Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 5 December 1947 — Page 1

rough the and that om Block's here you'll or him’. 4 «

- proudiyd

ie Indianapolis Times | ome

FORECAST: Cloudy and colder tohight with lowest temperature about 28; continued cloudy tamorrow with maximum temperature about 42.

i . er Cp pe gs ie ae, PRICE FIVE CENTS 58th YEAR—NUMBER 231 5 FRIDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1047 U0 A Acute Na Tego ag eee

Back of the Iron Curtain wv Pro Tem Iu doe

How Soviets Tuned ¢n'ies COmMMIUNIst - Led Strikers

wo o Ghost Tow: Um ESejze 2 French Citie

Step Follows Leniency What Happens When Reds Take Over Shown Ex-Convict |

By OLAND D. RUSSELL, Scripps-Howard Staff Writer | By NOBLE REED | WASHINGTON, Dec. 5—Dairen, once a principal sea-' The judge pro tem system 0 en evo { port of the Far East, today is a stark ghost city withering i? Marion County's two Crim-| away under iron-clad Soviet dominance. | inal Courts, a century-old|

. Its future is clouded by the uncertainty of its position Practice of using random- . Breaks Out in under the Chinese-Russian treaty of 1945, nominally making Picked lawyers as substitute a it a free port open to the shipping of the world. judges, has been abolished

Nowhere has the iron CL A : lexcept in emergencies. | : NR. Shue ; : Southern Part tain been rung down more » nninghofl, a veteran con-| This was discldsed today by 3

3 x jsular officer with extensive Far Judges Saul I. Rabb of Criminal S 3 . forcibly and effectively Whan{Bastern | exjerionce, is i home Court 2°'and W. D. Bain of Criminal A £ St. Etienne, Arles on this city, the main seaport of leave with neither expectation nor Court 1. i ; § ; 3 a Manchirs, i desire of returning to Dairen. A four-day calendar. of 10 crim-| wa In Hands of Rioters No American visitors may go| About the city behind the iron ing) casey originally scheduled to ; BULLETINS there. No American firm conducts curtain, Mr. Benninghoff reports: pe tried by substitute judges this| 8 ; PARIS, Dec. § (UP)—Rioting business in Dairen where U. 8. Its population has dwindled from week has been cancelled by Judge \ and open revolt against the govholdings were once valued at $2 1.300,000 in 1945 to half that num- Raph as the first step in enforce-| v : ] ernment tonight swept southern million. ber, ment of the new policy. bi 3 | France, where Communist-led A graphic, first-hand picture of; Its railroads are cut. With the Cause of Cancellation | i ; Si RS & ¥ | strikers seized at least two maDairéen has been brought back, port closed there is no commerce. cancellation of the entire pend- ; 3% : X ! a Jor cities. however, by H. Merrell Benning-| Such shipping as exists, aside jng pro tem calendar followed dis- hh Pg a ge " Amid the nation’s gravest crisis, hoff. He was U. 8. consul general from Chinese junks and fishermen, closures earlier in the week that! oJ yr. d g the Commanist-dominated genthere for a year and a half. During are Soviet vessels plying between gn ex-convict was given a suspended MEO 8 SS . y Mn eral confederation of labor's exec that time he was virtually cut off Soviet ports hauling supplies to the sentence by a pro tem judge in N § ; utive committee demanded an aufrom the rest of the world. 'Red army. " Judge Rabb’s court. : iy, GN dience with Riesdent invent Yan “There will be no more pro tem| Jed ; n N Auriol. He announ Reds Control Everything Poverty Grows judges appointed in my court ex- A we : would receive its delegation this Unemployment . is widespread. lack of medicines. The water sup- cept in cases of emergency, if I be- LN ; oo ’ fon 3 evening. There is a growing poverty. ply ie Tadequele and senitalion come. ill or the congestion of cases oy ’ A We ti ance an sabotage mounted ./ poor. Cholera and dysentery duringiis too great,” Judge Rabb said. ® 3 ie : y urly ! City streets are practically desert his stay there reached epidemic B Hieka A $2 Rabh Rid, inal / cot on . J le Ug) The cities of St. Etienne and ed compared with former years oroportions. Also “prevalent were court also annqunced that he will] | : > “ ; Arles in South France were coms. when Dairen was a bustling, mod- typhus, typhoid, smallpox and en- trv all cases himself except in the 4 : y WP aA \ " ; pletely in the hands of strikers ern city. Today there is hire traf- cephalitis. | emergencies. § I a A ie. 3 ! until this evening. fic. Many shops and buildings| goyjet occupation currency is in Says Policy Unfair : " ¢ ’ i J a % . Sues along ‘the main streets are boarded | yge. But prices of food are pro-| “I don't feel it is fair to ask any CE ‘ 4 ROME, . Dec. § (UP)—Police up. hibitive. . lawyer to take the responsibility of ; The Red army controls every-| The few<Americans in Dairen, all these criminal cases, especially when thing within the city. It maintains but one attached to the consulate he is not familiar with them,” Judge 8 garrison of 30,000 to 50,000 troops general, relied on their large stocks Bain said. in adjacent areas. {of canned goods. “I have been elected judge of Travel for foreigners without 8 Status of American property hold- Criminal Court and I think it is permit, rarely obtainable, ‘is reé-/ings: in Dairen is uncertain. 1he my duty to assume all the restricted to within a radius of 10|Soviet authorities will permit no sponsibility for all the cases and miles of the center of Dairen. |U. 8S. nationals to visit former in thé future I will avoid the There is a lack of doctors and a|American-owned sites. | necessity of appointing any pro tem

