect to pcrfoim their dutie. Tu say Ihat the people or their government are incompetent, or not to Le trusted with the custody of their own money, in 1 uirir vnu utMMJijr, (uutiutu iij mi i:iii vc, uui iuum ieiy on the piesideut. cashiers, aud stockholder of banking corpotations not appointed by them, nor responsible to them, would bo to concede that they aie incompetent of self-gov ernment. In recommending the establishment of a constitutional treasury, in which lie public money shall be kept, I dcne thai adequate provision be made by law for its safety, and that all executive di-cietioo or control over it Should be re moved, except such as nay be necessary in dnecting its disbursement, in pursuance ot appiopnations by law. Under our present land system, limiting the mini mum price at which the public lands can be entered to one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, large quantities of lands of inferior reality rcmaid unsold, because they will not command that price. I rom the records of tlie General Land Office, it appears that, of the public lands remaining unsold ia the several States and Territories in which thev are situated. thirty-nine millions one hundred and five thousmd five hundred and seventy-seven acres have been in the market, subject to entry more than twenty years ; forty-nine millions six hundred a:id.tliirth-eight thousand six hundred and forty-four acres for more than fifteen years; seventy-three millions seventy-four thousand and six hundred acres for more than t?n years and one hundred and six million? cna hundred and seventy-six thousand nine hundred nnd sixty-cine acres for more than five years. iUucli the largest portion of these lands will cor.tinu to he unsaleable at the minimum price at which they are permitted to be said, so long as largo territories of lands from which the moro valuable portions have not been selected, are annually brought into market by the government. With the view to the sale and settlement of thes3 inferior lands, I recommend that the price be graduated and reduced below the present mini mum rate, confining the sales at tlie reduced prices for a United term to one dollar per aero, and after the expiration of that period for a second and third term to lower rates, a larjie portion of these lands would be purchased, and many worthy citizens, who are unable to pay higher rates, could purrlmse homes for themselves and families. By adopting the policy of pnduation and reduction of price, these inferior larlds will be sold for their real value, while the States in w hich they lie will Lo freed from the inconvenience1, if not injustice, to which they are subjected, in consequence of "the United States continuing to own large quantities of public lands within their border?, not liable to taxation fur the support of their local povemmrnt. I recommend the continuance of the policy of granting pre-emptions, in its most liberal extent, to all , those w ho have eetlled, or may hereafter settle, on the public land", whether surveyed or unsurveyed, to which the Indian title may have been extinguished at the time of ettlemcrt. It has been found by experience, that in consequence of combinations of purchasers and other causes, a very small quantity or the public lands, when sold at public auctiori, commands a higher price than tb minimura'rate established by

law. The settlers on the public lands, are however, but rarely able to secure their homes and improvements at the public sales, at that rate; because these combinations, by means of the capital they command, and their superior ability to purchase render it impossible for the settler to compete with them in the market. By putlinsr dewn all competition, these combinations of capitalists and speculators are usually enabled to purchase the lands,' including the improvements of the

settlers, at the minimum price of the Government, , annenner turn mem out. oi tner notnes, or exiori . ..i . .1 .... Zf .1 1 . . from Ihem according to their ability to pay, double or quadruple the amount paid for them to the rrovernment. It i to the enterprise and perseverance of tlie hardy pioneers cf the West, w ho penetrate the w ilderness with their families, suffer the danTers. the r.rivations. and hardships attending the settlement of a new

