Indiana State Sentinel, Volume 3, Number 64, Indianapolis, Marion County, 1 January 1848 — Page 3

Til i: l'St ESI D EXT'S JIE5SAGE. . but no commerce of any kind. By it, a bay or sdieet To V 11) of Representatives ' ,,oal water is called a harbor; and appropriations On tic h.t.hvof the la,t Mssion of Congr, a J nfrüI" ' " . .itl. a view bill, entitled "Aii act to provide for continuing ccr- faw commerce tu it, or to enable individuals to tain works in the Territory of Wisconsin, and for llld "P.1? r Cll-V on. lts mam' uP"n f0"1" .1 i i i r i u ,i i .woj . na lIori and tr tnejr own private; advantage. What is otlurr nurpuses," whic i had pushed both house:?, una , irtr. , , . . , .

I pntrrlained M- v-"w"'""4l'v " nvi, nunu uioy iiiijhuh.u, hi wie

presented to me for nv approval.

supcrable objections to its becoming a law; but the ihort period of the session which remained, afforded me no sufficient opportunity to prepare my objections, and communicate them, with the bill, to the House of representatives, in which it originated. For this reason, the bill was returned, and I deem it proper now to state my objections to it. Although, from the title of the bill, it would seem that its mam object was to make provision for continuing certain works already commenced in the Territory of Wisconsin, it appears, on examination of its provisions, that it contains only a single appropriation of six thousand dollars to be applied within that Territory, while it appropriates more than half a million

of dollars for the improvement of numerous harbors and rivers lying within the limits and jurisdiction of several of the States of the Union. At the preceding session of Congress, it became my duty to return, with my objections, to the house in which it originated, a bill making similar appropriations, and involving like principles; and the views then expressed remain unchanged. The circumstances under which this heavy expenditure of public money was proposed, were of imposing weight in determining upon its expediency. Congress had recognized the existence of war with 3Iexico, and to prosecute it to "a speedy and successful termination," had made appropriations exceeding our ordinary revenues. To meet the emergency, and pro

vide for the expenses of the government, a loan cf

twenty-three millions of dollars was authorized at the same session, which has since been negotiated. The practical effect of this bill, had it become a law, would hae been to add the whole amount appropria

ted by it tu the national debt. It would, in foct, have mule necessury an additional lusn to that amount, as effectually as if in terms it had required the Secreta

ry of the treasury to borrow the money therein appro

priaied. The main question in that aspect is, wheth

er it is wise, while all the means and credit of the

government are needed to bring the existing war to an honorable close, to impair the one and endanger the other by borrowing money to be expended in a system of internal improvements capable of an expansion sufficient to swallow up the revenues no; only of our own country, but of the civilized world 1 It is to be apprehended that, by entering upon such a career at this moment, confidence at home and abroad, in the wisdom and prudence of the government, would

be so far impaired as to make it difficult, without an j

system, is equally undefined in its meaning. It may

be the .Mississippi, it it may be the smallest and most obscure and unimportant stream bearing the name of river which is to be found in any State in the Lnion. Such a system is subject, moreover, to be perverted to the accomplishment of the worst of political pur

poses. During the lew years it was in lull operation, and which immediately preceded the veto of President Jackson of the 3Iaysville road bill, instances were numerous of public men seeking to gain popular favor, by holding out to the people interested in particular localities, the promise of large disbursements of public money. Numerous rcconnoissances and surveys were made during that period for roads and ca

nals through many parts ot the Lnion; and the people in the vicinity of each were led to believe that their property would be enhanced in value, and they themselves bo eiriched, by the large expenditures which, they were promised by the advocates of tin; system, should be made from the federal treasury in their neighborhood. Whole sections of the conntry were thus sought to be influenced, and the system was fast becoming one not only of profuse and wasteful expenditure, but a potent political engine. If the power to improve a harbor be admitted, it is not easy to perceive how the power to deepen every inlet on the oceans or lakes, and make harbors where there are none, can be denied. If the power to clear out or deepen the channel of rivers near their mouths be admitted, it is not easy to perceive how the power to improve them to their fountain head, and make them navigable to their sources can be denied. Where shall the exercise of power, if it be assumed, stop I Has Congress the power, w hen an inlet is deep enough to admit a schooner, to deepen it still more, so that it

'. ! will admit ships of heavy burthen ! atid has it not the

M)wer, when an inlet will nilmit a bont, to make it deep enough to admit a schooner ! May it improve rivers deep enough already to float ships and steamboats, and has it no power to improve those which are navigable only for flat-boats and barges.1 May the general government exercise power and jurisdiction over the soil of a State, consisting of rocks and sandbars in the beds oi" its rivers, and may it not excavate a canal around its waterfall or across its lands for precisely the same object 1 Giving the subject the most serious and candid consideration of which my mind is capable, I cannot perceive any intermediate grounds. The power to im-

prove harbors and rivers for purposes of navigation,

trade, which might enter into the Kennebunk river for the improvement of the same, by 'Tendering the passage in and out of said river less difficult and dangerous." On the 1st of April, 1S05, the State of Pennsylvania passed a law levying a tonnage duly on vessels, "to remove the obstructions to the navigation of the river Delaware, below the city of Philadelphia." On the J3 of January, 1601, the State of Virginia passed a law It vying a tonnage duty on vessels, "for improving the navigation of James river."

On the td of February, the State of Virgin-. ia passed a law levying a tonnage duty on vessels, 'for improving the navigation of James river, from Warwick to Kockett's landing."

On the Sth of December, 14, the State of irgin

pose. It has no incidental power, nor does it draw after it any consequences ofthat kind. All that Congress could do under it, in the caso of internal improvements, would be to appropriate the money necessary to make them. For any act requiring legislative sanction or support, the State authority must be relied on. The condemnation of the land if the pro

prietors should refuse to sell it, the establishment of

magazines, dockyards, and other needful buildings." That the United States should be prohibited from purchasing lands within the States, without their consent, even for the most essential purjmses ot national defence, while left at liberty to purchase or seize them for roads, canals, and other improvements of immeasurably less importance, it is not to be conceived.

