Indiana State Sentinel, Volume 20, Number 49, Indianapolis, Marion County, 1 May 1861 — Page 1

xLLxLL I STATE SENTINEL

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We extract the following from the fifth volume S Maoauley's History of England, which has Ht appeared: Some years before, wliile the war was still raging, there had beei loud complaints in the city that even privateers at St. M aio's and Dunkirk caused less molestation to trade titan any other class of marauders. The English navy was fully employed in the channel, in the Atlantic, and in the Mediterranean. The Indian ocean meanwhile -warmed with prates, of wh ose rapacity and 1 r.:,vr..i : - . 1 .1 ma . i an. it was said, came from our North American Colonic-. :md carried back to those Colonies the spoils gained by croe. Adventurers, who durst isst show themselves in the Thames, found a ready market for their ill-gotten spices and stuff's at New York. Even the Puritans of New England, who in sanctimonious austerity surpsissed even their brethren of Scotland, were accused of cosnving at the wickedness which enabled '.hem lb enjoy abundantly and cheaply the produce of Ind;an looms and Chinese tea plantations. In 1695, Richard Coote, Earl of Bellamont, an Wish peer, who sst u the British House of Comons, was appointed Governor of New York and Massachusetts. He ras a man of eminently fair character, upright, oarageons and independent. Though a decided M'hig, he had distinguished hanself bv bringing before the Parliament at at Dublin, and particularly the execution, if it is not rather too much to be called murder, of Gafiv. Before Bellamont sailed for America, Wil Bam spoke strongly to him about the freebooting, which was the disgrace of the colonies. "I send jdu, my Lord, to New York." he said, "because an honest and intrepid man is wanted to put down these abuses, and because I believe you to be uch a nan." Bellamont exerted himself to justify the high opinion which the King had formed of him. It wis soon known at New York that the Governor who bad just arrived from England, was bent on the suppression of piracy, and -omt colonists, in whom he placed great confidence, suggested to him what they may perhaps have thought the best mode of attaining that oh ject. There was then La the settlement a veteran k mariner named William Kidd. He had passed most of his life on the waves, had distinguished himself by his seamanship, and had opportunities of showing his valor in action with the French, and had retired on a competence. No man knew the eastern seas better. He was per--tectl v acquainted with all the haunts of the pirates who prowled between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Malacca; and he would undertake if he were entrusted with a single ship of forty or fifty guns, to clear the Indian Ocean of the whole race. The brigantines of the rovers were numerous, no douot, but none of them were large; one man-of-war which in the royal navy would hardly rank fourth rate, would easily deal with them all in succession, and the lawful spoils of the enemies of mankind would more than defray too charges of the expedition. Bellamont was charmed with this plan and recommended it to the Kii.g. The King referred it to the Admiralty. The Admiralty raised difficulties such as are perpetually nued by public boards when any deviation, whether for the better or for the worse, from the established course of proceeding is proposed. It then occurred to Bellamont that his favorite scheme might be carried Into effect without any cost to the State. A few ' public spirited men might easily fit out a privateer which would make the Arabian Gulf and the Bay of Bengal secure highways for trade. He wrote to bis friends in England, imploring, remonstrating, complaining of their lamentable want of public spit it. Six thousand pounds would be enough. That stm would be re; aid, and re paid with large interjst, from the sale of prizes, and an inestimable benefit would be conferred on the kingdom and on the world. His urgency succeeded. Shrew-burv and Rom nev contributed Oxford, though, as First Lord of tKu , ' ml-Ii r v itf hH iippn unwilline to iend Kidd to the Indian Ocean with a King's ship, contented to subscribe i thousand pounds. Somers suLscribcd another thousand. A ship, called the Adventure Galley, sas equipped in the port of London, and Kidd It ok command, he carried with asm. besides the ordinary letters of marqne, a com mission under the Great Seal, empowering hin te seuo pirates, and to take them to some place where they might be dealt with according to law. Whatever right tae King might have to the goods found in the possession of the malefactors, j he granted, by letters patent, to the persons who had been at the exjieuse of fitting out the expedition, reserving to limself only one tenth part of the gains of the adventure, which was paid into the treasury. With the claim of merchants to have back the property of whies they had been robbed. His Majesty , of course, did not interfere. He granted sway, at.d could grant away , no rights but his own. The press for sailors to man the royal navy was at that time so aot that Kidd could not obtain hi full complement of hands on the Thames. He crossed the Atlantic, visited New York, and there found volunteers in abundance. At length, tu Fei utry, 1697, he sailed for the Hudson with a crew of more than a hundred and fifty men, and in J uly reached the coast of Madagascar. I is possible that Kidd may at first have meant to let in accordance with his instructions. But on the subject of piracy heboid the notions which were then common in the North American colonies, and most "of his crew were of the same mind. He found himselt in a sei which was constantly traversed by rich and defenceless mcrstnp-. and tie had to determine whether he under thoso ships or protect them. The -ain which might be made by plundering them was immense, ami might oe snatched without the dangers of a battle or the delays of a trial. The rewards for protecting the lawful trade were comparatively small. Such as they were they could be got oiily by first fighting with desperate ruffians who bad' ratbar be killed than taken, and then by instituting proceedings and obtaining a judgment in a Cou:t of Admiralty. The risk of being called to a severe reckoning might not naturally seem small to one who hadf seen many old buccaneers living in credit and comfort in New York and Boston. Kidd soon threw off the character of a privateer and became nirate. He established friendlv communications and exchanged arms and ammunition with the most notorious of rovers whom his commission authorized him to destroy, and made war on those peaceful traders whom he was sent to deend. He began by robbing Mussulmans, and speel ily proceeded Iron Mussulmans to Arwnians, and from Armenians to Portuguese. '-&;Ad venture Galley took such quantities of eottcu nmi silk, sugar and coflee, cinnamon ad pCpfHt, that the very fore n.ast nen received from a hundred to two hundred pounds each, and that the captain's share of the spoil would have enabled him to live at bo me as an opulent gentleman. With thenpacity, Kidd had the cruelty of his odious callinc. He bunifd houses, he masacrecd pcis antry. His prisorers were tied up and beaten with naked cutlasses, in order to extort informa tion about their concealed hoards. One of his crew, whom he hail called a dog, was provoked into exclaiming, in an agony of remorse, "Yes, I am a dog, but it wis you that have made me so." News traveled rery slowly from the eastern seas to England But in August 16tf, it was known in Englard that the adventure galley , from which so much had been hoped, was the terror of the merchants of Surat and of the villaMrs of the coast of Malabar. It was thought probable that Kidd w ould carry his booty to some colonv. Orders were therefore sent from Whitebail to the Governors of the trans marine pass is -esi..ns ,,f the crown, directing them to be on the watch for him. He, meanwhile, having burnt his ship and dismissed most ot his men who easily found rxjrtbi. in the sloops of other pirates returned to New York with the means, as he flattered himself, of making his peace and living in splendor. He bad fabricated a long romance, to which Bellamont, naturally unwilling to be lieve that he had been duped, and had been the means of doping others, was at first disposed to listen with favor. But the truth soon came out. The Governor did his duty firmly and Kidd was placed in close confinement till orders arrived from the Admiralty that he should be sent to Engla.'id.

