Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 13 April 1945 — Page 2

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i Franklin Delano Roosevelt overcame what could have|

been a catastrophic illness and became one of the world’s most powerful popular leaders in peace and war,

A son of wealth, he was the hard-hitting champion of |

“the forgotten man.” : Overwhelmingly defeated for he was the first President to 1 Ror to arta ey , simultaneous effor 0 . maintain } serve more than two terms. American neutrality, prepare for the Crippled by Infantile: paralysis Moen 441ity of war, “and help the. 1924, he spurned Javadi. Hi peaceable nations that already had Jected his pevsoRRiLY nia oh any | been set upon by the aggressors— LY widely traveled chief | FETIRARY, laly and Japedy as | The Germans went into Poland | executive his country ever had. |; 110 fall of 1939 after the Presi-

Many Social Reforms {dent had made fruitless appeals to

R : { any taly * ace.He was commander - in - chief of Germany anil Italy “to find a peace

vice president in 1920,

. the largest armed force the United |, i ng controversies.” States ever mobilized which par-

: | Great Britain and France deUsipated oy the ord : a YL. |clared war on Sept. 3, 1039, and a re yp titanic world struggle was on.

brought the federal government into, po 0 fell and the Germans and

* the life of every citizen. Italians took over most of Europe He was responsible for far-reach- by Iorce of arms.

ing soctal and economic reforms, and | “my “yeqlationists in this country his . administration spent billions | ovo ed Mr. Roosevelt was leading where administrations before his/ i) e country into the war by send-| spent millions or even thousands. : lin g aid to Britain;

[ful and conssructive solution of ex-| JEN.

fight with the supreme tourt over NRA, social

_ THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

Of President Roosevelt—One Of World's Most Power,

7

Twelve busy years in the White House: Left to right: On March 4 1933, President Roosevell "had a few last words with retiring President Herbert Hoover; Harry Hopkins became Mr, Roosevelt's right-hand man; in 1935 a smile despite the dust bowl troubles and a security and the NLRB; hot dogs and relaxation.

| Congress was reluctant to impose! Shortly after his re-election the new taxes. {President went to Warm" Springs, Early in M44, objecting to the Ga. for a long rest, returning to

He took the United States off the gold standard and eventually de-

“I accept the commission you have tendered-me. I join with you. I am enlisted for the duration of

Mr. Roosevelt was protagonist in one. domestic ‘drama. after another

pI Hd NRA soca We Do Hime to chaiige lead istration, considered SYA he WPA La ay fill Friis

But the excitement an pact 0 these efforts to cope with stifling economic depréssion in the 1930s,

were paled by the verve of his war, |,

leadership—dashing trips to Cairo, | Tehran, Casablanca, Yalta — and! conferences with other world leaders almost in the shadow of enemy ‘planes and guns. |

Born in 1882

He was born on Jan. 30, 1882, and’ grew up on a 1000-acre family estate overlooking the “jHudson at Hyde Park, N. Y.. Joining the Democratic party, he | was elected to the state senate in! . 1910 and was re-elected in 1912, He early espoused Woodrow Wil-| son and campaigned for his nomi-| . nation at the Democratic national convention in Baltimore in 1912.} When Wilson was elected, he made | young Roosevelt assistant Secetary| of the navy. .

After world war I, he fought vigorously for the League of Nations.

}

{

|

Though only 38, the 1920 Demo- axis enemy.

1 Willkie, the Republican nominee, by Ip a M ®

It was 1940—and his supporters veto of a tax bill which the admin-| Washington just before Christmas. ( insufficent,| When tive new congress opened he

valuated the dollar to approximately 60 cents of its former worth. » - With Secretary of the Treasury

the war.” ’ : Hig opponent was Alfred. M.

ership and “he was elected to hiS'genate Majority Lender Alben W. (called for WOFK-OrAgnt legistetionWaikiam Woodin, -..s..businessman. Landoi. of. Kansas and’ Mr. Roose-

onsen, delonting ; Wendell hows rkiepmone 5 nis widest Sends; to draw: alk the manpower.

esigned as Democratic lesder of [into the war effort, and asked for

drafted into the cabinet, hie charted |velt’s "popular vote majority was the" rédP¥ning” Or “nwtional bali w | approximately 11; a Landon

a poular vote of 27243466 to 22,-! |

304,755.

the senate and was promptly re-| post-war universal military training.