A proposition was made m the convention to pro-

turnpikes nnd tolls, and the protection of the work j vide for the appointment of a "Secretary of Domestic when finished, must be done by the Slate. To these . A flairs," and make it Iiis duty, among other things,

purposes the powers of the general government are

believed to be utterly incompetent. Put it is impossible to conceive on what principle

tho iwivvnr nf n tinrm iri.-i t i rnr nnhlii- innnnv when m the i

treasury can bo construed to extend to objects for which the constitution does not authorize Congress to

ia passed a law levying a tonnage duty on vessels, levy taxes or imports to raise money. I he power ot 'for improving the navigation of Appomatox river, ; appropriation is but the consequence of the power to from Pocahontas bridge to Broadway." ; raise money ; and the true inquiry is whether ConIn November, the State of North Carolina press has the right to levy taxes lor the object over

naseu a law levvnur a tonnage uuiv on ves-is, i. , - -

j - . -. i ...... i

111 i I l i i .

immediate resort to heavy taxation, to maintain the i W cepen:ng or ciearmg out oy a- na, uic, y nrit t, nrr,P the honor of the ,ialion ! locking or canahng, must be admitted without any

J tb u,,' V ; tl. ovlcti.-r ! Other limitation than the discretion of Congress, or it

unu nit; vji Ulli ui uu, m j;iu.' vuuu0 in'- v.n.

war to a successful conclusion. Had this bill become

a law, it is easy to foresee that largely increased demands upon the treasury would have been made at each succeeding session of Congress, for the improvement of numerous other harbors, bays, inlets, and rivers, of equal importance with those embraced by its provisions. Many millions would probably have been added to the necessary amount of the war debt, the annual interest on which mustalso have been borrowed, and finally a permanent national debt been fastened on the country and entailed on posterity. The policy of embarking the federal government in a general system of internal improvements had its crigin but little more than twenty years ago. In a very few years the applications to Congress for appropriations in furtherance of such objects, exceeded two hundred millions of dollars. In this alarming crisis. President Jackson refused to approve and sign the Maysville road bill, the Wabash river bill, and other bills of similar character. His interposition put a

check upon the new policy of throwing the cost of lo-

must be denied altogether. If it be admitted, how broad and how susceptible of enormous abuses is the power thus vested in the general government? There is not an inlet in the ocean or the lakes not a river, creek, or streamlet within the States which is not brought for this purpose within the power and jurisdiction of the general government. Seculation, disguised under the cloak of pub'ic good, will call on Congress to deepen shallow inlets, that it may build up new cities on their shores, or to make streams navigable which nature has closed by bars and rapids, that it may sell at a profit its lands upon their banks. To enrich a neighborhood by spending within it the moneys of the nation, will be the aim and boast of those who prize their local interests above the good of the nation; and millions upon millions will be abstracted by ta rill's and taxes from the earnings of the whole people, to foster speculation and subserve the objects of private ambition. Such a system could not be administered with any

approach to equality among the several States and

cal improvements upon the national treasury, preserv- ; sections of the Union. There is no equality among ed the revenues of the nation for their legitimate ob- I them in the objects of expenditure, and, if the funds

jeets by which he was enabled to extinguish the then j were distributed according to the merits of those obexisting public debt, and to present to an admiring 1 jects, some would be enriched at the expense of their world the unprecedented fpectacle in modern times, ; neighbors. Put a greater practical evil would be

of a nation free from debt and advancing to greatness i iounu in me art ana industry dv wnicn apppropriawith unequalled strides, under a government which tious would be sought and obtained. Themost artful was content to act within its appropriate sphere, in i and industrious would bo the most successful; the protecting the States and individuals in their own j true interests of the country would be lost sight of in chosen career of improvement and of enterprise. Al-! an annual scramble for the contents of the treasury; though the bill under consideration proposes no appro- 1 and the member of Congress who could procure the priation for a road or canal, it is not easy to perceive : largest appropriations to be expended in his disthe difference in princi pie or mischievous tendency ; trict, would claim the rewards of victory from his between appropriations for makirg roads and digging ' enriched constituents. The necessary consequence canals, and appropriations to deepen rivers and im-1 would be, sectional discontents and. heartburnings, inprove harbors. All are alike within the limits and j creased taxation, and a national debt, never to be exjurisdiction of the States; and rivers and harbors j tinguished. alone open an abyss of expenditure sufficient toswal- j In view of these portentous consequences, I cannot low up the wealth of the nation, and load it with a ; but think that tiiis course of legislation should be nrdebt which may fetter its energies and tax ita indus-! rested, even were there nothing to forbid it in the trv for acs to come. ! fundamental laws of our Union. This conclusion is "The experience of several of the States, as well as : fortified by the fact that the constitution itself indithat of the United States, during the period that ! cates a process by which harbors nnd rivers within Congress exercised the power of appropriating the the States may be improved a process not susceptible public money for internal improvements, is full of el- i of the abuses necessary to flow from the assumption oquent warnings. It seems impossible, in the nature j of the puwer to improve them by the general governof the subject, as connected with local representations, J ment; just in its operation, and actually practiced that the several objects presented for improvement j upon, without complaint or interruption, during more ehall be weighed according to their respective merits, than thirty years from the organization of the present and appropriations confined to those whose importance 1 government. would justify a tax on the whole community to effect j The constitution provides that "no State shall, their accomplishment. 1 without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonIn some of the States, systems of internal improve- j nage." With the "consent" of Congress, such duments have been projected, consisting of roads and ca- ties may be levied, collected and expended by the nals, many of which, taken separately, were not of States. We are not left in the dark as to the objects sufficient public importance to justify a tax on the en-; of this reservation of power to the States. The subtire population of the State to effect their construe- cct was fully considered by the convention that framed tion ; and yet, by a combination of local interests, ope-. the constitution. It appears, in .Mr. .Madison's rerating on a majority of the Legislature, the whole ' port of the proceedings of that body, that one object havebeen authorized, and the States plunged into of the reservation was, that the States should not be heavy debts. To an extent so ruinous lias this sys-' restrained from laying duties of tonnage for the purtern ot legislation been carried in some portions of' pose of clearing harbors. Other objects were named the Union, that the people have found it necessary to ; in the debates; and among them, the support of seatheir own safety and prosperity, to forbid their Legis- ; men. Mr. Madison, treating on this subject in the latures, by constitutional restrictions, to contract pub- Federalist, declares that lie debts for such purposes without their immediate J "The restraint on the power of the States over imconsent. j ports and exports, is enforced by all the arguments If the abuse of power has been so fital in the States, ; which prove the necessity of submitting the regulawhere the systems of taxation are direct, and the re- tion o'" trade to the federal councils. It is needless, presentatives responsible at short periods to small therefore, to remark further on this head, than that masses of constituents, how much greater danger of the manner in which the restraint is qualified, seems abu-e is to be apprehended in the general govern- well calculated at once to secure the States a reasona-