INDIANA

VOL XX m 49 A Learned Judge. One of the first mummies brought into Europe from the East gave rise to a most dramatic adventure. About a hundred years ago, an antiquary, returning from Grand Cairo, brought a mummy with him, presumed to be at least three thou?.. nd six hundred years old. Our savant, tired of the diligences in which he had been traveling from Marseilles, took a barge at Fontain bleau. which landed him safe aud sound a Port St. Bernard. Eager to see his family, he had hi effects loaded on a litter, but left his precious mummy in the bottom of the boat. The custom h'M.-e officer, on opening it. discovered a box of a strange shape and aspect. Suspecting it to con tain contraband goods, lie had it opened. What aspectable! A woman swathed in linen bandages from head to foot ! No doubt this was a wretched victim stmeeiod hi a jealous lover or a grasping heir. Ine ja Miss I of police was instantly -cut for, and mule his appearance .think ed by two surgeons as skilful as himself in arch sjology. The crime was recognized, report made of it, and the body transported to the M .riMie. that the friends might come and idem tify it. It is presumed that none of these made their appearance. Our learned traveler, the next day, bethought himself of his grcati st curiosity He Hew to the boat, when the learned commissary and three minions of the law seized him, and dragged him before the mag is träte. "Aha, my fine fellow, cried the latter, "we've got you." "Will your Honor fav .r mewith the reason of : (ordinary proceding':" "It remains for you. sir, to explain the circum stances of the murder you have committed." "Murder tbat I have committed!" cried the savant, aghast. "Or at least the crime in which you were an accomplice." "Good heavens!" said the learned man, 'your worship is dreaming." "No, sir, you'll rind me wide awake, to your cost. The eye of justice never closes. Did not my officers discover the body of vour victim, strangled and shut up in a box? Here's the report of the discoverv, duly sealed, signed and at tested." "Is that all?" said the antiuuarv. with a heart v laugh. "Hardened ruffin!" cried the Judge. "Do you indulge in levity with the shadow of a crime so J black hanging over your head? Now, sir, look j me in the face, and answer the questions I shall put. By whom was that young girl place ! in the boat in which she was discovered':" , "Bv mysslf, sir," he replied. "Who swathed her with linen bandages from head to foot?" "I did, your Honor." "Write down, Mr. Clerk, that he ndtoits his crime." "The expression is rather strong, sir," said the antiquary. "The deed is heinous," said the judge. "Hon old was this girl?" "About nineteen years," was the reply. "Of what country?" continued the judge. "Memphi.--, I think," said the antiquary. "When did her death take place?" " About three thousand six hundred years ago." "Prisoner! how dare you indulge in this mis placed levity?" exclaimed the judge. "I am not joking, sir. I assure you the deceased lived in the reign of one of the Pharaohs." "I'll put the handcuffs on you, rascal," said the exasperated judge. "Vour honor," said the prisoner, sternly, "this pleasantry has been carried too far. And let me say, -ir, that you are the most marvellously ignorant man that ever sat upon the bench. Where were you brought up that you haven't even mis pected that for two days you have been holding an investigation on the pretended murder of an Egyptian mummy?" "A mummy!" explained the judge. "Of coHrse, sir," said the antiquary, "and if you had conducted your examination properly you would know that you are addressing Count de D , a member of the Academy of In scriptions and Belles Lettres." "My lord," said the judge, "I beg a thousand pardons. I hope your lordship w ill forget " "I will forgive everything," he interrupted "Give me my mummy, and try in future to obtain experts who will come a little nearer than three or four thousand years in guessing at the date of a person's death." The magistrate, very much mortified at his blunder, gave up the mummy, but he never heard the last of the story. Correspondence of the Detroit Free Press. A Letter from Moiitgnmcr . Since I have been here, in the capital of the Confederate States, as vou will readilv believe, I have been busy with noveltv and observation. A ! M .1 : : " . i . .. i" .. briet description ot the seat ot government mav not be uninteresting to your readers, and for their gratification I will devote a few words to it. Montgomery is situated on the Alabama river. about 45U miles above Mobile. It contains HI,- ! (MIO inhabitants, and is withal one of the most at tractive and tasteful little cities that I have ever met with. The streets are broad and well kept, the walks are shaded with continuous foliage, and the buildings are all substantial, and. in many instances, costly. There are some private residences that would decorate Fort street, and throw into the shade the finest efforts of your architects. Many of these cost from fifty to seventy-five thousand dollars. Between them all there was much difficulty in deciding upon a residence for President Datis, but a modest mansion was finally selected at a rental of $5,000 per annum, which he now occupies with his family. The characteristic feature of all these residences is the size of the grounds attached, a peculiarity which is general throughout the city, and productive of ample limits to the corporation, twice is in dimensions equal to northern cities of which the number of inhabitants. Here, if anywhere, the basis of Southern senti ment should be expounded in its proper light, aud the opportunities are consequently favorable for the acquirement of correct information. My route of travel has been through the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, and I have of course taken pains to acquire a knowledge of the popular current of opinion as I progressed. The fragmentary knowledge thus gained is to be sifted and averaged for a given result. That result is of course Union sentimcut and disunion sentiment, and when we p'ace them in the balance it is the easiest thing in the world1 to tell which will kick the beam. In the two first named States there is a strong Union sentiment so strong that reasonable doubts may be enter tained whether they will go out of the compact of the United .States. Ihe leaven of disunion is there, however, and is doing its best to spread. At Memphis, and through the western part of lennessee.it has gained a powerful hold, and tire eating doctrines are very prevalent, but in the eastern portion of the State the people are very much the other way. An intelligent planter with whom I conversed gave his opinion that the State could not be driven out of the Union. He said that abolition sentiment was not to bethought of, and that if an abolitionist dared to show his head he would be hung without judge or jury, but that the people intended to stay in the Union and maintain their institutions. Kentucky is much the same way; but when you once cross the line of the Confederate States you have plumed into a torrent which brooks no oppositior To talk of a Union or reconstruction in that locality is to indulge in dreams and chimer.... Ti.c; e : V ue full of their new independence, and completely fired at the thought of coercion from Lincoln's government. Troops are gathering by thousands, and this city is full of uniforms en route for Pensacola. A company of Georgia volunteers came in on the same train which brought meto the city, and I can safely say that I never saw such enthusiasm neither did I ever see a liner body of intelligent young men gathered for military purH)-es. A large portion of them are young gentlemen of means and position, and the rest are young men in the ordinary walks of life. There are now at Pensacoia, and on the road thither, between f000and 10,000 of these troops. Requisitions have !eeh made for sev eral thousand more, in view of hostile appearances at the North. 1 had a conversation with Governor Moore, of this State, last evening, on this very subject. He had just sent to the printer a proclamation calling for 3,000 volunteers, and was expecting an immediate response from the people. I asked him without ceremony his opinion resiectiiiL'the wobabilities of an earlv collision. cvLf-i-ai l'cn-acola or elsewhere, and he replied as frankly that the matter rested with the United . vtr go tri iiiiiciii. vwiiiv'"M'v ','itin.., iic said, would not strike the first blow, but would wait patiently for a peaceful or warlike issue, as Mr. Lincoln chose. Aggression Kuuid le cotisidered equivalent to a blow, and would be resisted. Il the Un. ted States war ves-cis undertake to re inforce Sumter or Pickens, or to blockade any Southern port, thev will be resisted, the act would le considered aggressive, and the finht will begin. He did not seem to be impressed w ith the probability of a general civil war, however, but to anticipate, rather, a fight or two at the forts, or at the mouth of the Mississippi, and a gradual suspension of hostilities thereafter.