country, nml prepare the way for ihe body of f mi- nd are now under shelter and in a t'c f good prcservagtants'wliO, in the course of n fow years, USiif.Uv follow !'". l'ile iron steamer can be built with great facility in them, that we arc, in a groat degree, indebted for the nn pf ts of the Union. The ese o inn as a material, ran.d extension and nrand.zement of our country. ,lally in the construction cf s?e.imcrs. which can enter Experience has proved that nj portion of our popu- i,h. ?eXJ ms7 ofhc t1"1'0" ,!,tn? ou,r no,T in? Jation are more patriotic than the l.ardy nnd brave ,c1',1" of 'Vr 'fuSht- e.nJ lhe rticabi!.men of the frontier, or more ready to cbev the call of V c?in ,h'm ,n,.fhe "':' t8 T recom- , . , i it i jl i mends that liberal appropriations ihou d be midc for this their country, and to defend 1 er right and her honor, in,por.anl ol :rc, 1 r whenever and by whatever enemy asstiled. TLcy Vh,tever may" have teen our riry in the earlier taget Ftiouid be protected from tlie pra-ping speculator, and of the government, when the nation w as in i-s infancy, cur secured, at the minimum price of the public lands, in 'shipping intcro! and commerce comparatively small, our the humble homes which tliov have improved by their 'resou.ces lim tod, onr pul.tloi patse and sca.cely ex-

I.-.hnr- With this rnrt in viow. all ri-sntions or tinnecessary restrictions imposed upon them by the cxitin? pre-emption laws should be repealed or modified. It is the trt'e policy of the Covernment to afford facilities to its citizens ti become the owners of small portions of cur va public domain" at low end moderate rates. The present svtem cf manieing tv.e mineral 1 m l of the United Sta'ev i 1 ciieved to be ndirally defective. f.Mcre

than a million f acres of lhe public land., suppled to 'con- r.avy. The benefit resulting firm turn a nary are not tain leid and other minerals, have beert icerved from alt, 'confined to the Atl.Uit:c States The pi'oducti"ns of the inand numtrou leaes upon them have been granted tj indivi- : teiior which fcek a maikct abioad, are diiectly dependent

duals upon a stipulated rent. The system of g anting leases has proved to be not only unprofitable to tlie government, but unsati-factory 'o the citizens who have gone upon the land, and mut, if continued, liy the foundation of much futuie difficulty between the government and the lesces. According to the efficial lecords, the amount cf rent received by the rnvetnmer.tf.tr the jcai 1311, 1 S 12. 1 S 13, and 1S41, wa $0,304 74, while 'he expenses of lhe ytem during the same peilod. including salaries of supcrtntrn-

elcnt?, agent, clerk, and inciJental exprne. wcie $26.111- Heavy ,ruraens on me people, nna dc tiangcrous to 11 the income being less than one-fouifh of the rxper.e. public liberty. Our reliance for protection and deTo this pecuniary lo may le a Med the injury s'itaincd by fence on tha lmd mut he m.oii.lv t n our citizen S dthe public in consequence of the dctiuciion of limber, and ' fcQrSt w10 w;;i be pycr - ready, "a thy ever have the careleM and wasteful manner of waking lhe mines. : f . . u, alacri(v t The svtem ha pnen rise to miirh litia ion between the l -. 1 .2 ."