merit, whoe revenves are raised by indirect taxation, and whoe functionaries are responsible to the people in larger masses and for longer terms! Regarding only objects of improvement, of the nature of those embraced in this hill, how inexhaustible we shall fmd them. Let the imagination run along our coast, from the river St. Croix to the UioOrande, and trace every river emptying into the Atlantic and (Julf of Mexico to its source; let it coast along our likes, and ascend all their tributaries; let it pass to Oregon and explore all its bays, inlets, and streams; amftben let it raio the curtain of the future, and contemplate the extent of this republic, and the objects of improvement it will embrace, as it advances to its high destiny, and the mind will be startled at the immensity and danger of the power which the principle of this bill involves. Already Mir confederacy consists of twenty-nine

the purpose of opening an inlet at the lower end of Albemarle Sound, near a place called Nag's Head, and improving the navigation of said sound, with its branches:" and in November, lS'JS, an amendatory law was passed. On the JLt of December, ISO I, the State of South Carolina passed a law levying a tonnage duty, for the purpose of "building a marine hospital in the vicinity of Charleston ;" and on the 17th of December, 1310, another law was passed by the Legislature of that State, for the maintenance of a marine hospital." On the 10th of February, 17S7, the State of Georgia passed a law levying a tonnage duty on all vessels entering into thr nort of Savannah, for the pur

pose cf "clearing" the Savannah river of "wrecksand other obstructions" to the navigation. On the Vih of December, 15Ü1, the State of Georgia passed a law levying a tonnage duty on vessels, "to be applied to the payment of the fees of the har

bor-master and health oflicer ot the ports ot fsavunnah and St. .Mary's. In April, 17b the State of Maryland passed a law laying a tonnage duty on vessels, for the improvement!' the "basin" and ,4harbor" of Paltimore and the "river Patapsco." On the 2Gth of December, 1791, the State of Maryland passed a law levying a tonnage duty on vessels, for the improvement of the "harbor and port of Baltimore." On the 2th of December, 1703, the State of Maryland passed a law authorizing the appointment of a health oflicer for the port of Paltimore, and laying a tonnage duty on vessels to defray the expenses. Congress have passed many acts giving its "consent" to these and other State" laws, the first of which is dated in 1700. and the last in IS PI. Py the latter

act, the "consent" of Congress was given to the law of the legislature of the State of .Maryland, laying a

tonnage duty on vessels for the improvement of the harbor of Baltimore, and continuing it in force until

the 1st day of June. lsf0. I transmit herewith co

pics of such of the acts of the legislatures of the States on the subject, and also the acts of Congress trivinir its "consent" thereto, as have been collated.

That the power was constitutionally and rightful

ly exercised in these cases does not aumit of a doubt.

. . . . i i

lhc injustice and inequality resulting irom conceuin? the power to both governments is illustrated by

several of the acts enumerated. Take that for the

improvement of the iiarbor of Baltimore. That im

provement is paid for exclusively by a tax on the

commerce ofthat citv ; but if an appropriation be

made from the national treasury for the improvement ... . . . . f

ot the harbor ot Uoston. it must De patü in part out o

the taxes levied on the commerce of Paltimore. The

result is, that the commerce of Baltimore pays the ful

cost of the harbor improvement designed for its own

beneht, and, in addition, contributes to tiie cost ot al

other harbor and river improvements in the Union

The facts need but be stated to prove the inequality

and injustice which cannot but flow from the practice embodied in this bill. Kithcr the subject should be left as it was during the first third of a century, or the practice of levying tonnage duties by the States should be abandoned altogether, and all harbor and river improvements made under the authority of the United States, and by means of direct appropriate s. In view not only of the constituüoiM difficulty, bA as a question of policy, I am clearly qf opinion that the whole subject should be lef1 to tie State, aided hsuch tonnage duties on vessel navigating 'heir ..'li

ters as their respective legislatures may think proper to promise and Congress see lit to sanction. This "consent" of Congress would never be refused in any

case where the duty proposed to be levied by the State was reasonable, and where the object of improvement was one of importance. The funds required for the improvement of harbors and rivers may be raised in this mode, as was done in the earlier periods of the government, and thus avoid a resort to astraine-I construction of the constitution, not warranted by its letter. If direct appropriations be made of the money in the federal treasury for such purposes, the expen-

j ditures will be unequal and unjust. The money m

the federal treasury is paid by a tax on the whole people of the United States; and if applied to the purposes of improving harbors and rivers, it will be partially distributed, and be expended for the advantage of particular States, sections, localities, at the expense of others. By returning to the early and approved construction

of the constitution, and to the practice under it, this i inequality and injustice will be avoided, and at the same time, all the really important improvements be j made; and, as our experience has proved, be better j made, and at less cost than they would be by the J agency of officers of the United States. The interests j benefitted by these imDrovcments. too, would bear the ;

During the four succeeding years embraced by the

administration of President Adims, the power not only to appropriate money but to apply it, under the direction and authority of the general government, as well to the construction of roads ns to the improvement of harbors and rivers, was fully asserted and exercised. Among other acts assuming the power, was one passed on the 'JOth of May, 19'JO, entitled "An Act for improving certain harbors and the navigation of certain rivers and creeks, and for authorizing survcys to be made on certain bays, sounds and rivers therein mentioned." By that act, large appropria

tions were made, which were to he "applied, under

he direction of the President of the United States,

to numerous improvements in ten of the States. This

act passed thirty-seven years after th organization of the present government, contained the first appro-

mation ever made for the improvement of a naviga

ble river, unless it be small appropriations for exami

nations and surveys in 1'JO. During the residue of

that administration, many other appropriations of a similar character were made, embracing road, rivers,

harbors and canals, and objects claiming the aid ol Congress multiplied without number.

This was the first breach e fleeted in the barrier

which the universal opinion of the f ramers of the

constitution had for more than thirty vcars thrown in

the way of the assumption of this power by Congress.