There Is No Pleasure in His Memories judges.” OUR FAIR CITY Maybe John Gunther saw this trash pile on fhe triangle occupied by City Park Departa

Suspension of the ex-convict's : lis the dirtiest city in U. S. The triangle at Fall Creek Blvd. Mr. Benninghoff has no pleasure| The worst he had to put up with two-to-five-year sentence for ment Headquarters when he called Indianapolis the dirtiest city the 9 '

In looking back on his 18 months|in Dairen, Mr. Benninghoff said, burglary by Judge Pro Tem Milton| Talbot Ave. and 28th St., was formerly the Governor's mansion. Residents say the trash pile has been accumulating in Dairen—not even a requited was the frustration of trying to Siegal resulted in an investigation! for months. Vu ee a sell sense of adventure, | | . {Garry on normal, routine duties in [Of the procedure by Prosecutor JUd- | csmessse———————— ees ; He is 43 years old—young for &|a vaéuum. sor L. Stark and Police Chief How-, # : : < 3 consul general—of medium stature, Added to that was the almost|ard Sanders. Officer in P-Js 3 ; « | complete isolation’ from the rest of Sentence Suspended : § the world. "For four months at| Judge Siegal sald he suspended Beyry ys af Burglar one stretch there was no way ae|the sentence on the recommenda- aod ments—mostly in the Par East, could communicate with the out- | tion of Deputy Prosecutor Charles (Bly og Hot Chase As an embassy secretary in Tokyo side world, !M, Clark, who said he agreed to) ¥

i More Lives Marseille strikers tried to Storm the 8t. Chatles rail station in the

i i | | “ { A prowler apparent bent on bur- , he was the only American to ac-| “When I arrived: mt Dairen in leniency proposed by three police : company de Joseph OA 1946," said Mr. Benninghoft, officers in the case. glary tried the side door at 922 N. Battle GOP Control . to the foreign office in a futile ef- “I had a short-wave radio receiving Chief Sanders said his investiga. | GTaY ig 3 lm jaay. opus For $7500 Plum and aide-de-camp of various po- Taken in Traffic |so-called “Red capital” of Francs, ' fort to get President Roosevelt's set with me, but no transmitter. (tion disclosed that the three police e ) A four-way contest developed fa litical potentates in Marlon County, The Marion County traffic toll but were beaten back by combined

| THE NAME of Randall (Rags [Mitchell, East Side tavern owner

“ officers did not agree to any pre- jama-clad householder was hot on > security forces. Bou) apes) 10 he Smpere: JO an June We, State Department: a] leniency agreement. p his heels with a revolver. The day in Gov. Ralph Gates’ forthcom- Cane up in a police report today. reached 100 today with two deaths y Joroe