elected by his colleagues. | His fourth-term inauguration, a

The agricultural adjustment administration with power to curtail crops was authorized by congress

carried only Maine and Vermont, a total of eight electoral votes, the fewest for a major party candidate

| Congress as promptly enacted the solemn affair, was held on the |tax measures over the veto. But south portico of the White House. In the spring of 1040 had been '|yter, Barkley supported the Presi- {game 8000 carefully selected guests enacted the nation’s first peace- sont for a fourth term. ere allowed to: wilfiess the :oafb= time conscription act, and in Octo- | ? ' the Yau. And ah . ber millions registered with thous-| Fell Ill Late in 1943 mony from the ‘ ye ands of local draft boards through-| Mr. Roosevelt fell ill in late 1943 Matter of hours later, the President out the country. | just after he got back from Tehran. |1sked Secretary of Commerce Joos After the election President, Physically and mentally tired, he |H:” Jones to step aside so Bi Roosevelt traded 50 world war I was an easy victim for colds and Henry A. Wallace, the vice presiden destroyers to Great Britain, which|sinus and bronchial irritations Mr. Roosevelt shunted aside at the urgently needed them in the Battle which continued to affect him dur- Democratic convention in favor of of the Atlantic against German ing the first months of 1944. Missouri's Senator Harry 8. Tru-U-boats, for- 99-year . leases on| His doctor, Vice Adm. Ross T. man, could have a cabinet post. British-owned sites for defensive McIntire, in late March of 1944, put| AS congress was thrown into a] military bases in the Westerp him through.a painstaking. physical broiling argument over the Wallace Hemisphere. . |exargfhation and wrote this pre- nomination, the President left fown In the spring of 1941, congress scription: Sym, salt air, and com-| under. cover of heavy Secrecy and authorized the administration-pro-|plete rest. : sped across the world for another posed lend-lease program which, be-| The prescription was filled ~at|meeting with Churchill and Stalin

Destroyers for Britain

in a sweeping grant of power. The national recovery administration was established and soon blue eagles were in the windows of almost every business concern in America. The public works administration and the federal emergency relief administration came into being to care for the needy. The Tennessee Valley authority, fathered by Senator George Norris of Nebraska, became a yardstick for measuring power production costs.

since William Howard Taft in 1912, End of the Lame Ducks’

The President left on Nov. 18, 1936, for Buenos Aires and attended the opening of the Inter-American Peace Conference. ' He returned on Dec. 15 and befcame the first President to take office under the Norris constitutional amendment eliminating the lame duck session of congress. On Feb. 5, 1837, he sent a message to congress asking for an act © Given Vast’ Powers : justices to the supreme court ‘if Emergency legislation gave Mr. those members who were past 70 did Roosevelt vast powers, but he liked {not resign. RefSrms in the lower to consider himself a partner of courts also were asked.

fore this country was brought into Hobcaw Barony, Bernard M. Ba-|at Yalta. the war, helped to keep Great/ruch's 23,000-acre South Carolina| Mr. Roosevelt himself! was the Britain and Soviet Russia fighting estate, from April 9 to May 7. Sither a of he Be ons 0 omestic objectives. "It | effectively against a then superior The 4th Term Question

the people in pulling the nation Lost ‘Battle; Won ‘War’

up by its bootstraps. “My purpose is to strengthen the

In the forefront of all this acfiv- , President, |@dministration of Justice and to hy wat 3 sulling, gay Presice make it a more effective servant of

which would permit him to add six |

cratic convention selected him as! The first year of Mr. Roosevelt's

was his reply to the question of a| When he came back to Washing- [visiting Canadian editor at a press, His personal charm was magnetic

public need,” the President told

James M. Cox's vice presidential running mate.

third term was spent largely in

{ton, before him lay his big personal

decision for 1944: Whether to seek

conference in 1935. | taneously. it represented the Presi-|

Voiced spon-|and his warm, friendly voice was

known to millions through his radio] “ome: 55:

AHL sre

the Constitution, and by the assumption on the part of the supreme court of legislative powers which properly belong to the congress. It is true that the precise method which I recommend was not adopted, but ‘the objective, as every person in the United States knows today, was achieved. “The results are not even open to dispute. Attacks recently made on the supreme court itself by ultraconservative members of the bar indicate how fully ‘our liberal ideas have already prevailed.” In contrast to the “political héhey=moon” of the “100 days” at the outset of his administration, Mr. Roosevelt's second term was marked by great political battles between Mr. Roosevelt and his entourage of “liberals” and the old-time conservative ‘Democrats who largely controlled congress. This division exploded in 1938 in Mr. Roosevelt's “purge” directed against his conservative opponents at the polls. It failed and the failure was reflected in steadily increasing hostility in congress to his key measures.