Ihe general mind ot Congress and the country did

not appreciate the distinction taken by President .Monroe between the right to appropriate money for an object, and the right to apply and expend it with

out the embarrassment and delay of applications to

the State governments. Probably no instance occurred in which sch an application waB made ; and the flood-gates being thus hoisted, the principle laid down by him was disregarded, and applications for aid from the treasury virtually to make harbors as well as to improve them, clear out rivers, cut canals and construct roads, poured into Congress in torrents, until arrested bv the veto of President Jackson. His veto of the Maysville road bill was followed up by his refusal to sign the "act making appropriations for building light-houses, light-boats, beacons and monuments, placing buoys, improving harbors, and directing surveys;" "an act authorizing subscription for stock in the Louisville and Portland Canal Company ;" "an act for the improvement of certain harbors and the navigation of certain rivers;" and, finally, "an act to improve the navigation of the Wabash river." In his objections to the last named, he says : "The de.-rire to embark the federal government in

works of internal improvement prevailed, in the high

est degree, during the first session of the first Con

gress that I had the honor to meet in my present situ

ation. When the bill authorizing a subscription on

the part of the United States for stock in thtf Mays

ville and Lexington Turnpike Company passed the

two houses, there had been reported by the committee

on internal improvements, bills containing approp.ia-

lions for such objects, exclusive of those for the Cun

berland road, aid for harbors and light-houses, to tic amount of about one hundred aid six millions of dol-,

lars. In this amount was intruded authority tu the

"to attend to the opening of roads and navigation, and the facilitating communications through the U. States." It was referred to a committee, and that appears to have been the last -f it. On a subsequent occasion, a proposition was made to confer on Congress the power to "provide for the cutting of canals

when deemed necessary," which was rejected by the strong majority of eight States to three. Among the reasons given for the rejection of this proposition, it was urged that "the expense in such oases will fall on the United States, and the benefits accrue to the places where the canals may be cut " During the consideration of this proposition, a motion was made to enlarge the proposed power 'for cutting canals" into a power "to grant charters of incorporation, when the interest of the United States might require, and the legislative provisions of the individual States may be incompetent;" and the reason assigned by Mr. Madison for the proposed enlargement of the power was, that it would "secure an easy communication between the States, which the free intercourse now to be opened seemed to call for. The political obstacles being removed, a removal of the natural ones, as far as possible, ought to follow." The original proposition nnd all the amendments were rejected, after deliberate discussion, not on the ground (as so much of that discussion as has been preserved indicates) that no direct grant was necessary, but because it was deemed inexpedient to grant it ut all. When it is considered that some of the members of the convention, who afterwards participated in the organization and administration of the government, advocated and practised upon a very liberal construction of the constitution, grasping at many high powers as implied in its various provisions, not one of them, it is believed, at that day, claimed the power to make roads and canals, or improve rivers and harbors, or appropriate money for that purpose. Among our early statesmen of the strict construction class, the opinion was universal, when the subject was first broached, that congress did not possess the power, although some of them thought is desirable. President Jeflerson, in his message to Congress in

lMKj, recommended an amendment to the constitution, with a view to apply an anticipated surplus in the treasury, "to the great purposes of the public education, roads, rivers, canals, and such other objects of public improvements, as it may be thought proper to add to the constitutional enumeration of the federal

lata. xii iiiir uiiivum i.-F -.. - - - - -j - Secretary of the Treasury to siyiscribe for the stock ct diflerent companies to tt great extent, and the residue was principally for the direct construction of roads by the government. In addition to these projects, which have been presented to the two hou-es under the sanction and recommendation of their respective committees on internal improvements, there were then still pending before the committees, and in memorials to Congress, presented, but not referred, different projects for works of a similar character, the expense of which cannot be estimated with certainty, but must have exceeded one hundred millions of dollars." Thus, within the brief pri d of less than ten years after the commencement of internal improvements by the general government, the sum asked for from the treasury lor various projects amounted to more than two hundred millions of dollars. President Jackson's

powerful and disinterested appeals to his country ap-j

pear to have put down forever the assumption ci power to make roads and rut canals, and to have checked the prevalent disposition to bring all rivers in any degree navigable within the control of the general government. But an immense field for expending the public money and increasing the power and patronage of this government was left open in the concesI sion of even a limited power of Congress to improve I harbors and rivers a field which millions will not ! fertilize to the satisfaction of those local and specuI lating interests by which these projects are in general

gotten up. There cannot be a just and equal distribution of public burdens and benefits under such a system ; nor can the States be relieved from the danger of fatal encroachment, nor the United States from

cost of making them, upon th same principle- that j equal danger of consolidation, otherwise than by

ble discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion." The State may lay tonnage duties for clearing harbors, improving rivers and other purposes; but are restrained from abusing the power, because, before such duties can take efl'ect, the "consent" of Congress must be obtained. Here is a safe provision for the improvement of harbors and rivers in the reserved powers of the States, and in the aid they may derive from duties of tonnage levied with the consent of Congress. Its safeguards are, that both the State legislatures and congress h ive to concur in the act of raising the funds; that they are in every instance to be levied upon the commerce of thoe ports which are to profit by the proposed improvement; that no question

ol' conflicting power or jurisdiction is involved ; that

. ... . I! . 1 l. ' I . . . . . .. .. .

States. Other Mates may ui no iiiiam pmou ue cx-jine expenditure being m the iniinls ol those who are

peeled to he formed on the west of our pre-ent Kettle-1 to pay the money nnd be immediately benefitted, will

ne more carciuiiy managed ami more productive oi

. . ...... m . . tk f

Incuts. W e OWll ail rxinmve rouiory in on ni, ftretchiug many hundred of mile from rat to west, and eve7i degree of latitude from ninth to north. Py Ihe diiiiMioii f Texan into our Union, we have recently added many hundreds of imb to our ea coift. In oll Ihm vast country, hoidering on th Athntie and Pacific, tin -ro are many lhouamU of buyn, inlet-, and river-, equally entitled to appropriation for the. r improvei.H ot with the object tmbran d in this ImII. . , , We have rem in "ur Stale. tint the interest nl individual or neighboihood, combining against lhc general interest, h ive involved their govemm nta in lebt no. I huiikruptey ; am) when tho ytem prevail d in the i'-iH-rul government, und wu checl d by Purulent JiieUoii, it hid lfguu to he coiMiih red the highest iiu-nt in a in inher of Congre to bo able to prucuie appropriation of public money to he expand id within his district or Stute, whatever might be tho object. Wo houhl be blind to tint expend), re of the put if we did not neu abundant evidences that, if thi yteni nf expendiliirn I to bo indulged in, I'omhiu itiou id' individual nnd local interest will l found strong enough to control legislation, absorb ihe revenue of tho coiiniry, und pbwgu tltu country into hopeh'Mri indebti dnem. What it deiiomiiutid u harbor by tli it ytrmf dow Hot necessarily mean it hay, inlet, or arm of tho neu on ihn net an or on our l ike chores; on tin' margin id which luiy exiüt a commercial city or town engaged lit lurrigii or domestic trude, but in made In embnice water where there not only no hucIi city or town,