rie to much litigation between the United Slate and the individual citizen, rroducin iriita- I tion and excitement in the mineral region, and involving lhe government in heavy additional expcndituic. It i believed that similar 1 s-e nn 1 e mbarras-mcnt will continue 1o occur, while the present system of leasing thee lan Js remans unchanged. Tiicsc land are now under the Jiiperiritendence and care of the War Department, with theoidi-nan-dutie of which they have no proper or natural connexion. I recommend the repeal of the rreent s-stcm,and that these land be placed under the superintendence and management cf lhe General Land Office, a O her public lam!, and be brousht into market and sold upon such term as Conjre In their wi'dm may ptcsciibe, reserving to the government an rqnitiqle Fer centage on ihe gio amount of j mineral product, and the pre-emption piinciple be extended i to resident miner and settler upon ihom, at the minitrt'im price which may be established by CongreM. T t ! . . . t '.. . c .r 1 icier "U ivj 'lie n.Lum:.iii i jux itj.'ii ti 10c oiiiruii ui War, for "information respecting the present situation of the aimy, and it operation duiing the past year; the state of our defence; the condition of lie public work; and our relations with th; various Indian trihe within onr limits or upon our bordcis. 1 invite your attention to the snjicstions contained in that repoit, in rclatiou tj lhe.e prorniuctit cbiect cf rational interest. When orders were eiven durin the rast summer f.r ; concentrating a military force on Ihe western frontier of Texas, our'troops were widely dispersed, and in small detachments, occupying posts remote from each other. The prompt and expeditious manner in which an army, em1 t. - - .. . . ill.. I, 1 f lAMMA ..I.MM.M.nl . uiuliii niuic man nan uui inaic csiaoMsiiiiit'iii, it as ' ätn lgrther on an emergency so fu Iden. reflects great credit on the ofiicers who were intrus'ed with the tion of these orders, as well as upon the discip'ine cf the j army lUelf. To be in strength to protect and defend lhe J peop.e anu territory oi i ens, in me eveni i.iex.cn .,ouia commence l.ostilith's, or inva le her territories with a large army, which the threatened, I authorized the general assigned to the command of the army of occupation to mike requisitions fr additional forces from several of the States nearest the Texm territory, and which could most expedir 1 .. . . , . . . . r . iiousiy lurnisn mem, w. in nis of.Mion. ureer 1. rce man .a. a- . - . 1 mat unuer nis command, ana ine auxiliary id wnicn, under like circumstances, he was authorifed to receive from Texas, should be required. The contingency upon which 1 lit. br.rilic, . f I K i J .nllArit i'.n.nitjil lin nn rfr-n rra.l T...:..n,...n. .,.i. ,K:k ; r 1 artitbr from the citv fif New Orleitnii were ent to TetM ' and mustered into the service ofthe United States, are fully stated in the report of the Secretary of War. I recommend to Congress that provision be made fir the payment of these troops, as well as a small number of Texan Tuiuiutiis, w uum mo cuiuiiiaiiuing guririji iiiuugui u liecery to receive or muster into our service. I During the last fumner, the first regiment ol dragoons ! made extensive excursions through the Indian country on I our border,, a ntrt of them advancing nearly to the pos sessions rf the Hudson's Dy Company in the north, and a part as fir as the South Pass of the Rcky .1ountains, and the head waters of tho tributary streams of the ('o'orado of the West. The exhibition of this military force amon? the Indian tribes in those distant regions, and tho councils held with them by the commanders of the eine diti-ins, it is U-Iieved, will havn a salutary influence in res'.raini i? lliein from nostia ies among tnemseives, and maintaining friendly relations between them and the United State. An interesting account of one of these excursions accompanies the report of the Secretary of War. Under the direction of the War Department, Brevet Captain Fremont, of the corps of topographical engineers, has been employed since 1342 in expWinij the country west of the Mississippi, and beyond the Rocky mountains. Two expeditions have alrendy bcen brought t a close, and the reports of thtt scientific and enterprising officer have furnished much iriteiestincr and valuable information. He is :rr.:",:":T;.:!. enahle me o cömmun ate t he Zllo e r,f lon presem tess on. . . uur relations wit:i trie inaian triDcs are oi a iavorable character. The policy of removing them to a designed fur their permanent residence, west t . i . i- 4 .i mci:t to adjust the di;ücuities between them have heretofore proved unsuccessful; and there remains no pro bability that this desirable o.i;oct can be accomplished without the aid of f.irther legislation by Congress: I will, at an early period of your session, present the subject for your consideration, accompanied with an exposition of the complaints and claims of the several parties intd which tlie nitijii is divided, with a view to tlie adaption of such measures by Congress as may enable the Executive to" do justice to them respectively, and to put an end, if possible, to the dissensions which have 1-mg prevailed, and still prevail, among tlicm. I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the Navy for the present condition of that branch of the national defence ; and for grave suggestions, having for their object the increase of its efficiency, and a greater economy in its management. During the past year the oiTicers nnd men have performed their duty in a satisfactory minner. The orders whitli have been given, have been executed with promptness and fidelity. A larger force than has often formed orie squadron under our flag was readily concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico, and, apparently, without unusual effort. It is especially to be o'werved, that, notwithstanding the union of so considerable a f jrce, no act was committed that eveathc jealousy of aft irritated power co-dd construe as an act of aggression ; and ihat the commander of tho squadron, and his officers, in strict conformity with their instructions, holding themselves ever ready for the most active duty, have achieved the still purer glory of contributing to the preservation of peace. It k believed that at all our foreign stations the honor of dur flag has been maintained, and that, penerally, citir. ships of war have been distinguished for their pood discipl'nc and r.rder. I am happy to add, that the display bf maratime force which was required by the events ofthe summer, hns been made wholly within the usual appropriations for the service of the year, so that uo additional appro priations are required. . The commerce of the United State, and with it the navigating interest, bave steadily and rapidly Increased since the orginizition of our government, until, it is believed, wd are now iccond to but one power in the world, and at no distant day we aha'l probably be inferior to none. Exposed a they must be, it baa been a wine policy to nfford to these important interests protection with our ships of war, distributed in the great highways of trade throughout the woril. For mote than thirty years appropriations have been rtide, and annüally expended, for the gradual