political

The country is kept alive by flying rumors respecting the movements of the United States forces, and just now everything is in commotion on aecount of the news of the sailing of w ir esels from New Voik. People are looking lor a ficht liai'.y . and you may imagine the state of excitement which exists. The intensity of feeling I can not well describe. Nothing comes up to it except the assertion of a very intelligent and moderate gentleman, who said to me in comer satiorl, "Sir, there is not a man in the South, young or old, who will not shoulder a musket and fight for his country on the battle field, rather than see Northern aggression gain one inchx ot

foothold on our soil. This feeling is not coulii.' i, as Lincoln men and Republic m newspaper? would have the Northern people believe, to politicians and bar room loungers. It pervades the very heart of the people, and I have yet to find a dissentient voice in the seceded Sta'es. Bight or wrong and you and your readers are free to decide for yourselves on that point the feciing is among the masse in the household and by the home fireside, where it is rapidly giowing to an animosity which is to be ineradicable. Under such circumstances, the idea of a reconstruction of the Union is simply puerile. The seceded -States will never go back. Under the same circumstances, coercion is pure folly. The men of the of the South will fight to extremities. These are facts which the most stubborn must acknow ledge the moment they become acquainted w ith the real sentiment of the South, and people may draw their own deductions therefrom. You may depend upon it that Mr. Lincoln has x task before him, the moment he attempts coercion or reconstruction, which a more ft in 111 man might shrink from. If the former, he lights the fires of a volcano, and if the latter, be at tacks a mountain which a mole might as easily demolish. Thus rules the sentiment at the present time. What it will be some years hence, events must decide. Of their entire ability to sustain a government in its fullest sense, no Southern man entertains a doubt. The assertion that they can not support the expenses excites a smile, and I am constrained to say with some reason, as matters now stand, for there are men of every grade and position who are throwing themselves and their fortunes into the breach to meettheexigenciesofthcca.se. For present u-e thev have the revenues of the custom-house and the'$15,000,000 loan, of which $5,000,000 have been taken, although the limitation for bids does not expire for some weeks yet. This loan is se cured by the export duty on cotton, which amountto J8 per cent, per pound, and is to be paid in ten years. The South eiports about 4,000,000 bales of cotton yearly, which will yield a revenue of over $2,000,000" as a sinking fund with which to redeem the bonds. When the money obtained by this loan is used up, they expect to be in a condition to enjoy the benefits of a regular revenue sutlk-icnt to meet all the expenses of government. These are variously estimated at from $12,000,00i to $20.000,000 per annum. An intelligent person can easily divine, with the aid of a few days' observation, the moving cause of all these troubles. Misunderstanding and misrepresentation have ruled the day, and are now consummating the folly of which we have been guilty. It would be difficult to say which excels in misunderstanding the true position of their opponents the South towards the North, or the North towards the South. I; is the universal belief here that the whole Northern country is arrayed in arms, and swarming with bavonets. which are to be dyed in blood, at the call of Abraham Lincoln. People look at me with astonishment when I tell them the note of preparation is yet to be sounded which is to call into the field the armed legions of the North to march southward and desolate their homes. They believe that the volunteer militia in our section is in active service that the roll of the drum and the shrill notes of the fife are familiar sounds, and that war is inevitable from the aggressiv e spirit of the Republican party. You will readily see how the fanatic sentiment of the dominant party may be mistaken for the pervading senti ment how the ravings of such men as Greeley, Garrison, (biddings, and others, who. like demons of discord, hover close to the scat of power, and promulgate their heresies unchecked, may be misconstrued into the voice of the people, and result in the wholesale condemnation of innocent and guilty. It is believed that the whole North is one vast sea of abolitionism, seeking no end but the downfall of slavery, desiring no happier boon than to wade in the blood of their Southern brethren in defence ot the dogma which has parted them forever. That a Northern man is enabled to go among them and boldly combat this idea, is an an imaly w hich grows out of kin dred misconception at the North, to which I shall allude presently. I have been so fortunate as to find a powerful ally in my Southern crusade in favor of North rn principles and opinions. This is nobody more nor less than the Commissary General of the Confederate States, Colonel Eckols.of Montgomery, who, unknown to any body, has been for three months at the North engaged in buying provisions for the Southern army. He spent weeks at St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit and Cincinnati, and has just returned with half a million dollars' worth of provisions, for which he paid our fans, ers and produce merchants in hard cash. He is a gentleman of shrewdness and intelligence, and has caught the spirit of our Northern sentiment to a nicety. You may believe that I was surprised at finding him, on the occasion of our first meet ing on an Alabama river steamer, the center of a listening circle, to whom he was declaiming in glowing terms of the warmth of sympathy which he had found among Northern men, and the ab sence of hostility, of military preparation, or of any coercionary measures whatever. Entirely unknown, except from his unmistakable bearing as a Southernor, he has been taken bv the hand. treated as a gentleman is always treated, and convinced beyond cavil that abolitionism and fanaticism have not yet swept away brotherly feeling, or deluged with their waves the good sense and judgment of an eminently sensible people. On this basis you may be sure that we established an excellent understanding. Northern men are as much in the dark on an equally important point, viz: the feeling of South-'-n men in regard to them and theirs. The opinion is very prevalent among you that a Northern man risks lite and limb by coming into this country and using Northern arguments, than which a greater mistake never was made. A man may talk what he chooses so long as he talks as a gentleman, w ith proper respect for himself and Iiis listeners. I have yet to encounter the first word of incivility or rudeness, or even of contradiction, although I have never made a secret of my Northern extraction, nor confined myself to the discussion of neutral subjects. They discuss the question with you coolly aud candidly, and almost invariably devote themi-elves to disproving in a pleasant way the misrepresentations which are made relative to their peculiar institution of African slavery. In regard to the latter, I shall not undertake a thankless championship, but will venture to assert, in unijuanfieil terms, that, if our legicn of hot philanthropists saw more with their own eyes and look less upon hearsay, there would be a revolutiou which would swamp popular opinions and inaugurate a new order of political theories a revolution which would produce an army of turn coats more powerful in numbers than the united force of the twin republics can call into the field for hostile purposes. There is but one feeling here in regard to existing difficulties, and that is resistance to the last. 1 have met with every sort of expression on the point. An educated man said to me, "th men of the nation will be cut to pieces inch by inch before they will submit."' A refined MM intelligent lady said, with a Hushed face, "when they talk of coercion I feel as though 1 could have the strength of ten thousand men in my own feeble arm;" and a young fellow who wore his pantaloons inside his boots vowed that he fe'.t like the man who lost the end board of his wagon and saw his apples all rolling down hill "wanted to hire somelKnly to swear for him " The will for resistance is therefore ample. The means consist of 21,1)00 troops who are now in the field ana ready tor active serv ce, and VM.ooo more who hav e just been called for making an army of -12.IKH) men, who arc of the flower of the country. To raise soldiers here is mere'. v to ay the Word, and thev rii-e iike magic Nothing can equal it, and few would believe it without c ng it. 1 think you will find this coinniuiiic.i tion sufficiently long without further enlargement. I he theme is a productive one, ami columns up on column.- mLht be written. 1. Tkk Dffence or W ashixotos The greifest activity prevails throughout the city, in armories, in -en il- and drill rooms, in i eeruiting und pre:, iring troops for Washington. The Seventh icl'iiuent left ye terd iv afiern on. The Sixth. Twelfth and Seventy first wiil go to morrow Outside of the regular military organizations ten thousand men ore enrolkld and being nightly drilled for service. Among these new OrfjMatzatioM is Colonel Ellsworth's regiment, rassposod of gallant firemen of the metro)lis. This rof iment w ill lie re uly to leave f r Washington at any moment alter twelv e o'clock to-night- All it wants are rilles. which the government is to furnish, and which should be sent on without dc lay. Our merchants will find the uniforms. The men of this regiment have seen service, and will be of great value to the government in this emer ger.cy. There will be ten tlmu-and troops in Washington to night. Twenty thousand additional men can be thrown into that city in another week Snr York HrraU, 20,.

STATE SENTINEL

INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA.