good than if the fund were drawn from the national treasury, and disbursed by the officer of the general government; that such a system will carry with it n m nlargeineiit of federal power ami patronage, nnd leave the State In he Ihe side judge of thur own want and nitcret, with only a ronervnlive negative in CotigreM upon any u1mio of Ihe power which Ihe State liny attempt. Under tin wine ylem, Ihe improvement of har

bor nn I nv'r wu commenced, or lather continued, fi oin the orgnniatioii of lb" government im l r tho

present constitution. Mnuv art weie passed by tho

several Shite levying dutie of tonnage, nnd many

were panned by ongrem giving their eouent to thoe ni l. S'H'h Iii Im have been planed by ,Munn,irhlle II, llhodo Island, IVniiny Ivauin, .Maryhnd, Virginia, North Carolina, South ('uroliin, and (ieorgiu, nnd have been nanetioiied by ihe consent of Congress. Without enumerating tln in all, it may ho instructive to reer to them, nn ilhmtrativenf the mode of nnpmv. ing hurhoirt nnd rivM in the early periods of our government, n to tho constitutionality of which there can ho no doiihr. In Januar, I7IHI, tho Statu of IIb"! Inland paused a law levying u tonuago duly on vesneU arriving in iho port of Providence, "for tho purpose of Hearing and deepening the channel of Providencu river, und unking Ihe same more navigable." Dil the y.l of February, 171H, the State of .MasnachiiM'tlH pasHed a luv levying a tonnage duty on all Vilbels, whether employed in the foreign ur cuatting

tue expenses of the postofF.ce .ablishment have al

ways been defrayed by those who derive benefits from it. The power of appropriating money from the treasury for such improvements was not claimed or exercised for more than thirty years after the organization of the government in 178!), w hi n a more latitudnious construction was indicated, though it was not

broadly asserted and exercised until lJo. Small ap- 1

propriations were first made in and lS"-'l fr surveys. An act w as made on the 3d of March, 1S'23, authorizing the President to cause an "examination and survey to be made of the obstruction between the harbor of Gloucester and the harbor of Squam, in the State of .Massachusetts," and of 'thc entrance of the harbor of the port of Presqu'isle in Pennsylvania," with a view to their removal, and a small appropriation was made to pay the necessary expenses. This appears to have been the commencement of harbor improvements by Congress, thirty-four years after the government went into operation under the present

constitution. Dn the 'MHU April, 1"?"1, the act was

passed making an appropriation of thirty thousand dollars, and directing "surveys and estimates to be made of the routes of tmch roads and canals" as the President "may deem of national importance in a commercial or military point of view, or necessary for the transportation of the mails." This act evidently looked to the adoption of a general system of internal improvements, to embrace roads and canals ns well as harbors and river.". Du the 'JtJth of May, I, an net w a passed making appropriation for "deepening the channel leading into ihe harbor of PiesquVle, in the Slate of Pennsylvania," and to "repair Plymouth beach, in the State of Maachu--etts, nnd iherihy prevent the haibor nt that place from being destroyed." President Monroe yielded hi npproval to tlie-e menMin n, though he entertained, and had, in n menage to tin. House id llepie-entattve on the Ith of May,

H"'J, expremed II pinion that tho constitution had ;

not roufer red upon ( ongies the power to "adopt nnd eerule a nystem of internal iiiipiovrmenls." lie pi ie d hi approval upon the ground, led that Conglen pomi oxi'il the p-iwer to "iidopl ii ltd execute" Mich a system by virtue of any or all of the cnumcntfed grant of power in tie' constitution, hut upon Ihe tiMMiimplion that Iho power to mahn iip,.oprialion of

the public money wn limited and remained only iiy tho dieretioit of Cong rent, In coining to Ihi conrluHion, ho avowed that "in the inoir early ntngo of the government" ho hud entertained ft dllleient opinion. He avowed that hi tirl opinion hud Ihiii, I lint "in the national government i ft yoveinment of limit

ed power, it ha no right to expend money except in

an arrest of the system, and a return to the doctrines

and practices which prevailed during tue first thirty !

years of the government. How forcrbly does the history of this subject illustrate the tendency of power to concentration in the hands of the general government. The power to improve their own harbors and rivers was clearly reserved to the States, w ho were to be aided by tonnage duties levied and collected by themselves, with the consent of Congress. For thirty-four years improvements were carried on under that system ; and so careful was Congress not to interfere, under any implied power, with the soil or jurisdiction of theStates, that they did not even assume the power to erect

light-houses or build piers without first purchasing the ground, with the consent of the States, ai d obtaining jurisdiction over it. At length, after the lapse of thirty-seven years, an act is passed providing for the examination of certain obstructions at the mouth of one or two harbors nlmost unknown. It is followed by acts making small appropriations for the removal of those obstructions. The obstacles interposed by President Monroe, after conceding the power to appropriate, were soon swept away. Congress virtually nsMimnl jurisdiction of the soil nnd waters of theStates, without their consent, for the purposes of internal improvement, nnd tho ees of the eager

million were turned from the Stale governments in Congress as the fountain whose golden Htreams were to deepen their Imrbor nnd river, level their moun- . . i i e. . .. i

tains, and fill their valley with cnnais. m mini consequence tin nnumptioii of power wn rapidly lending, M shown by the veto message of Pte.-ident Jackson; nnd to what end it i ngain lending, i witnessed by the provision of this bill und bill ofnimil,i r elm meter. In tho proceeding nnd debate of the geii'Mnl convention which forned th constitution, nnd of the Slate convention which mlopird it, nothing i found to rounlenaiice the idea that the one intended to prolione. or th' otheM to concede, -u- li a grant of power I . . I . III... I