: ; William - McFarland, +38, of - 1310, last night. wy | The colonial’ forces took up.se- | _| After the sentence was suspend- prowler made a quick exit in a bail ing appointment of a Democratic ari . Chae Do a ake to. Japan| Ing sets. But the Russians wouldn't ¢d. Judge Siegel said he learned of bullets judge for Municipal Court 1, the E. 0th Sv. mentioned i when hel, The lett ae Se ie ot, Trafic’ wha. halted ‘by rosdblohs sp ya taken Span 8 ee 1 a on th d that he that the defendant had a long| The householder was Police Lt. second judgeship here to be filled WAS arres for being ua ah eiche v tala Ave and! save for tanks and military vehicles, 88 4 child. His missionary paren nl on Nesom 3 police record, including a 15-year Leolin Troutman. by the Governor hefore Jan. 1. drinking out of an open gin bottle He was struck at Virg " : now live in Pranklin, Ind. (had no passport. | senterice. for Ynurder in St. Louis Seeking reappointment in the face at the Traction Terminal yesterday McCarty St. at 6:30 p. m. yesterday | Pighting in Arles

. . . + . t ii J Vs American Officials Were Virtually Isloted “The past record of the defef-| Gl 3 Cold {of some Republican organization afternoon |by an automobile opera ed by Paul Heavy fighting broke out at Arles; oomy and Cold,

| , . ure is-Judge Louis A, Welland, . nN» Moore, 23, of 138 8. 8th St, Beech northwest of Marseille, where strike “In November of 1946 a second short-wave broadcasts and office 20% wae SO ach Se Sut Preadire 1s Jude has presided in Mu- EN Clarence J. Walker| Grove, sheriff's deputies said. ers seized the sailroad station and Chinese operator came to Dairen hours at the consulate gradually ’ lt ." woud not have been sus- nicipal Court 1 (civil cases) for two *"d Roger Z. Freeman said McPar-| Mr. Moore told deputies he was repair shops. “They tried to rush and tis timé was allowed to land |Y°TC arranged around these broad- Pen ded.” he said 0 terms land told them he was a friend of following a line of traffic when Mr. the sub-prefecture of police, but ' casting periods.” {P ’ En 3 Low Forecast Twe Démoeratic aw vers also reo “Rags” Mitchell and therefore im= geichelbech walked in front of him. were repulsed.

Then we were able to receive coded’ The American colony in Dairen RE m.: vt mune to the processes of law as they py, ; ' : : . ; . e victim, 8 carpenter, died before’ Police forces were shoved back to messages from America or Shanghal. consisted of Mr. Benninghoff and Meyer Paternity Trial ported seeing the appointment ar affect the ordinary citizen. an ambulance arrived. the edge of Arles, where they re-

: . ] Ys + » i ' But we were not permitted to use two vice consuls—A. Guy Hope of Nears Conclusion | LOCAL TEMPERATURES Joseph Markey. fomme O Prmer “He stated he will see ‘Rags’ struck Wednesday while crossing grouped. Troop reinforcements were the transmitter which had been left Norfalk, Va., and John Pershing) NEw YORK, Dec. 5 (UP)—Attor- ‘ ar 39 308m... 40 Dentccratio Be ny Ter Mitchell,” the police report said, sgen St. and College Ave. the Rev being moved in to restore order. Boe iE SpeTOT, abies 28 CO ales, Boij ol nem | neys were asked to complete their Mn » H no ‘ 9? ture, and Edward W. McElfresh, ‘8nd he will get our jobs for ‘Rags’|yenry H. Fout, bishop emeritus of, Flurries of disorder erupted = . arguments today in the paternity eves .

4 : Demociatic attorney. has much more power than the the Evangelical United Brethren throughout Southern France and in riving on Navy ships, the only way also was an American expatriate, ..ce prought by blond Patricia 39 1pm... J8 Job Pays $7500 courts.” {Church, died last night of his in- the coal fields of the north. In 1 could get messages out of Dairen married to a Japanese. He never- ne, 5 a former night club tig-| 1; will be gloomy all day ody Control-of this $7500.2 year Dems Patrolmen Walker and Freeman juries in General Hospital. Paris the paralyzing grip of strikes was through Soviet channels. theless had been interned at Muk- ,.o¢ cir) against Johnny Meyer, 41 h th t added that they placed the partly Driver Not Held land power failures stopped the sub“I was required to take my mes- den during the war, publicity man for Howard Hughes, i tomorrow, the “Weather "nan ocratic post rests entirely; in ie filled bottle of gin in the nolice| Bishop Fout was a minfster for way trains for a time. sages to the Soviet consulate. Then| Later Mrs. Bennfhghoff joined her ij, airplane magnate. I colder’ weather 18 expueted. 40: hands othe | Marion Sounly Repub: property room and then they placed go years. He died of a skull frac- Five-Day Strike they would be sent by the Soviet husband for the last six months ol) The public and press were barred night and tomorrow, With’ the er e it has Sr. Gov. Gates, McFarland if jail on & drunkityre brain concussion and fractured| Three groups of civil service