Correspondence llctwrrh TIr. Seward itnd tlie font cd ernte Commissioners Tttc age of War Thrown liovtn and Acrcpted. The following is the correspondence between the Secretary of State and the Comminsioners from the Conferate States: MKSSKS. KORSVm AND O. WVI liKDTO MR. SKW M, OPENING NEGOTIATION A NO MATING TOR CASK. Washinotu.nCitt, March 1. 1K61. Asa MMSSi SSSSSMSj ä&orrtttry of State olhe I'nittd AMssf Sin The un Icrsigned have been duly accredited by the Government of the Confederate States of America us Commissioners to the Government of the United States, and in pursuance of their instructions hav e now the honor to acquaint you with that fact, and to make known, through you, to the President of the United States, the objects of their presence in this Capital. Seven States of the late Federal Union having, in the exercise of the inherent right of ev ery free people to change or reform their political institu tion-. and through conventions of their people, withdrawn from the United Statesand re -assumed the attributes of sovereign power delegated to it, have formed a Government of their own. The Confederate States constitute an independent nation, de facto and dt jure, and possess a Govern ment perfect in all its parts and endowed with all the means of self-support. With a view to a speedy adjustment of all que tions growing out of this political separation, upon such terms of amity and good will as the respective interests, geographical contiguity and future welfare of the two nations may render necessary, the undersigned are instructed to make to the Goven.ii." : of the United States overtures for the opening of negotiations, assuring the Govern ment of the United States that the President, Congre-s, and the people of the Confederate States earnestly desire a jieaceful solution of these great I p Ot; that it is neither their interest nor their v :-h to make any demand w hich is not founded in strictest justice, nor do any act to in jure their late confederates. The undersigned have now the honor, in obe dieuce to the instructions ol their Government, to request you to appoint as early a day as possible in cler that they may present to the President of the United States the credentials which they l.c.ir anil the ohjects of the mission with which they are charged. We are, very respectfully, sir, Your obedient servants, John Fousttii, Martin J. Cbawfokd, TH- MM OF MR. SEWARD. MKMORAXDlW. DErAKTMEXT Of STATT, Washington, March 13, 1S61. Mr. John Forsvth, of the State of Alabama, and Mr. Martin J. Crawford, of the State of Georgia, on the 11th inst., through the kind Iii -ces of a distinguished Senator, submitted to the Se:retary of State their desire for an unofficial interview. This request was, on the 12th inst., upon exclusively public considerations, respectfully declined. On the 13th int while the Secretary was pre occupied, Mr. A. D. Hanks, of Virginia, called at this department and was received by the assistant Secretary, to whom he delivered .sealed communication, which he had been charged by Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford to present to the Secretary in person. In that communication, Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford iuform the Secretary of State that they have been duly accredited by the Government of the Confederate States ot America as Commissioners to the Government of the United Suites and they set forth the objects of their attendance at Washington. They observe that seven States of the American Union, in the exercise of a right inherent in every free eople, have withdrawn, through conventions of their people, from the United States, rc-assiuned the attributes of sovereign power, and formed a government of their own, and that those Confederate States now con stitute an independent nation de facto and de jure, and possess a government perfect in all its part-, and fully endowed with all the means of self support. Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford, in their aforesaid communication, thereuS)ii proceed to inform the Secretary that, with a view to a speedy nd justmciit of all quo-tions growing out of the po litical separation thus assumed, upon such terms of amity and goodwill as the respective interests, geographical contiguity, and the future welfare of the supposed two nations might lender necessary, they are instructed to mi'ke to the Government of the United Spates overtures for the opening of negotiations, assuring this Government that the President, Congress and people of the Confederate States earnestly desire a pe ice ful solution of these great questions, and that it is neither their iuterest nor their wish to make unv demand that is not founded in stricte-t jus tice, nor do any act to injure their late coiifeder- j ate-. After making these statements, Messrs Forsyth and Crawford close their communication, as they say, in obedience to the instructions of their government, by requesting the Secretary of State to appoint as early a day as possible, in order that they may present to the President of the United States the credentials w hich they bear and the ob jects of the mission with which thev are charged. The Secretary of State frankly confesses that he understands the events which have recently occurred, and the condition of political affairs which actually exists in the part of the Union to which his attention has thus b.en directed, very differently from the aspect in which they are pre seiited by Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford. He 'sees in them not a rightful and accomplished revolution and an independent nation, with an established government, but rather a perversion of a temporary and partisan excitement to the inconsiderate purposes of an unjustifiable and unconstitutional aggression upon the rights and the au thority vested in the federal government, and hitherto benignly exercised, as from their very nature they always must be so exercised, for the maintenance f the Union, the preservation of liberty, and the security, peace, welfare, happi nfcs and uggrandirement of the American people. The Secretary of State, there"re, avows to Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford that he looks pa tiently but confidently for the cure of ev ils which have resulted from proceedings so unnecessary, so unwise, so unusual and so unnatural, not to ir regular negotiations, having in view new and untried relations, with agencies unknown to and acting in derogation of the Constitution and laws but to regular and considerate action of the people of those States, in co operation with their brethren in the other States, through the Congress of the United States . and such extraordinary conventions, if there shall be need thereof, as the Federal Constitution contemplates and authorizes to be asseiu'ded. It is, however, the purpose of the Secretary of State on this occasion not to invite or engage in any discussion of these subjects, but simply to set forth his reasons for declining to comply with the request of Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford. On the -1th ot March inst., the then newly elected President of the United States, in view of all the facts bearing on the present question, as sumed the executive administration of the Government, first delivering, in accordance with an early and honored custom, an inaugural address to the ieople of the United States. The Secretary of State respectfully submits a copy of this address to Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford. A simple reference to it will be sufficient to satisfy those gentlemen that the Secretary of State, guided by the principles therein announced, is prevented altogether from admitting or assuming that the States referred to by them havo, in law or fact, w ithdrawn from the Federal Union, or that they could do so in the manner described liv Messrs. Forsyth and Crawford, or in any other in umer than with the consent and concert of the people of the United States, to be giv en through a national convention, to lie assembled in confor1 mity with the provisions of the Constitution of 'he i United States. 01 course the Secretary of S ate i can not act ujxn the as-uinptiou or in anv wav admit that the so called Confederate States con utitute a foreign power, with whom diplomatic re laiioM ought to be established. Under these circumstance-- the Secretary "f State, whose official duties art confined, subject to the direction of the President, to the conducting of the foreign rslstiotU of the c mntrv, and uo nut at an cmorace aomcatic questious, or qiic-iioiis arising between the several States and the Federal Government is unable to comply with the request of Messrs Forsvth k. Crawford, to appoint a day on which they may present the evidences of tiieir authority and the objects of their risst to the President of the Unite. I States. O.i the contrary, he is oblige I to -tato to Messrs. Forsyth and OratrJbfi that he has no authority nor is he at liberty to recognize them as diplomatic ageuts, or hold corre.qond ence or other communication with them. Finally, the Secrctarv of State would observe tin: . although he Ins supposed that he might safely and wiih propriety have adopted thtM conclusions without making any reference of the subject to the Kxecutiv e, yet so strong has been his desire to practice entire directness, and to ed in a spirit of perfect rqeet anil csndor towards M -s;-s. Forsvth and Crawford, and that portion of the people of the Union in whose name thev present thein-eives before him, that he has cheerfully submitted this paper to the President, who t jincides generally in the views it expresses, and sanctions the Secretary's decision declining ofli