lo the general government n ui" nuiiuie;; op "on iniliitaimng d n nynteui of internal iinpiovemenl within the Shite ni cesnu ily implie. Whatever the gemml government mnv cnimtitutioually ciente, it may liwhilly piotecl. If it may inning u rond upon the od ol'lho Stale, it may protect il from destrue. lion or injury by penal law. So of canal, river, und h ii hoi', If it may put a dam in a river, it may proieit that dam from removal or injury, in direct opposition lo the law, nuthorilie, and j phi of the St no in which it " Hituatc.l. If it limy hepep a

harbor, it may by it own law protect it ngenu and contractor from being driven from their work, even

powers;" and he adds: "1 suppose an amendment to the constitution, by consent of the States, necessary, because the objects now recommended are not among those enumerated in the constitution, and to which it permits the public moneys to be applied." In fie repeated, in his published letters, the opinion that no such power lias been conferred upon Congress. President Madison, in a message to the House of Representatives of the 31 March, 117, assigning hi9 objections to a bill entitled "An act to set apart onl pledge certain funds for internal improvements," declares that "the power to regulate commerce among the several States cannot include a power to construct roads and canals, and to improve the navigalimi of water -courses , in order to facilitate, promote, and secure such commerce, without a latitude of construction departing from the ordinary import of the

terms, strengthened by the known inconveniences which doubtless led to the grant of this remedial power to Congress." President Monro, in a mesage to the House of Representatives of the -Ith of May, lS'i, containing his objections to a bill entitled "An act for t'-e reservation a id repair of the Cumberland lloac." declares: "Commerce jetwi. n independent powers o. communities is univers.il'' regulated by duties uy imposts. It was sarog.iated by the States before the adoption of tins con titulion, equally in respect to each other and to f -reign powers. The goods and vessels employed in tiie trade arc the only subjects o! regulation. It can act on none other. A power, then, to impose such duties and imports in regard to

foreign nations, and to prevent any on the trade between the States, was the only power granted. "If we recur to the cause? which produced the adoption of the constitution, we shall find that injuries resulting from the regulation of trade by the States, respectively, and the advantages anticipated from the transfer of the power to Congress, were among those which had the most weight. Instead of ucting as a nation in regard to foreign powers, the States, individually, had commenced a system of reMraint on each other, whereby the interests of foreign powers were promoted at their expense. If one State imposed high duties on tfie goods and vessels of a foreign power, to countervail the regulations of such power, the next adjoining States imposed lighter duties, to invite those articles into their port, that they might be transferred thence into the other States, securing the duties to themselves. This contracted policy in some of the States was soon counteracted by others, llestriints were immediately laid on such commerce by the suffering Slates; and thus had grow n up a state of atTairs disorderly and unnatural, tho tendency of which was to destroy the Cni n itself, and with it all hope of realizing those blessings which we had anticipated from the glorious revolution which had been so recently achieved. From this deplorable dilemma, or rather certain ruin, we were happily rescued by the adoption of the constitution.

"Anioii" the first and most important effects of this

and other bills of like character, he reversed the precedents which existed prior to that time on the subject of internal improvements. When our experience, observation, and reflection have convinced us that a legislative precedent is either unwise or unconstitutional, it should not be followed.. Xo express grant id this p,i;ver is f und in the e nstitution. Its advocates have dilFered among themselves as to the source from which it is ! rie-l ,-.s r.;t incident. In the progress of the di-cuio:is upon this subject, the power to regulate commerce seems n-iv to be chiefly rele d upon, especially in reference to the

, improvement of harbors and rivers, i In relation to the regulation of commerce, the h:i- ' ginge of the grant in the constitution is, "Congress ; shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign

nations and among the several States, and with the Ind. an tribes." That "to regulate commerce" does not mean to make a road, or dig a canal, or clear out a river, or deepen a harbor, would snvin to be obvious to the common understanding, To "regulate" ad

mits or atlirms the prc-existencc of the thing to be

regulated. In this case, it pre-suppocs the existence

of commerce, and of course, the means by w hich, and

the channels through which, commerce is carried on.

It confers no creative power; it only ass .mes control

over that which may have been brought into existence through oilier agencies such as State leg.s'.a-

lion,aud the industry nnd enterprise of indiviuuals. If the definition of the word "regulate" is to include the provision of means to carry on commerce, then have Congress not only the power to deepen harbors, clear out rivers, dig canals, and make roads, but also to build ships, railroad cars, and other vehicles, all nf which are necessary to commerce. There, is no middle ground. If the power to regulate can he legitimately construed into a power to create or facilitate, then not only the bays and barb rs, but the roads and canals, and all tt.e means of transporting merchandize among the several States, are put at the disposition of Congress. This power to regulate com

merce was construed and exercised immediately' alter the adoption of the constitution, and has been exercised to the present day, by prescribing general rules by which commerce should he conducted. With foreign nations it has been regulated by treaties, defining the rights of citizens and subjects, as well as by acts of Congress imposing duties and restrictions, embracing vessels, seamen, cargoes, and passengers. It has been regulated among the States by acts of Congres relating to the coasting trade and the vessel a employed therein, and for the better security of passengers in vessels propelled by steam, and by the removal cf all restrictions upon the internal trade. It has been regulated with the Indian tribes by our intercourse laws, prescribing the manner in which it shall be carried on. Thus each branch of this grant of power was exercised so:i after the adoption of the constitution and has continued to be exercised to the present day. If a

more extended construction be adopted, it is impossible for the human mind to fix on a limit to the exercise of the power, other than the will and discretion of Congrees. It sw eeps into the vor'ex of national power and jurisdiction not only harbors and inlets, rivers and little streams, but canals, turnpikes, and railroids every species of improvement which can facilitate or create trade and intercourse with foreign nations, among the several Slates, and with the Indi

an tribes. Should any grent object of improvement exist in our widely-extended country which cannot b? effected by means of tonnage duties, levied by the States, with the concurrence of Congress, it is afer and wiser to apply to the States, in the mode prescribed

by the Constitution, for an amendment of that instrument, whereby the po wers of the general government miy be enlarged, with such limitations and restrictions as experience has shown to be proper, than to assume and exercise a p wer which has not been granted, or which may be regarded as doubtful in the opinion of a large portion of our constituents. Tois course i.av been recommended successively by Presidents JelVrson, Mudis.'ti, Monroe, nr:d .'arksuu; nnd I fully c i :ur with them ;n opinion. If an "nlargv.-if-ot

of power s Ii u'.i U ' de ui"(! proj i r. it will uri'j lest.onabiv b' granted by the ate-; if otherwise, a will 1;; withheld: and, hi either case, ti; ir d'- js.n should I" final. In the meantime, 1 cv n it proper to ;idd ti.at the investigation i f this sU!,j,, t jr,s impres-d me more strongly than ever, With the solemn conviction that the usefulness and permanency of this government, and the happiness of the millions over whom it spreads its protection, will be best promoted by carefully abstaining from the exercise of all powers not clearly granted by the constitution. JAMES K.POLK. Washington, December 10, 1 17.