I.UU11LI V

of the Miissipni and without the limits ofthe orcra 1 grows out of the present state ot the law concerning 'r- " r - - jp- - o u.e .uis.issippi. nu wituoui inc iimiia ui ineorga i- n.t or-r xvhch n f.m- rn-? sinro wh a Trcs.dent was then adapted. Ihat for the" adoption nized States and Territories, is better appreciated by the i rnent u,..ce. wnicli, a uw yra.s since, was a; i- . them than it was a few yean ago; while education Ordinate clerkship, but b-voaie a Jtstinct b-i whrn Ir H- nl n t f H.-rroS an arSormcnt is now afended to and M,o lnbits of civili-cd life reau of great importance. With an excellent intern- w' l1''"' I1 'U3'';. VT?S-? an arnennmcnt is now attended w, anu .l e jia&its ol civiu.cu in. : 0.;:t nnn4W.tlj R.B?, striking out whst is ti?.iaf.y dvommated the hour

arc gaining grounu among tr.cm. ..... . v ..... rsin i " 41ifntm riil'rM n nri-ra,1mptit S-rious difiicult;cs of Ion-tandl'i" continue td dls- Department. tn the transaction of its business ,lan?' c- AaIn;i. ouru.1 an arusidment tract t "e sever" 1 Zri es into w I, id, Te Cherokees questions of much importance to inventors, and to the lnch th- hour rule wou'd extend to a I questions S unhappi vFd" The cflJrt? o the govern- commur-ity, frequently nriw, which, by existing btws, 'Pt those connected with tLe racing of revenue.