WHDNKSDAV. .MAY

fetal intercouie with ford. Messrs Forsvth and Craw THE COMMiSSiOXERS I.N KKrLY TO MR. SLWWRn, ACH SING THE GOVKUNMt.NT OK OECEFTION, AND ACCLPTINO A KOLl TION BY TUE 8WORI). WA&niSüTux, April 9, ls61. Secretary of State of the Hon. Wm. II. Sewaui.. Secretary of State of the i United States, Washington: ' e j rbe "memorandum dated Department of BUt, W inwton, Mare 15, 1S61. with post- j snpt unoer date or etn instant, has been rei miu n me nanus 01 m I . ü . I. riCKCU, Secretary to this commission, w ho, by the instructions of tlie undersigned, called for it on yesterday at the department. In that memorandum you correctly state the purport of the official note addressed" to you bv the undersigned on the 12th ultimo. Without repeating the contents of that note infull.it is enough to say here that its object was to invite the government of the United States to a friend b consideration of the relations between the United State a id the seven States lately f the Federal Union, but now separated from it by the sovereign will of their people, growing out of the pregnant and uudeninble fact that those people have rejected the authority of the United States and established a government of their own. Those relati m had tobe friendly or hostile. The people of the old and new governments, occupy ing contiguous territories, had to stand to each other in the relation of good neighbors, each seeking their happiness and pursuing their national destinies in their ow n wav, without interference with the other, or they had to be rival and hostile nations. The governmeet of the Confederate States had no hesitation in electing its choice in this alternative. Frankly and unreservedly, seeking the good of the people w ho had entrusieJ them with power, in the spirit of humanity, of the Christian civilization of the age, and of that Americanism which legards the true welfare and happiness of the people, the government of the Confederate States, among its first acts, commissioned the undersigned to approach the govern ment of the Unite"! State with the olive branch of peace, and to offer to adjust the great questions pending between them in the only way to be jus tified by the consciences and common sense of good men who had nothing but the welfare of the people of the two confederacies at heart. our government has not chosen to meet the undersigned in the conciliatory and peaceful spirit in which they are commissioned. Per.-ist-entlv weilded to those fatal theories of construction of the federal Constitution always rejected by tlie statesmen of the South, and "adhered to by those of tlie ailministration school, until they have produced their natural and often predicted result of the destruction of the Union, under which we might have continued to live happily and gloriously together had the spirit of the anCCStry who framed the common Constitution animated the hearts of all their pons, you now, with a persistence untaught and uncured by the ruin which has been wrought, refu.-e to recognize the great fact presented to you of a completed and successful revolution; you close your eyes to the existence of the government founded uoii it. and ignore the high duties of moderation and hu manity which attach to you in dealing with this great fact. Had you met these issues wiih the frankness and manlii ess w ith viieh the undersigned were instructed to present them to you and treat them, the undersigned had not now the melancholy duty to return home and tell their government and their countrymen that their earr.i.. and ceaseless efforts in behalf of peace had been futile, and that the government of the United States meant to subjugate them by force of arms. Whatever may be the result, impartial hi.-torv will record the innocence of the government of the Confederate States, and place the responsibility of the blood and mourning that may ensue upon those who have denied thcgre.it fundamental doctrine of American liberty, that "governments derive their just pewers from tlie consent of the governed," and who have set naval and land armaments in motion to subject the people of one portion of this land to the wiliof another . portion. That that can never be done while a freeman survives in the Confederate States to wield a weajion, the undersigned appeal to past history to prove. These military demonstrations against the people of the seceded States are certainly far from being in kepping and consist em y with the theory of the Secretary of State, maintained in his memorandum, that these States are still component iarts of the lato American Union, as the undersigned are not aware of any constitutional power in the President of the United States to lev y war, without the consent of Congress, uiin a fore gn ower, much less upon any portion of the people of the United States. The undersigueil, l;ke the Secretary of State, hue no purpose to "invite or engage in discussion'' of the subject on which their two governments are so irreconcilabl v at variance. It is this vcrinnce that ha broken up the old Union, the disintegration of which has only lieg in. It is proper, however, to advise you that it were well to dismiss the hopes you seem to entertain that, bv any of the mixles indicated, the people of the Confederate States will ever be bro ught to gubm: to the authority of the government of the United States. You are dealing with delusions, too, w hen you seek to separate our people from our government and to characterize the deliberate, sov ereig n act of that pe ple as a "jierv ersion of a temporary and partisan excitement." If you cherish these dreams you will be awakened from them and find them unreil and unsubstantial as others in which you have recently indulged. The undersigned would omit the performance of of an obvious duty were they to fail to make known to the government of the United States that the people of the Confederate States have declared their independence with a full knowledge of all the resniisibilities of that act, and w ith as firm a determination to maintain it by all the means with which nature ha- endowe 1 them as that which sustained their fathers when they threw off the authority of the British crown. The undersigned clearly understand that you have declined to appoint a day to enable them to lay the objects of the mission with which they are charged before tlie President of the United States, because so to do would be to recognize the indeteudence and separate nationality of the Confederate States, This is the vein of thought th it pervades the memorandum before us. The truth of history requires that it should distinctly appear upon the record that the undersigned did not ask the Government of the United States to recognize the independence of the Confederate States. They only asked audience to adjust, in a spirit of amity and peace, the new relations springing from a manifest and accomplished revolution in the government of the late Federal Union. Your refusal to entertain these overtures for a peaceful solution, the active naval and mili tarv preparation of this Government, and a formal COnce to the commanding General of the Confederate forces in the harbor of Charleston that tlie President intends to provision Fort Sumter by forcible means, if nccessory, are viewed by the undersigned, and can only be received by the world, as a declaration of war against the Confederate States; for the President of the United States knows that Fort Sumter can not be prov i-ione 1 w ithout the effusion of blood. The undersigned, in behalf their Government and people, accept the gage of battle thus thrown down to them; and, apealing SO Gxf and the judgment of mankind for the righteousness of their cause, the people of the Coo federate States will defend their liberties to the last against this flagrant and open attempt at their subjugation to sectional pow er. This communication cannot be properly closet! w ithout adveit'ng to the date of vour memoran dum The official note of the undersigueil, of the f2th March, was delivered to the Assistant Secretary of State on the 13th ofthat month, the gentleman who delivered it informing him that the Sen etarv of this Commission would call at twelve o'clock noon, 00 the next day, for an an swer. At the np(iiiited hour Mr. Pickett did call, and was informed bv the A-sistaut Secret-irv of Stite that the engagements of the Se rotary of State Ii id prevented him from giving the note his attention. The Assistant Secretary of State ihen nkel for the address of Messrs. Crawford ok! r0CSj th, tlie members of the Commission then present in this city, took note of the address on a card, and engaged ka send whatever reply might be made to their lodgings. Why this was not done it is proper should be here explained. The memorandum is dated March IT, and was not deli vcred until April H. Why was it withheld dm. ing the intervening twenty three days? In the jHistscript to your memorandum you say it "was delayed, as was understood, with their (Me.-srs. Forsyth and Crawford's) consent." This is true; but it is also true that on the 15th of March. Me-srs. Forsyth and Crawford were assured by a person occupying a high oSeiel position in the government, and who. a- they believed, was ipoaking by authority, that Fort Sumter wou'd be evacuated within a very few days, and that no teweei'ti ( h inging the existing xlatu pseiodBehÜlf to the C onlederale Si ites, re-pc -ts ,rt ljccein, was then contemplated, and these assurance v.c:e subsequently repeated, with the addition th a iiiiy e-mteinpl ite- change as rcspee: s 1 Vkens would be notified tons. On the 1st of April we ... ... wore a" un mtornied that t oere mii-hi t.e -it tempt to supply Fort Sumter with provisions, but that Governor Picke, is should have previous There was no suggestion notice of this attempt, of anv reinforcement. The undersigueil did not hesitate to believ e that the-e assurances expressed the intentions of the administration at the time, or at all events of

1. 1881.