intva;s imia. qrcL. vi;ciirrAThe Ureal Popular Medicine Of fliik d;i -Vast amoiuit nsitl per month 'I'll' iitiiiit't-mis ami Woiulnlul Cures it cUVrr -lis .llairal Cflcct upon ISilious lYvt'i. and BVvcr ant! Atftic -reat Uxcilciiieut among tlit Doctors! 'HMIK I rns Uiken Vki.ktahle Sigab Coatkd Pu.t. are -- now a linitt':.l, on all h uis, lo e tbt: moxt e.v'raonlinai ) and valuaMe medicine ia gt n-ral use. It not only acts a. a peotic uKa ililioiis anl Tj hu Fevers, Chili and Fevp r, an I Fevtrand Auir ol tUe west and bouth, lint in all dwase of d. tulity, weak stomach, indigestion, lussol jidj-tiU, imjHiiity of the blood, and all disease prevalent in a western an 1 -out hern climtte. Their great power tonits in iheir peculiar eliect upon all the or-an ol tli s stem, and the raj'.'l formntion of new and rich blood, w hich ti ey pio lui e. In this Ii s the great secret of their success. They are mild and pleasant in tl eir action, hut fe.irchmg and permanent in their cited; penetrating the remotest reCeses ot ti e sysirrn by their re ly absorption into the blood, therety infusH g a new sup. ply of vitality and nervous power into pH the machinery of hie. The extensiv e popularity they have acquired all ov er the wr,t and south, ensures -dles of at ieast 50,000 ISoxi per ?Ioutli, And we find it dillicult, with our lare force of h:mas, and the late

improvements in machinery which we hav: adopted, to manufac-

frreot revolution, Was the complete abolition of this ! ture them la-t enou-h U nupply the demand in thirtien western " i- Ti C.. ....., k-.,,,.t tnoil.nr nni southern Mates ! One large manuiactory is constantly enpernicious policy. The Nates were brought together g-g0(1 in ,,rt.Iiari ,he various concentrated eitraris of which

the iierformnuMinf ncl unthoned by the other peci. ,V, J,iWn nnd iiiithuritu n id' tho killte. Tho power

lie uriuit, acroriliiitf to u mnt t codsirucwoit 01 nn-ir u uuwu h loud or ninui, or 10 ni up inn nouum u power and that Ilm power to inuku appropriations ir)(,r ,,r river, Implies a rijht in tho Miil of the Slate,

ijuve to Coii-jres no disrrt lionnry iiuthrity to npply llie public money to any other purpoHrH or object ex. n pl to rnrry into ell'ect the power contained in the other jrrunK" These Hound view, which Mr. Monrue rntertiiined Mj the early sttf of tho govern iuint.M ho iruvu IM in ln'J'J, ami di rhin d that

The riht if appropriation is nothing more than nullit bo pun hnM-d with tho consent of the State- in a right to apply the public money to this or that pur- which tho utnu fhali be, lor the euctien ol lort,

...

nod it jurisdifti'Mi ovt it, hr which it would uu nnpontile to find any wurraut. Tho Stute were particularly jealous of conceding to the general government tiny riht of jurisdiction over their noil; and in tho comititulion restricted the

exclusive legislation ot l.'ongn'Hs to nuch places nn

by the constitution, as to commerce, into one commu

nity, equally in regard to foreign mtions and earn other. The regulations that were adopted regarded us in both respects as one people. The duties and imports that were laid on the vessels and merchandize of foreign nations, were all uniform throughout the United States; and in the intercourse between the States themselves, no duties of any kind were imposed other than between different ports and counties within the same State. "This view is supported by a series of measures, nil of a marked character, preceding the adoption of the constitution. As early as tho year 171, Congress recommended it to the States lo vcftiu the United States a power to levy a duty of live per cent, on all goods imported from foreign countries into tho United States for the term of fifteen years. In 17bo this recommendation, with alterations o to the kind of duties, nnd an ;xten?ion of Ibis term to twenty-live years, was repeated, and more earnestly urged. In 171 it was recommended to Iho States to nuthorizc Congress to prohibit, under certain modifications, the

importation of goods from foreign powers into Ihe United States for fifteen ycate. In 17S" the consideration of the subject was resumed, and a proposition presented inn new form, with nn address to the Stuten explaining fully Ihe principles on which a grant of the power t f regulate trnde wns deemed indispi'tible. In 1?H n meeting tool; place nt .nmpoli, of delegates from several of ihe States on this subject, nnd on their report the convention uns formed at I'lnlnth Iphia the enuitig year from nil the Stute, to whose deliberations we ate indebted for the present constitution. "In none of these measures was Ihe suhprt cf internal improvement inentpuird, or even glanced nt. Those of 11, Vi 'Onml 7, leading trp by Hep to the adoption of the constitution, had in view only the obtaining ol it power to euihle Congle to regulate trade with foreign powers. Il manifest ihtt the regulation of t ratio with the sevetal Stales was altogether a secondary objivl, suggested ,y nnd adopt, id in connexion with the other, If Ihe power lucesMil)' to tin system of impioveiilt'lit is included under eitle r branch of this grant, I should supposn (bat it was the (!-: rather tli'in the mmnd. Th" pretention lo it, however, liudef that brunch, ban in Ver been set up. Ill nupport of the rlaini under the hvoihI, no jvusoii has leii aligned which appear lo have tho least weight." Such Is a brief history of the origin, progress, nnd eonscipieiires of a system w hich lor nioro than thirty

yriirn alter the adoption ot the cutittltntiou wan unknown. Tin greatest einbarrnMiueul upon the nubject ronxiüts m tho departure which Iiiim taken plarn from the early construction, nnd the precedents which uro found in tho legislation of Congress Inter yenri. President Juckson, in h'u veto of the Wnbasli river bill, declares that Mio inherent ombarrnxrfinentH häv been ndded others from tho course of our legislation concerning it." In his veloes on tho Maynvillo road bill, the Kockvillu road bill, tho Wobaah river bill,