increase cf our naval forces. In peace, our navy performs

ihe important duty of protecting our commerce; and, ia the event of war, will be, as it has been, a most efäcient means of defence. The successful use of stearr. navigation on the ocean has been followed by the introduction rf war steamers in great and increasing numbers into the navies of the principal maritime powers of the world. A due regard to our own safety, and to an efficient protection to our large and increasing commerce, demands a corresponding increase on " "7 our ran. Pio country has creater jc:lilies jr tne con m,n,r.inn nf .r th; Wri,,ii..n th.n nr rrrsn rr0lni -ltltef grctter .Vantages fr.ra ihe employment, Thev are a.lmirablr aJ.tcd to the protection of our cornnrrce. to the nrid'iranjmisMon of inteüiccncp. and to ihn coast defence. In pursuance of t?ie w ie policy of a grsdnal increase of cur navv. lartrn soonlics of live oak timber. and other materials f.r'f hip building, have been collected, ' -v-- y .-:-,.'.. i j mu-t be csscnlullv rniiercnt nnv that we have grown from three to mote than twinty millions of people, that our commeice, earned in our own sh:p, i found in eveiy ea, ard that our teiti'orul loumlerie and ttlcmcnts hate been si greatly extrn W. Neither cur eommeicej her our hms; line of ca-t on Ibe beem and on the Jakt-, cm te nccc fully defr,Vd sgiir.st foreign agression by mcars tf fotiificationo alone. Thce arc cential at important eoPirnerrial nnl mi'itiry poir.t, but onr chief reliirce fr this nl j'-ct must be on a wel!-or.;ar;"zrd, efficient on the ifety and freedom of our rommerr e. 'I he occupation of the Eahze below New Oilean by a hostile fitce would cmtarra, if rot stagnate, the whole export trade cf the Miiif'Pi, and aT. ct the value of th agiietiUural product cf the cn'ire valley uf that mighty river and its tributaiie. It has never been our policy t maintain larirc standing Srmit s in time cf prace. They are contrary ! to the genius of our free intitu:i.rs, would impose Ii. i . 1. , -t. t ,, - ' ca" L1 1 heir country, to Vr dtlVnVe. This descrip tion of f trc, ho vever, cannot defend our coast,' harbors, and inland P"ns, nor protect our commerce on the ocean or the lakes. These mut be protected by our navy. Considering an increased naval f rce, and especially of steam vessels, corresponding with our growth and import cne as a nation, and proportioned to the increased and increasing naval power of other nations, of vast impirtar.ee as regards our safety, and the fxreat and rrrowin interests t.i be protected by it, I recommend the subject lo the favorable consideration of Congress. The report of the Fos'rriastcr General, herewith ! communicated, contains a detailed statement of ti e . f 1 1 . i .1 ' npcntions cf Ins d ipnrtrr.rnt ormg the past year, j It will be seen that th mco:nrs fr.vn postages will fill short cf the expenditures f.-r .tlie? year between one and two millions of d dlars. This deficiency has been caused by the reduction of the rates of ptago, which was mado by the act of the third of Hl.irch last. No principle his he.n more rcncrally acquiesceJ in by tin people than that this department should j sustain itself by limiting its expenditures to its in . come. Congress has never sought to make it a source ' of revenue for central purposes, except for a short period during tlie last war with Great Britain, nor should it ever becom? a charge on the general trcathjQk tj,ev 0üZAr jt wü fcc eeessatv cither to curtail the present mail service, so as to reduce the expendif . Uf - t of of M , lat as to improve its revenues. The extension ofthe mail serv.ee, and U12 adJ.t;dnnl facilities which will be demanded by the rapid ex j l5 au'1, 1 ptipuuniu e-n our wreiern ifr.mtir Will nnt nfimit fif stir-li riirtnilmnut nc trill I .. 1 : , t..:.. . , - rTi f o ri a 1 K rniiiin f nA nrncont A rnanl 1 f iipao T n 4 1 . a 1 "-- t..Cv... v., ..... ,0. ,1. ujg adjustment ofthe tariff of postages the interests ofthe people demand, that the lowest rates bo adopted XV 1 1 1 1 !l Will ' nm UlCf 1 ! t !" nfT?!l TV FOmH ! 1 0 t f 111 C't ', ti. nvnnn,';.,.rn ftf ii, ,t,Mrmt T ;n-;f ti.n f. ! tpnti.in fif Pnnr-fPtt t i the. ciio-.rostir.na nf f hr. Pn:trr.n. ! ter General on this subject, under tiro belief that -such ! a modificition tf the late law may be made as will ; y;e:d a sufficient revenue without further calls on the 1 treasury and with vcrv little change ia the nrscnt fOS of pOSiaC pr0 ve bcen taken, in pursuance of , ' r ,.-A r mj, i,tf r. ,un cKiicV.. - nf ctmnr ittv.rn nA . fjroirrn countries. The importance of this commends i i ;Mf ctr.rn.Tt f r.vnmi.lo nnnLi.1or t Inn

With the rrrowth of otir country, the puhlic bus;. ; to the cha.r from whence he delivered a Lruf tnd ncPs which devolves on the beads of the several Exe- , excellent redress, returning thanks for the honor cencutivc Departments has grcr-ly increased. Tn some j frr?d uPon 1,,m: He sX?Q lliS wtentwn to di-eharge rennets, the? distribution of du'lrs amon-r them seems : the important duties of h;s station m an impartial

i to be inoonjrrnons, and many of these mig .1.. . lit t)6 trans t.irrrft frnm nra 1n nnn'lirr tvitfi rlfi n'n rr tn llin rinSli- in.Pr,;.s A mnro c-.ion tim, for tho rnn..1.