prominent members of that administration. This delay was assented to for the exoress purpose of alt liinng the greit end of the mission of the un dersigued, to wit: A pacific solution of existing c- uiplicatious. The inference deducible from the date of your memorandum, that the undersigned . " wwsaws - "T , Ü matus m me crave auues wun which thev were charged, is therefore not con sfatsat with a just exposition of the facts of the case. The intervening twentv-thrce days were employed in active unofficial efforts, the object of will cu was t j smooth the path to a nicinc solu tion, the di languished personage alluded to co operating with the undersigned, and every ttep of that effort is recorded in writing, and now in possession of the undersigned and of their goverumeut. It was only w hen all these anxious efforts for peace had been cxhaujtel, and it became clear that Mr. Lincoln had determined to appeal to the sw ord to reduce the people of the Confederate Suites to the wil of the section or party whoso President he is, that the undersigned re sumed the official negotiation temporarily suspended, and seut their Secretary for a reply to their official note of M uch 12. It is proper to add that, during these twentythree days, two gentlemen of official distinction as high as that of the personage hitherto alluded to aided the undersigned as intermediaries in thes unotlicial negotiations for pc.ee. The undersigned. Commissioners, of the Con fe lei ate Sratcs of America, having thus made answer to all they deem material in the memorandum tiled in the Department on the 15th of March last, have the honor to be, John Forsith, Martin J. Crawford. A. 13. Roman. MR. kfw Ann. in Rrrry to the commissi oxers, acKXOWLKDOES THE KECEIPT OV TU LIU t.ETTEK, BIT DECLINES TO ANSWER IT. DtPAimiEXT or Stats, Wakhikoto. April 10, 1S61A Messrs. Forsyth, Crawford and Kornau, having been apprised by a memorandum which has been delivered to them that the Secretary of State is not at liberty to hold official intercourse with them, will, it is presumed, expect no notice from him of the new communication which they have addressed to him under date of the 9th inst., be yond the simple acknowledgment of the receipt thereof, which he hereby very cheerfully gives. A true copy of the original received by the Commissioners of the Confederate States, thts 10th day of April, 161. Attest, J. T. Pickett, Secretary, &c, &c. I'nlon yicetlr. in I.otiisv ilte. The Louisville Banner at says one of the grandest and largest public meetings ever held in Louisv ille was convened on Thursday night to call for a sober expression as to the proper position for Kentucky to assume in the present crisis. Eloquent speeches were made by Hon. James Gitiirie, ex Senator Dixon, Hon. Jons Yoi no Brown and Judge Bclloch. The people of Indiana and the people of Kentucky are neighbors, and are closely identified by the double tie of consanguinity and common üitercsts. To show the spirit which animates the loyr.l citizens of Kentucky, we give in brief the speech of Hon. J ames Gitiirie to, and the resolutions adonted by the meeting: mr. ucthrie's SrtECH. Events press upon us with haste, and we scarcely know w hat is to come next. When Mr. Lincoln was elected President, we all felt that the remedy for a sectional President was in the Union and under the Constitution. We knew we had a Senate against him, aud hoped that we had the House against him; and there would have been if all men had stood at their posts as Kentucky has stood. But certain Suites chose to take the remedy into their own hands, and dissolve their connection with the Union; South Carolina first, and then seven other States followed. They have organized a separate government, and one exercising governmental authority. luisville spoke early, decidedly and firmly against a sectional party in the Union and under the Constitution. We had a Legislature called; we have had a Peace Conference at Washington, and bo'h failed; the result of the deliberations of both Houses of Congress failed to find a remedy for secession. The Peace Conference at Washington was equally unsuccessful in solving the daugcrous question. Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated. He gave us bis inaugural . It was construed a? an inaugural of peace and as an inaugural of war. His chosen friends did not know how to take it, and his opponents were divided as to its meaning. I suspected it, for, like the serpent, it spoke with a forked tougue. Cheers Then the troops were to be withdrawn from Fort Sumter, and then not, but were to be furnished with supplies only. Now in the action of the Southern Confeder acv, and that of Mr. Lincoln, the friends of both parties find excuses for them ; but when it was the peace of the couutry, and the saving it from war and bloodshed, then there should have been no interference of etiquette to prevent such a dreadful calamity. Kentucky spoke as her statesmen hav e always spoken .of conciliation .peace, harmony, and a final settlement. But war has been inaugurated ; Fort Sumter has fallen. The President has issued a proclamation calling for io.Uuo men ; but he has not told us what he was going to do w ith them ! Is he going to re take Fort Sumter ? Is he going to defend Fort Pickens ? If so, why does he congregate them at Washington ? 1 was at Washington when Lincoln cntne, and it was like a beleaguered city. We heard sounds of martial music, the tramp of armed men, and the rojl of artillery. And now Lincoln wants 75,001) men, where every other President has lived like an American citizen, as we have lived, and walked, in perfect security among his fellow citizens. We learn from the telegraph that State after State is tendering men and money. Is the party now in possession of the government going to conquer the seven seceding States, and hold them as subjugated provinces T If they are, Lincoln should, like an honest man, have told us in his inaugural, and some say he is an honest man. In all these free States sending men and money we hear no voice of peace, and after his legions have drowned the South in carnage is there to be no peace I What is the end of all wars peace! No free people were ever conquered until they were exterminated. Why shall not the people of America have peace before, rather than after war, when its desolating influence has blighted the land: I want Kentucky to take her stand tor peace, cheers. and appeal to that still, small voice in the North crying for peace. There are religious men from habit, education and from profession whose hearts, when Kentucky calls for peace, will be reached, and whose voice will reach the jiowers that be, and w e will have peace. What a spectacle we present! A people that have prospered beyond example in the records of time ; free and seli-governed, without oppression, without taxation to be felt, and now going to cut each others throats ; and why '! Because President's Liucoin and Davis couldn'l settle the etiquette upon which the troops were to be with drawn from Fort Sumter. Kentucky is u State in this matter, on the border of the Ohio, with six or seven hundred miles of coast bordering upon Ohio, Indiana and Illinois States with whom we have ever lived in peace and good fellowship. We have no ipiarrel : with them, and thev must have none with us. We have asked the South to stav their hands, I fr we i, i a ereat stake in this government, and they hav e not. W e plead with lancoln lor peace and" have not been hearkened to. Shall we be he irkened to in the din of arms I There will be a time when Kentucky's voice, if she stands firm j on her own soil, lighting with neither section ; ours will be heard by million. of people of the fret States, who will hearken to us and say : i "Win Bboeid there he strife between us and you : 1 have always counseled against inconsiderate measures. We are not situated to meet even our border friends in arm. How long would it take t make the northern bank of the Ohio bristle with men and bavonets and cannon hostile to us? bet us steed heMly nd (eorieady, as js ehorsc tcristic of the Kentuckians. and cry Peace! Hold fast to that we know to be good, and let those men who want to make the experiment of fecessioii go as individual atnati ,i and rind congenial spirits: fr their work. Cheers, j 1 will leave to other gentlemen to dilate upon all those subjects. We have men who want us at OOOOl Hoes not that inaugurate war? Does not that begin to create men o' the northern border into foe-:? Keep up your relations of trade and commerce and good fell 'owship; stand firm by the cause and heed the counsels of men who have eve.- counseled peace and hannoni and attendant prosncritr. Thi- tiling of breaking tue links oi a govern me it under which we have prospered is a hard i thing to do. It prostrates the lalmr of the hus ' bandman as it has prostrated the business of merchants. How much better will the business I... .. 9a i . ii .1.... . .... ' I . o u r is man 'nrateu: 1 it'll vou uini iuu war is need not believe the telegraphic reports. I know the hearts and sentiments and feeling; that will come forth and battle in the free States for us! If the North comes to ravage our land we will meet them as Kentuckians always meet their foes. We will meet them as Kentuckians should meet them, so long as there is a tree for a fortification,

WHOLE No. 169.