army to Vladivostok and thereitheir stay in Dairen, but she was ill. 00 the s | charge. ribs. Me was 86 and resided at 5850 | workers began five » pecial sessions courtroom |owest temperature tonight about 30. | rs 8 five-day strike turned ovet to a U. S. consul. Hemost of the time she was there. |ynie three justices heard Miss pe | This, of course, is presumed: to be m—— AON AYE: | protesting a government ree

) {the GO controlled by Joseph ; forwarded them over commercial] The two vice consuls left in 1946, yrirec seek to ic Sicl | the GOP faction control Clarence Marriott, 68, of 1634 fication raising their w: | » prove that Mr. Meyer ‘5 y | ' | n raising their wages; but not lines to America. {but a subsequent addition to the|;; tn, father of her 10-month-old upersonic ic id 7. Daniels, former. 1th diy Judge S S ata | Bellefontaine St, was

chairman, whose group won the re- injured meeting their demands. _f *T0 get a message to Shanghal, or stafl was lsaac Patch Jr, of Glou- |, Of Jet Pilots Studied |c.n. rari, fight in the election of critieally last night in Lawrence. Additional units of thelr federa20, a few hund il A : eo i hi Lk i id he rossing | Tsing. red miles away, cester, Mass, who came with his | CHICAGO. Dec. $5 (UP) = The James W. Ingles as county chairs State police sald he was cr g [tion were ordered out Monday, with

meant sending it halfway around wife and 2-year-old daughter. Mr. + PE - hire?) : : Ind. 67 at Denzell's Tavern after the prospect that the total memthe world. Patch remained in charge when President or Nothing, \Journal of the American Medical man with the aid of Gov. Gates. or 11} room

ey Th no. will “pres alighting from a bus when he was bership of 1,200,000 would be add“Our only news sources were Mr. Benninghoff left. Taft Says on Television Association reported today that dot pt i a at » al struck by a tractorstrailer driven by ed to the 2 million workers already

. . . — | inal urt. Judge Saul I. , 43, 17 E. Ohlo St. out | L Only 20 Persons in Foreign Colony of City | ASHI TON, De CS = some British Jet. plane Pilots. Have successor to Judge Emsiey W. John-|p Orne) SOL Godse. ny hart Smith OE emi power Seliimiat's dra. Besides the Russian, there were colonel general but it was'not until interested in the Republican nomi- complained of a mysterious iliness o,, jr who has resigned from the ay. [truck was the property of the Cen- tic anti-strike program went before

two other consulates in Dairen,' August, 1947, that I was allowed pation for Vice President. which might be “supersonic sick- Superior Court 3 bench to re-enter yo wants a new Gourtroom. The tral Transter & Storage Co. the Council of the Republic, the Danish and Swedish. Counting at-'to visit Port Arthur and call at his| Sen. Taft, who has announced his ness.” ‘ private law practice. lone he has now, Criminal Court 2,| Another pedestrian was injured upper legislative house, with final taches of these offices, the whole headquarters briefly. {candidacy for the GOP presidential] The Journal's London correspond- ‘Firsts’ in Long List is located in the basement of the in the downtown rush hour traffic| approval of the measures apparforeign colony’ totaled only 20. | “I drove there in the consular nomination, was asked on a televised ent reported that one man engaged| considered first in the long line- Court House and that, in the judge's yesterday. He was Charles Weber, ently assured. There were about 10,000 Russians sedan, but was accompanied by a&'program last night whether he was in testing jet engines complained of |, of candidates for the Superior opinion, is a distinctly “unsavory en- 45, of the Linden Hotel. Mr. Weber | Tension Increases in Dairen. Many of ‘them had Soviet escort. On the Way We running for “President or nothing.” ear trouble. The complaints have court 3 appointment are Leo T. vironment.” {was struck while crossing the in| Refecting the’ tension gripping brought their families and seem- passed a roadblock, but this ap-/ «1 fee] my present job in the Sen- led to the suspicion that vibrations grown former deputy prosecutor, Judge Rabb told Santa that the terséction of Capitol Ave. and W. all France, security forces in four ingly had settled down for a long parently was set up more for con- ,¢e‘ is more important and much at high speeds and sounds inaudible oq paul C. Wetter, present judge dignity which should attend the Washington St. by an automobile southern provinces—Ariege, Pyrestay. They had established schools, “— wrens more interesting than the vice to the human ear might be the operation of Criminal Court is diffi- operated by George Horner, 60, of ness Orientales, Aude and Tarn clubs and other organizations to (Continued on Page 8—Column 7) presidency,” he said. cause, the Journal said. (Continued on Page 11—Column 4) cuit to maintain in the presence R. R. 5, Box 126. {vere alerted when strikers were re~ maintain Russian morale. None. of T——— ety Ef - = “lof “bums and loafers” who hang Mr. Weber was taken to Generaliported massing in Ariege. They