eration of Üiis subject by Cnrrcs9t with a view totl. btnly, and expressed a l.rpe that the present seenWntinn r.C f l,r, cov-nrnl rlnnnrtmnntc ' FiCll WOtlld be COHS01CUOUS lor ltS dCCOrum BS WCiI 8S

nnd a more annronriato division the oublie 'busi-ne-s, will not probably occur. The most importaut dutie of ment relate to our foreign affairs. .largemerit ofthe fimily of nation,- the-increase of 'otir commerce, and the corresponding extension of i. 1....:... ft.:.- .i . ti; In toWo&tion, many duties uf a domestic rliture, and consistingof detail-, are devolved on Hue Secretary of State, p ' . :.,,t.. i.i,.. , ,t. ,i i ""-' -tv'-i' -j .w.. ... .. , ! partment of t!ie government, and may properly be; transited to any. ot nor etepar.mom unc oi i.irse . 1 rviaf rV fhrt nm ?ont ctr nr tho Imv rnnr.rninfr .

rn tD'(,rriM I ir i wiQim In 5 l-rvr.-l r.r n- li' i I i" M". , ... - , ... t .,

retary of Stite is a memb r. These questions r.re i "King upon me importance ana general Dearing oi -lcai', and the connection which' now exists between ! bl,,s. relating to the revenue, and the consequent nethc State Department and the raterit Office, may, with 1 r.cssltr of giving free scow to delate and exarrnnagf eat propriety and advar.tago, be trasferrcd to the L00 "ver they como unoef consideration of the , Attorney General. : ' IIcusc. Jilr. McUernand, of Illino.s, proposed a furIn his last annual message to Congress, Mr. :.Ind:-!lhcr amendment, winch would embrace within the .

'son invited attention to a proper provision for the At - torny (icnr?r3I as nn " improvement in the executive ,t,ldwrimn " TSia rf.-omr-ion.! itinn tn4 rrnoiT,! mm " rr i it Jl 1 duties of the by some ot his successors. Lhd o.iicia Attorney General have beert finish increased Within" a few years, and his office has become one of great importance. His duties maybe still further increased with advantage to tho public interests. As nn executive o.Ticcr, his residence and constant attention at the seat of government are required. Legal questions involving important principles, nnd large amounts , of public money, are constantly referred to him by the President nnd executive departments for hisexj aminition and decision. The public business under his oSiciaJ management before the judiciary has( been so augmented by the e.vtcnsion. of our territory and the acts of Congress r.tlthorizing suits against the United State forlarge boelie1? of valuable public lands, as grcntly to increase his labors and responsibilities. I therefore recommend, that the Attorney General be placed on the same footing with the heads of the other executive departments, with such subordinate officer?, provided by law for his department, as may be required to discharge the additiog.il duties which have been or niy be devolved upon lam. ConrcsJ possc the powei of exclusive lecieJaticn over the Distrii l of Columbia; and I commend the intciesti of iis inhabitants to your f.ivorable consideration., The people of tili DMiict hare no ICfiltivr lio.ly of their own. ml mut conflle their ,eil u well aJlhrit j:cr.era interests lo rcj tcsenintive in whotfr election ihey h.ive- no voire, and over whoe cCrial conitnct they have no control. Kach member rjflhe National Legislature fhnuld etmsider himself as their immeJiite represcn ativp, and hotild be the more leady to give attention to ihcir interest ami want, because lie is Out responsible to them. I n-commeti'l that a libeial and penerous spti it may characteiize your measure in relation tp them. I hall fee ever rli pod to then a pioper regird for their wishes, and within crnti'u'ionl lirnit. hall at all times cheeifolly co-operate with you fof the advancement cf their welfare. . I trust it mar not be deemed inspproprtate to Ihe occasion fer me to dwell for a moment on the memory of the most em inent citizen of our country, who, during the ummer that in (rone by, haa descended to Ihe tomb. The enjoyment of eontemplatinjf, at the advanced ageof tiear fonr score year, the hj py condition of bia country, cheered the lt hourt of