or a foot of land for a freeman to gUnd Applause. upon. I am for Kentucky holding fast to that she knows to he good, and for her standiiuz firm for right, and fur abiding events as heroes should do. Why should a man be scared by the first danger and By intc st:ll greater peril? You were startled at the reports from Cincinnati: last evening Louifrille was excited to-day yon are reconciled for there is nothing in the reports. You will hear of great baulos, but you w ill often hear of great battles that were nev er fought. Now, I don't believe thit the overruling Providence, that was with u.- through the Revolution in the councils of the framers of this government, and has lecn with us ever since, has deserted us, and I hope He has chosen Kentucky to be the great mediator for the restoration of peace and the preservation of our country. Hon. Nat. Wolfe, from the committee on resolutions, repvrted tlie following preamble and resolution, which were adopted with hardly a dissenting voice: Eveuts of commanding import.uice to tlie future safety and honor of Kentucky have occurred, which call for action on the part of her citizens ; nud every consideration of self-interest, and every dictate of wisdom and patriotism must prompt our State to maintain most resolutely her position of loyalty. Situated on the border of the slave States with seven hundred miles of territory exposed to the hostile attack, sh odd the Union be div ided into two separate sovereignties, and with but one million of population to omsse the four or five millions of the Stu..'- contiguous to her, which might become ui owes it to herself to exerci?e nendly, Kentucky i wise ure'-.tutiou before she precipitates any course of acti; a which may involve her in an internecine war. She has no reason to distrust the present kindly feelings of the eople who reside on the north bank of tlie Ohio river, long her friendly neighbors, and connected by a thousand to of beeiMM and con- iiiguinity , but she rnuit realize the fact that if Kentucky sejarntes from the Federal Union, ami assumes her sovereign powers as an independent State, that Ohio. Indiana and Illinois, re maining loyal to the Union, must become her political antagonists. If Kentucky deserts the stars and striie-, and those S- ,te. adhere to the flag of the Union, it seems impossible to imagine a continuance of our old friendly relations, when constantly recurring causes of irritation could not be avoided. It is from no fear that Kentuckv would not always prove herself equal to the exigencies of any new position she might see propor to assume, and from no distrust of the bravery of her sons, that these suggestions arc made, but as " w hen in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve tlie political bands which have connected them with another, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation," so an equal necessity exists that we should not dissolve those bauds with old friends and neighbors without calling to our aid every suggestion of prudence, and ex hausting every effort to reconcile difficulties, before taking steps which cannot be retra ced, and may lead to exasperation, collisions and eventual war ; therefore, be it Retained, 1. That as the Confederate States have, by overt acts, commenced war against the United States, without consultation with Kentucky and their sister Southern States, Kentucky reserves to herself the right to chooe her own position, and that, while her national sympathies are with those who have a common interest in the protection of slavery, she still acknowledges her loyalty and fealty to the government of the United States, which she will cheerfully render until that Government becomes aggressive, tvraunical and regardless of our rights in slave propert y 2. That the national Government should be tried by its acts, and that the several States, as its peers in their appropriate spheres, will hold it to a rigid accountability, and require that its acts should be fraternal in their efforts to bring back the seceding States, and not sanguinary or coercive. 3. That as we oppose the call of the President for volunteers for the purpose of coercing the se ceding Stales, so we oppose the raising of troops in this State to co operate with the Southern Confederacy, when the acknowledged intention of the latter is to march up.-u the City of Washington and capture the Capita,!, and when in its march thither, it must pass through States which have not yet renounced their allegiance to the Union. i. That secession is a pemedy for no evils, i-äiI or imaginary but an aggravation and com plication ot existing difficulties. 5. That the memories of the past, the interests of the present, ami the solemn convictions of fu ture duty, and usefulness in the hope of media tion, prevent Kentucky from taking part w ith the seceding States against the General Government G. That "the prcseTit duty of Kentucky is to maintain her present independent position, taking sidtrs not with the administration, nor with these ceding States, but with the Union against them both, declaring her soil to be sacred from the hostile tread of cither, and if necessary, to make the declaration good with her strong right arm." 7. That to the end Kentucky may be fully prepared for anv contingency, "we would have her arm herself thoroughly at the earliest practicable moment," by regular legal action. 8. That we look to the young men of the Kentucky State Guard, as the bulwarks of the safety of our Commonwealth, and that we conjure them to rememfier that they are pledged, equally to fidelity to the United States and Kentucky. 11. That the Union aud the Constitution, being mainly the work of Southern soldiers and statesmen, in our opinion, furnishes a surer guaranty for "Southern rights'' than can Ik found under any other system of government yet devised by man. From the Louisville Courier. The Speech of Hon. John O Hreckin ridge. The announcement that Ex-Yice President Breckinridge would sjeak, drew the greatest crowd to the Court-house that ever assembled in this city to hear a poütical address. Long before the hour arrived the City Hall, which it is said will accommodate four thousand persons. densely packed, and thousands could not find standiug room. That all might hear the gifted Kentuckian, it was determined that he would speak from the steps of the Court house, where, for nearly two hours, he held the v ast crowd en chained by his powerful argument. Mr. Breckinridge discussed the issues now before (he countiy as a patriot and a statesman. He did not seek to inflame the passions of men by that wonderful eloquence of which he is the complete master, but rather appealed to their reason and patriotism by argument. He declared his purjiose of following the fortunes :if his State, which had so often honored him with places of honor and trust. But aliove all he pointed out that Kentucky should be united whatev er position she might assume. Bo showed that if Kentucky remained in the Federal Union, although she might desire to be neutral, that she would have to furnish millions of iloüars vi year to aid Lincoln in subjugating the Southern people, to whom we are allied by interest and by blood. Certainly Kentucky bad done right in refusing to leid a soldier in response to Lincoln s call, and it was now necessary to de cide whether she would pay tribute to sustain Lincoln in a mad and unholy war. He favored arming the State in all events. He did not believe that a state of armed neutrality could long exist. Kentucky was already in a state of rebellion it Gov Magoffin' action in ro fusing to call out troops was indorsed by the people, and he believed it was universally appUaied by Kentuckians. The idea advanced in the late meeting here, that Kentucky was going to fight neither for Lincoln nor the South, hut for the i'nian. was ridiculous. Our proud old Commonwealth must play a manlv part, as she had ever done. In his judgment, ihe whole fifteen slave States ought to unite, and this might save us from the horrors of civ il war; indeed, matters had gone so far that it alone could avert war. Rut if nothing would restrain Mr Lincoln from Iiis re. kless purpose he had no fear of the result Thirteen millions of (icoplc could not be mbju gated. They might be exterminated but con quere 1 never. He begged that all partv differences and rancor be forgotten in the midst of these distraction Maledictions had been poured iqon his devoted head, and unjustly, but he had no further remrm branceof them. "Oursatetv and security require 1 one sentiment, one action ; let there le no divisions in our councils. He thought Kentucky ought to call a convention before the Fourth of July, at which time Mr. Lincoln would convene his Congress, that her eop!e may determine their future action. He deplored civil strife, but it was ne-essary t!i ,t we should tie prepared for any emergency, and there fore the St-vte ought t be armed . Intestine war was fearful ; but war does exist, and we had to look the dancers brav ely in the face. If we had to fight, we would fight for liberty and honor. Mr. Breckinridge was frequently interrupted w ith rounds of applause, and his speech create-! a decided sensation. J3f Lincoln orlered out seventy-five thousand men, and then Jeff. Davis, it is said, ordered out a hundred and fifty thousand. We suppose Lincoln will now order out half a million, and that Jeff, will then order out a million. Lou. Jour.