— SU Sty : : this was for the Americans. t t B C ld N hi lout in the basement, Hospital with a broken right leg. were reported to be “foreign-led.” , «Apparently; sald Mr. BenninghofT, Amnesty Urged ‘Tragedy of Bare 00 oy on 0 1g | Also, said the judge, the base- Mr. Horner was charged with reck-| Authorities feared that a spark the word had been spread among For Gl Prisoners ° ° {ment is infested with tats which less driving and failing to give a might touch off violence which Russians to keep aloof from the, i Mel S Swell Times C lothe-A-( >hild Fund |trequéntly die of old age. The odor pedestrian right-of-way. would engulf all of the provinces Americans. ‘This They did with Times Washington Bureau P : lof dead rats, he said, is evident. | —————— ___ |{ny the Communist stronghold of marked success. . | WASHINGTON, Dec. 5— Sen. By ART WRIGHT CONTRIBUTIONS He proposed that Santa i Bishop Fout Rites | Southern France.

ER i . { svious balance ...... erie 85 hi; th tivel latial | Strikers virtually took over St, “Yet the Russian officials tried William E. Jenner (R. Ind), first) The night was cold. Previous balance $554 m the comparatively -palatia : | elected tol Factory workers hurried toward their homes, coats pulled up around gunnyside Guild ......e.... 2500 chamber now occupied by Superior {Etienne in the Rhone Valley veiow to be eminently correct in their World War II veteran elect h Th pied a la few dealings with the cONsular ine U.S. Senate, today appealed to their necks. Few of them noticed the pathetic figure standing on U fF. A a abies phat fords 2.00 Court 3 on the second floor. Judge m 3 Japon. prego in AT " i “ _ | corner. oster — tory, 0 dtl.” he sid. | President Tiuman for "general am But Art Waltz, a worker at Mouldings, Inc., saw him . . . the little | in Memory of Ron Foster 10.00 (Continued on Page 8—Column 3) t ¥ 1] dy traffic with demands to see the “Soon, after I arrived I made an nesty” for Gls serving prison terms vo. Ils feet bare ; == | gn Memory of F, M. A Or te emm—— identity cards of pedestrians, and official call on Lt Gen. Kosloff for minor offenses. Io . [Clothe-A-Child youngsters — prob- mr. & Mrs. F. L. T 5.00 THE TIMES 1947 | By EMMA RIVERS MILNER [censored newspapers. ’ Who was commandant in Dairen. | In a letter to the White House, “You should wear shoes a might) SURetASr iS a0 lor me KM Be... 10.00 | Times Church Editor 7 meme eres He was a stocky, graying combat Sen. Jenner asked that these yet. | 28.0014 as Gals" Mr. Walis to . tores to buy their warm clothes.! Anonymou . 500) Mil O Di | ‘The body of Bishop Henry H.\Bg ‘Very Fine' After officer who had led a division in erans be sent home for Christmas shivering lad. “How come? 1d A aes the first time,” Mr. Waitz{ Dorothy re he i 10.00 e-v- Imes Fout, who died last night, will lie| y i Europe and had been present atin the same manner as was Mayor Relgotantly he ye a sald, “that we've had a united, vy, Wellman ..... C1000) DAILY ESTIMATE in state from 1 to 3:30 p. m., Sun- Pin Is Taken Fro Lung the surrender of Berlin Over James Curley of Boston on Thanks- why. “Don’t have any.” No elal sh Oot GlotievA= SY oy lima Ea 5.00! ® AL 8:30 d day, in the Park Avenue Evangel- CHICAGO, Dec. 5 (UP)+ him colonel ral com- giving. The Boston mayor received tion: NO pleas for aid. Just a well. ould Inc. That bare- © ny. 100.001 30 a. m. today. 