Aaärew JacVson, who cpncd this life in the tranquil b r

of a tlt-ssed iftrtj'-itaiitT. Uii cesib ws barer. his life bad teen eminently useful, lie had an unMitiir cjohdence In the viitue and capacity cf the people, and ia the permanence of that fee froternrnent which he had larpHr conn itu ted to establish aud dcfftil. Iiis peat deeds had tec d red to him the affection of M fellow-crime, and it was his happiness to witness the giowih acd gloiy (f bis countiy which he loved so elt. He drpattc.l amidst the bct e.licti r.s of milli n of freenen. The Kanon rViJ i;j tribute lo hi memory at his tomb. Coning generations will learn fiom his example the love cf coont:y and the tight cf men. lu hi Ungute on a si.riUr occasion to the prtsei.t, 1 njw commend you, fellow-citirens, to the jruidanee of Almiphty God, with a full leli.oceon His meiciiul providence foi the maintrnance of our fne institu-ti-Mist and with ia camet itiri.'.icj'ion.thit whatevererron ! msy be my lot I commit in rlUchargini the aiduou duties hich have devolved cn me, will find a lerr.edy ia the batI"10"' and vMom ofioul c-UD5e!-" ... JAMES K. rOLK. Washisctcw, Deremter 2, 1S15. lUacIjingtcm Correspondence. WASHINGTON, Dec. 1, 1845. IinIIrsitn Iirts proved Viclorious Joliu V. Ilavis Is S;oa!icr!! CroiT, Chapmait. Crow ! ! ! To the Editors vf the Indiana Ja.'e Seniine!: Tits first day of the 9t!i Co.iprrss is ever.- It is needless f r me to siy that no very inij-ortant results, other than the mere organization of tl:e two Houses, have as yet occurred, or been ajritated. Tut that there will be agitation and discussion in abundance, we may ren-onally predict, by the crmplexitin of the lIot:se end Senate, and tlie action heretofore taken, and the party pledges cr.d promises to be hereafter redremrd. Texas is not yet done with, yon may be s::re; and there will be many a speech ytt to be made nn that prolific subject, before she will be fully and fairly installed as an integral part of our ucicn. She will come in, however, with many kindly greetings on cr;ry hand, almost, but v. ith many curves nnd muttering from Abolition qinrtrrs. But while the question is pending, tnd even long after her adrr.isrion, she will form the prolific theme of party dclana'tion, even as did that of Missouri a' question in its tine, you know, that generated much bile and splenetic indignation. Oregon, too, will undergo a similar kct-l-haulir.g, and the opposition will do their best to eutain British policy and British interests ; while the Democratic pirty will go on. unterriiied end undismayed by any ti. rents or denunciations, either from this or the other side of the Atlantic, and our just claim up to the degree cf Ü2, 40, w ill be carried without filtering or flinching on dur part. So let it be. Are we not a firt rrte power nmrng tlie nations of the earth, and would it not be dihcn )rab!e to yield an inch of our unquestionable right in this behalf to any other power ! Trust me when I say that from indications here, and among Democrats all over the country, there is, and will be but one voice 011 this question. The v ho'e of Oregon will remain ours: but whether immediate notice of occupation, or a farther postponement will be recommended, does not as yet eppcar. The President's .Message ef to-morro',v will, perhaps, enlipbten u as to the future policy of the TresideiU aud his cabinet on this poit.t. That prolirio thcrr.e, the Tari.T, which touches the .Manufacturers' pockets 60 nearly, will undergo a long discussion; and wordy strife, bitter as the waters of Tlarah, will be the order ofthe day when this indirect taxing process comes cn the carpet. Even now the emrr.issarics of the cotton weavers at the east, are busy electioneering, threatening, rraxirg and counting noses and votes to sutain the TaritF tf lSi'2. You may find them already prowling about the capital, and intruding themselves into the private