they are composed, from the iel information we can obtain Irom uur ,0on selling agents, and hots of attentite correspondent in all pai is of tne eouuti v, our medicine cures, per month, not less

j than lO.mrn i'.aseü ot Fever and .guc, one thousand ol which have

resisted all other treatment; 4..VHI cases ot Bilious lever; j.I'UO do ot weakness and general drtility ; . jili) do of various chronic diseases ; 'tHHj do of w eak stomach and loss of appetite ; r1!!) lo of Iiyspepoia ; 1,'JOO do ol Kheumati-m ; 1,(m 0 do ol Female complaints; 1,-joO do of Ague fake, or Knlarged Spleen; 1..VIÜ do of Liver Complaint ; .VIO .lo ol Seal let Fever j 4K) do of Typhu Fever ; 310 do of l'üt rid Sore Throat. This must appear almost incrediMe, but the numerous letters from i hy-iciaii. agents, and those who use tlic medicine, fiom all the western and southern Mute, satisly us that this is a nodtratt estimate, mid that our mediriue i rapidly taking the place ol the various runar-coatrd cvunttrjtttt w hi h are afloat, and the n unter ou tonic matures, male wholly of quinine, s hich are imtwsej upon tiie put'lic hy iii inuf ictiuers w ho toe, nnftiufy knvt irAer f Dr. Hiagg's (anions tigar I O.it d Inditi Qii.m ii 'e-tat.,. Vi9 nreot two sin Is the I'athaitic an. I Tonic. Ti e Touie pilUare peculiarly adapted to the juick aii'l permanent cure of Fever enl Ague, torpor ol the Liver, an, I geneml debility. It I in Ft ver snd Ague, ( hill Fever, fcr., that the) achieve their greatest triumphs, it r iri lv reijuiie over twelve hours; or more than half a m,i 0f tho tonic pil s. to break the chi lis u t eth ct a permanent cure

w Ii io ti i rarely the can- with the tome mixture ol umii,e, hnw a . ed uiNiut the eoiinti) I) ignorant pretendcis. 1 hose do take the tome pill will nevei loi s.ike them. Who can wonder, then, that a medicine of such extensive popuiai Ily, and ex'r.'onliimrv v iitueii thoold cnue firei rxritemrnt among the l)ctoit! Tho preju Ii' es of phvsiciarn figaint their tie are at lst giving way to Ihe pNy el tenu, nnl the conv ictioH id ever) -dty i vpeiiem e w hi' h they tli live fioui their patient and friend who ue tin m. Iiortor are now ntmot vrty dy siii.lmg order f torn every putt ol the count!) lor a snppl) h m pil'n to ue in their prc tire. line I one all the way fiom Ihe "Male of Miii I. Jul rrrelv e l. I. t do. tii and tli i k l"k to it, and dualen lo j km me. a mi I pi) ol this w on In I ui Tonic ; llii IJaiivr, TirrM Co., Mi,, t Jul) r,Mh, 14T. j 7l If. ll'Hjg, St. .KM it, .Vul.'lltif ii I li'iv e to Mil. 1 in ) .hi t b nt I have 1ird nil onf Tonic I'llie. Uli -I lieu -f.il ' pla) )oi to ein! Me nnutliit u ! y Imeo'il utrlv , u tlo'te I' lii'i. Ii I. vi r und mn will. 11 tl.e I onudc el mv

pi .11 tl. e, mid I llM il I) a ti'MV In .it.llj nnd Ciile Iny pn t, w 1 hoiit them. I b'lVe Iholiioghl) titid )oilf Ti'iilr I'lllslU lo) pf 4. tl.e t ti 1 p I I ln .muH v. , 110t im I) .i 1 lul mi I lev it, In' In nil ', i4o , Mild luve tuet WHU a.i ' Ii n.'i'i Im.iii O.ill !., H1.1l , l I ut il iM'rut !- IO f'. I Ion,-. 0 III I I i.liM.I. 1 l, U I' 1 1 ' I I Mii to Ho. p. o pie nl I l.e w et und ..Hl Ii , uu I , ,,, , , '-I Iii nl lln'V e I hi pol I I'll II 1 1 e i 'lie u luo 1 .titi ut. t ,M j Ult I 11 nllliliiMld t lo m I"! , lloil'l I ill l.l (ol W ul .1 llnl U U'I) b) in nl nul- 1. 1) u .ta lie, diluted ii nl'OV e, Vrl) 1 pi t 1 1 u 1 1 ) , ) (Mil t, I VMI.'s !Mii;r.. . Ji. ','f l'of nie, w hoti de mil ii'in. t.v s, J . M 1 1. HMI IIIIMriir.lt. In I. niapoli. II F.. Uli Kl N ( ll.m,,,, dm; II MIN W. VM'lilHV liMiio.h ; t y. j t su II il. J tiiuii it w 11 ; II v t S. It. nil. in, hWlli Woo Ii

rOltli. I lioini.Kv 11 ; .r. . "i".v, n- i lllFH k WM. II. r 'le Villip", üUU IO Jllll,sil, lii..i,o.: MNWAI(INI AHAM", rianklni; V I. HOIi Sh. F Im. I.ui j i F.I'WAim r. OW. hi -ll yv1'"; I I'IU.OW k K FN), UV, M olo.i; I IC ItAiI FV. rii ot; II. I IMHO.N, n,,.,.,, Ii. hl ; WM. HI.VF.H. leiiil.loiu UII.I.IH 44. VUlFltlON. Au.l r town; i. llorkIM'. I'lali.h.ll; J. W. WALTO. llrllgepoil; V. J. r.NÜLL. Iblee. May ll.ih.lHl7. ri.WlWIl J?.a MuH I Imliuiiw Jliirioii roiiniy, ' 'J" Um li'-eembiT term nf the Mm Ion circuit court, A. I). H7, aaid couii declared tltu estate of Ohuliuh Cemptou, il! cciwed, lo be probably Insolvent. Credltois are thnclor rcijiilrrd lo file t heir cliims gainst lite est ate lor allow 11. e in th 1 j1t) bate 10 u it w It Is 11 ft 11 moulds from tho dütc hereof, or they will not bu riddle J to pa) ment. Y. K. H. WlLLhON, U.atutcr. llocl?tlt, 117. 01-3wUlT