3 |i.5) United Brethren Church. |Johnson, 12, was in “yery fine” conmanding at near Port. Arthur |a presidential pardon. jnsnnered Jeply to, an admit oO ror Con the real meani- | coun - Terie Rp "mn ul Yisks, 00 Services will follow at 3:30 p. m. dition today after a,Chicago specials “ tried tony to see the Sou, ® #® =» ling ‘of Clothe. A-Child to our ate] tip da on ay $448 80 |in the church with a funeral ad-|ist hdd removed a straight pin em’ . 1 — THAT 18 why ¢employees of tention, This year is only the be-| gional Council of Jewish . dress by Bishop G. D. Batdorf of | bedded in his right lung. Sammy ou Mouldings, Inc, 741 E. Market St. ginning—we’ll make it even bigger’! women . G d The Times MILE-O-. |Dayton, O. Friends vi gather fosjales was Teponted very happy and Tin es Index o/ are going all out this year to raise next year.” .. Employees of T. M. §. Vet« DIMES is located on the | ® brief funeral ritua Son Joy a in fine pists, down Hote Ban HT TTF > {funds for Clothe-A-Child. = The > 0» erans Administration, sidewalk on West Washing- the Oak Street Evangelical Unite my here | Sutwartes 2 workers, annual contributors to the| yoy, TOO, may take children to, Indpls. ...... 00, ton in front of the L. 8, |Brethren Church in Dayton. Bishop Diego where he swallowed tia Pip Pu 4 Jo Ashe, Nn y.S, Ok n oH A ' fund, realize the greater demand tye stores and buy clothes for them. Selmier Company 00 | Ayres Co, and 8. 8. Kresge - Fout was pastor of the thureh years Oct. 30 While Playing at se — Classified 47-50] Mrs. Roosevelt 30! . upon Clothe-A-Child this year .. . an appointment will -be made for| Co. It is open 24 hours a ago. Burial will be n yton. a . : > 811 Ruan 2! i and the need for more money. you to take one or more-children| Today's Total day. It takes 60 lines of Bishop Fout, who held the tite FOR TEEN AGERS— Comics .. Because Mr. Waltz has told his t4 the stores any day or hour. Just | Total to Date | © dimes, each 88 Pt. long, to Of Pishop Stueritus of his Sesmont © TEEN TOPIOS and TEEN ; [Story of the barefooted hoy over telephone Riley 5851, and say YOU | ~—ooi™ py “jyying one or more make a ful MILE-O- |fCal CRG AS 6 PH OF Wel © TALK report the latest gos and over again, ellow workers want to a donor a tment. | : 3 . 00 nr very. | | > : have pledged ‘to raise some $1000] © + make a do ppotn dimes on the Mile-O-Dimes on W. DIMES $8976.00 every | automobile accident. { sip and news in the Teen,

will ' : | : this yea¥ Already they have col... cre are two other ways you washington St. The Mile-O-Dimes St ch ih .| "He was known nationally as an Age sot. hid

jected |may also help Clothe-A-Child: ~ Topened yesterday and uniformed teloquent preacher and a devout be @ These popular columns by ope Jun half te SUH: | ONE: By bringing or mailing a members of American Legion Fire- ® Stop by and add YOUR {i in tr The ‘merging el | Sally are 1 eat : ! $0 ENTHUSED are these workers cash contribution to. Clothe-A- men's Post No. 42 will he on duty dime to this fast growing the © vo n (that they will Have a committee of Child, Indiana Times, 214 W. there 24 hours a day until Christ rd iad nited Rrefhiren ge youl their own people take a group of Maryland St. 1nd 9 |mas Bve. ; va # a AG . i ’ f - »

. v