Fanctuaries of the Congressional Representatives. I This is the policy of Daniel Webster. Agitate, agitate, pgitate, is their motto. It is his recommenda tion to do so; and thereupon member of Ct-rre mat be bearded in their dens on the threshold of the session ; and, tnlcss this reran end contemptible maroetivering is promptly exposed, and frowned d.,wn, it will last throughout the session. Neither is money , any object. They liave plenty c..f it, and it will be . " uscd, as freely s water, as a means ot corruption. .p Ik.O X DAY'S PROCEEDINGS. At 12 o'clock the IIouc of representatives was called to order by 3Ir. French, ( Clerk at the clcse cf the last session,) and the roll bein called two hunca and eleven memocrs answered to their names. their Ihebucaker WastliOIl elected, I UI XOCe, each member ns ".U name V,as ca.lcd, pronouncing the name of his c,10fcc and l!;e vo'e resulting for Jonx Y. Davis, of "Jia:, Ir" Jlntont f Ohio, (Whig.) W; A'l"er t!f "ew ork, (iNative,) o; Mr. .orrw, i'".uci u su,"jiuiicu jmutijunji vy urcouuui .ni delegation ; and some six or secn for so many different persons. It renuinn'r bnt 100 votes to elect. -Ir. Davis was declared as chosen Speaker of the S23ih unSrcs- . ; ; . Messrs. mton and ilcCoy conducted the Speaker I i . ." i v T- ...In' l i fT. nn M i? .ml mn. Relative to 1'UA'llukl ni' ii A4 jui ij cnu man. : l"c the business of the session, he alluded to the great wncSts which are produced by harmony in a Icg;slai the ood w!'ich its acU conftfr uPon tbc ni" tion. The mcaihcrä were then sworn to support the Con stitution, and the uual resolution to appoint a joint . . . 1 T 1 . ff w.. f , romrniuee i mu i.poi.ue ireseiem, o.e., w f'd. some debate as to its profnety. prcvii ous to the adoption of rules for the rrovernment ol tLo "s A resolution wasthen ofler10 "1C i0? off, V,c ,asl mi ! on f Fggestion of Jlr. Adams, this was withdrawn ; ; and cm motion of ;Ir. Thompson, a committee was ' i nnr, 1. v fn inPiriTl t!vA f A t I . 1 tl.A 1 T rv 1 C-rt t' ft SB orsf.tnizrd nnd ready to proceed to business. The reV. -1" a 1 1 f ?r8 CI "f cscepirns :o t-ie ruie, an appropriation UUiB a"" "V u':,' U"V;, - - r vat-"'3 Ia . support of his proportion. The original amcr-dmcut ' to tlie rt)lCS was na"y withdrawn. lur. Chapman, trom Alafcami, wun a view to revise . the celebrated 4'21L rule," moved, to amend the resolution so that it would rc.d tlie rules of the first session of tho laet Confr's" ayes 84, noes 121. A member oiTered a rcoolutiop intended to settle the . rights of members to seats, lie supported his prtpo-.. sitioa by remarliript that several disputes and misunderstandings, had occurred nr.c were still pending in relation Lo certain seats, to ed( h of which there wero two or more cl:iimant3. Tlie House adjourned w ithout disposirg of the resolution: The Senate simply organir.cd. Tlie r.cw Senators -fro-n Florida, were 6wirn in bnt not classed. They will not choose their cliiccrs until next Jlonday. A caucus was held this evening and P. C French nomiriated Tor Clor';; UTr. Lane, t?ergcBnt-at-Arnn ; C. S. Whitney, of lll.nois, Door-keeper; Ritchie and lleiss for Printers. - . The Supreme Court met to-day, but adjourned without transacting any business, on account of tlie absence of 6ornc of the Judges. Your, TIMOLEON. Otir Veare indebted to Joitx W. HaviIton, F., for bis cofiy cf the President' Message, published in the Baltimore Patriot, from which tve published our edition, rtnd circulated it among our subscribers. It was put in type, by our boys, corrected and ready for press, in rooa no'irns. The hitched teams or Whig papers, the Journt'i and Morrison's Bank Democrat, could not b'gin. 7zw Post OrncE. A Post 0;T.ce is estiU.sW at Kokoma. Ivichardville county, and A. Clirl Esq., appointed Tostmaeter. IIov; J. M. NiiF.s Married. Sector Nilc3 n-a married a few day ago to Misa Jas Trait, &f Columbia county, New York.