gas AiraSATts The illuminating powsr f gas is commonly expressed iu eaadiss' pow sr. rix. gas, burning at the rate of tire tost so htj 1 giving light equal in illuminating power to seventeen sperm. en candies, which burs one hundred and twenty grains of spermaceti aahour, each, is called seventeen caudle gas. The Hluifcinating power is determined by photo inetry; sjk; it i possible for gas to rarv in illuminating powe from one to sixty candles. The richer the gas, the lower the pressure an der which it ought to be burned. Preure con dense gas Into a smaller "Twee; therefore more gae goes through the meter under a high prs n than under a low pressure, though the ande. shows the same quantity, for it measures the vt '

time, not tue density. Gas regulators will . i rr wie aas untioem. alter passing through them, but compensate for elevation of burner, nor fox anr other disturbing causes, after the gas has left them. The more gas is drawn from the mains, for consumption, the less will be the nresu:. them. Meters are, or can bo. generally mads to give a sufficiently accurate measure of the gas passing through them. Burners effect, to a scri. u- degree, the quantllv of illumination obtainable from a given quantity of gas. Many of them are liable to burn sway s j as to give more gas the older they are, at:d thus waste, or cause expense. There are t principle kinds of burners first, the simple jet; second, the agrand ; third, the fish-tail; fourth, the bat-wing. Theas are nud of different sixes, and of varying powers of illuminations. Ma.NLKAITI Bt or A&I HITkXTVKAL OsNAMEKTS. The manufacture of architectural ornamsotr, both for interior and exterior abdication, is an interesting branch of industry, now extensively carried on in most of our principal cities. The materials chiefly used for interior ornament arcplaster of pit is, papier mache, carton pore, paste composition, artificial woods, and iron; end those for exterior ornaments are terra cota, Roma oe ment, different kinds of artificial stone and a on 1 he manufacture depends entirely upon the mal tiplii ation of copies by means of moulds or dieand. therefore, tlie production of th? mould t die is the first object to be attained. The mouldin which piaster ornaments are produced are nude of plaster, or of a mixture of one p-u beeswax to two parts rosin; tlie rosin gives bar., ness, the beeswax toughness, and these material are mixed in such proportions as will giro lit sired qualities in tlie mould. These are melu and blended together over a slow fire, until the;. are thoroughly mixed, when they are ft for use If the wax be poured on too hot, it will cracV. when cooling. The models from w hich such moulds aremaii must be formed by hand. They are usually o' potter's clay, moulded into shape by the aid small wooden and brass tools. The clay bpr pared by being made free from grit, then mois ened und beiten with a smallet until it ceaati -. stick to the fingers or tools; it is then taken in suitable lumps, and stuck with a little water to board, upon which the outline of the omann has been nketced, the rough outline and cootoi . being given by the fingers, which pi pesos is termed embousting. Next, the cleaning op i done with the modeling tools; this consists ii giving the true shape and contour to all the part-. and in giving a rough finish to the whole I Finally, the tcuching up or finishing of the mode, is completed, this consists in bringing out nil th. more delicate lines and curls of foliage, or ey prcssion of features, etc. The Sib-Marixe Kxi-lokir. An inventsaa termed the sub marine explorer has lately i un" into use. It is s sort of diving bell with u walls, the space between the inner and outer w a I being divided into an upper compart me;. t (ot compressed air, i.nd several lower ones for bailastiug water. It is made specifically a . ' lighter than the water it displaces at tbe MM tsei aud when the men wish to descend, they i"-" water into the lower or ballasting chamberwhen thev wish to ascend they turn a valve, ai i allow the compressed air of the opper ch uthe to enter the lower one. and expel the water. Tfie essential point, however, of the invenii- n is, that by washing the air which they have breathed, they remove all the carbonic acid, and replace it with oxygen obtained from the spray of water which they wash tbe air with, so that the wcrkmen can stay under water without any connection with the surface, for an indefinite engt!, of time. The reason of this is, that there is siheld in solution by the water, and this air is rich io oxygen gas than ordinary atmospheric air. tlie latter containing only twenty one per cent, of oxygen, while the formeri asserted to contim r much as forty four percent. Water will also Like up into solution wiüi carbonic acid iu preference to oxygen . t'ie: fore, when the workmen, by means of a pump with ;i rose head, throw s spray of water through the air in their chamber, the watt-, give- up i s oxygen and absorbs carbonic acid and other impu rities, leaving the air good, and fit to uppoit Ii -or combustion a principle easy to be und. Stood. Alcwixoi-s Sroxr The class of f-rerioi. stones comprised under tbe term sleashwas are of great beauty and of peculiar arthtic vaii Sapphires of all kinds, rubies, topasos, nhryssberv Is, turquises and tourmalins come under t! designation With the exception of tlieturquothese sre the hardest of all substances alter toe diamond. The sapphire is tbe hardest of the aluminous stones; it is pure alumina, as the diamond is pure carbon. W ben absolute! v pure,:' is of a beautiful blue color; when colored b minute quantities of other substances, it is called the oriental ruby, topaz, emerald, or ameihy ,t . according as its color is red, yellow, green or violet. When hair brown it is called adsmantim ppar. The term oriental ruby or topos are ap pmpriatc: the ordinary gern of these names bei.-, ; alumina in excess, instead of pure alumina. The terms oriental emerald and amethyst bei: g silh cioua. The sapphire of a fine deep blue color is valm nt alout fifteen dollars the carat. The value ot the oriental niby increases with its weight in more rapid ratio than the diamond; it and diamond of the first water are of equal v. .Io when both are of the weight of three and one ii carats. An oriental ruby of six carats is wm. five thousand dollars. Above the weight twenty carats the oriental ruby is called the cai buncle, and this is the most precious of all kt Fnbstances. Gems of this sixe are eitreoK rare. The oriental emerald, topaz, and amethi t are all more valuable than other stones of I same uame. An oriental emerald of first qual is extremely valusble, being worth thirty-h dollars a carat those of inferior quality rangii . from that to throe dollars and a half. The one, td topaz and amethyst are not so valuable a other varieties of the sapph;re. Thechrysaberyl, next to the different species sapphire, is the hardest of all known sulisumc' It is a yellowish green, and in the interior of t stone, viewed in certain directions, is an undui ting, bluish, opalescent play of light, which very beautiful, and forms one of its chief atM tions to the jeweler. Crystali fit for jewelry exceedingly rare and highly valued. Enuixe w'hki There is, perhap-. mi ment in the application of power, more can cioas than the adhesion of the wheels of an gine upon the rails. Cases are on record in wir the adhesion was kuuwn to have been two fifi' of the insistaiit weight an amount which enable an engine, with all its weight on the dring wheels, to ascend a gradient of over t thousand feet per mile. In other cases, engi wheels will slip, when tlie know n i-eawtai. -e the train is less than one twelfth of the w. upon them. Twelve tons upon a single pair of wheeTconsidered as the maximum limit for the n rr. guage; hut on adhesion of only one ton which in some cases is all tbat can bo ol tained would not permit the engine to draw ft half its full load. It is a question, also whr the permanent wav is not unduly strained bv tin instantaneous application atone pobV of a weigbt as great as six tons. If four coupled wheels, cam ing lour tons each, w ere employed, this ex cessive concentration of weight would be aroide-1 i.nd ' tie rhird more adhesion would hegelne! The only objection which can be urged agair coupling the wheels, is, of course, tbe difficult of preserving exactly equal (til Hm for all. without which more fir less additional trict would be incurred. Tbe Uw crank pins of ea i pair of wheels should I placed, at a matter course, at the same angle with each other say a right angle in both pair of wheels; from want care, however, in fitting, proper accurac) m respect is not obtained always, ami the copin rod are often strained, and conidrai!- pn. lost in consequence. The jiossibilhy of bad w. m uiship cannot I charged, howeter, a a tault upon the arrangement iuelf. Reasonsb.c canwill alwavs insure the correct working of coupling rods, whilst with wheels one equirel, it cannot be difficult to keep them so. In the United States, where engines with four coupled wheels sre chiefly employed, il was for nierlv customary, ou account of the curvature of tlie line, to apply flat tyres to the forward or principal pair of driving wheel- i i however, that greater steadiness is secured, and that the tyres preserve their equal it v of mt bet ter bv providing flanges for all. Coupled driving wheels run better together when the inner eri of the springs sre connected by coi levers, an arrangement which irniced is sjb.e uiK.ii verv rough lines There is an adv : tage also in providing w edges upon the inner faeces' the axle guards, so as to take up tbe wear of the boxes. Tuk Was Fti lio at Attica- There was an impromptu meeting of the citizens of Attica be'.d on yesterday, to greet the Warren Guards on the r wav through the town. Patriotic , e-' -were made by Major Mace and John 8. Witliatu.of this city, and Revs. Bacon and Taylor, of A ties. We are told that the speeches of the tw Revs, were truly eloquent and decidedly wwrlik 1 fay tie Coarvr.