Reorganizes Government Mr. Roosevelt personally intervened in Democratic primaries. to

prevent the renomination -of- Sena

hi Eo

"FRIDAY, APRIL 13, 1945.

Leaders

Highlights

|-1882—Born at Hyde Park, N.Y. 1903—-Graduated from Har ! vard. 1005—Married Anna Roosevelt. 1910—Elected to New York state senate, 1013-—Assistant secretary of navy. . ’ 1920—Demociatic vice presidential candidate. 1924—8tricken with infantile paralysis. 1928—Elected governor of New York. 1930-—-Re-elected governor. 1932Elected President. 1933—Inaugurated New Deal, 1036—Re-elected by 11,000,000 “ plurality, 1937—Supreme court fight. 1939—Appealed to world lead‘ers for peace. 1940—Elected to third term. 1941—Framed Atlantic Charter with Winston Churchfll. 1941—Pear! Harbor. ; 1943--Casablanca and “unconditional] surrender”

Eleanor

Ellison D. Smith of South Carolina, and Millard F. Tydings of Maryland, and against Rep. John J. O'Connor of New York, chairman of the house rules committee. He unseated O'Connor, but George, Smith and Tydings were renominated and re-elected. During this period, Mr. Roosevelt worked * steadily reorganizing the federal government. Defeated by the house in a previous effort ta get authorization to reorganize, he had calmly renewed pressure for authorization in the 76th congress and got it in an act approved April 3, 1839.

Alert to Warld Events

Few presidents were more keenly alert to world developments than was Mr. Roosevelt. . As assistant secretary of navy during the world war, he epitomized his feeling in a speech at Chatauqua, N. Y, midway in his presidency ‘when he said solemnly: “I hate war.” When clouds of war rolled over

tors Sgmiter F.- Gaonge of Georgla, |.

rerenferente ~~ Ade ope] " 1943--Cairo. .conference with | aurchill ~ and Chiang] Kai-shek. 1943—Tehran conference with Churchill and Stalin, 1944—Toured American bases in Hawaii’ and Alaska, conferring at Peafl Harbor with: MacArthur and Nimitz. 1944—Met Churchill again at - Quebec. 1944—Re-elected to fourth term by plurality of more

than 3,000,000. 1945—Inaugurated for fourth time, 1045—8Second , meeting with . . Churchill and Stalin, 1945—April. 12—-Died at Warm Springs, Ga. ; | |

debate, congress approved Mr. Roosevelt's program. He lifted the arms embargo and | Britain and France placed large ore ders for airplanes and other armaments. He designated combat areas and proscribed them to American

shipping.

marshaling American production and building up the army and navy.

The record of the historic battle which followed shows that Mr. | Roosevelt lost the “battle,” but “won the war.” . Late in his second term he made it clear that his proposal to add six justices had been only a means toward the ultimate objective of 1ib-

personality, considered the best in the country.

re-election. Before the 1944 political season ‘blossomed fully, the country forgot, for a time at least, about forthcoming political conventions and concentrated on the invasion of France which began en June 6. _

dent’s attitude while in office.

His Soclal Objectives He frequently reported to. the Mr. Roosevelt said: | people. in “fireside chats” from the “The social objective, I should | White House. : ay, remains just what it was, | Business improved and some of 549. ; : ~~~*the millions of -unemployed found: which is to do what any honest | jobs ; B h government or any country would" Thy the need for national unity cT2.2n8 the court which was 0; to try to increase the security | gradually lessened and criticism of achieved through the resignations | (of all the conservative justices who

had ruled repeatedly against New

Asia and Europe during 1937, 1938| Mr. Roosevelt had proclaimed a and 1939; Mr. Roosevelt never hesi- limited state of national emergency. tated to throw the full prestige of = He instituted a navy-coast guard the United ‘States in the balance neutrality patrol of poastal waters, for. peace. : |added to the manpower of the army, But when Japan steadily closed navy and marine corps, recommisthe - “open door” in China and sioned world war destroyers, and Europe went to war in 1939, he added personnel ‘to the FBI for turned to efforts to keep America counter-espionage and anti-sabotage out of the wars and the wars out drives. : of -the Americas. Late in 1039, he sent congress a

He made more than 800 campaign speeches but he and Cox were de- : 5 ft ‘A feated by the Republican Harding- | Dra § Wslantle Chisrier Coolidge ticket and he began prac-| It was in this “darkness-before-ticing law. |dawn” era, when the government, Fought A ; é was preparing: for war while trying St Action to stay out of it, that Mr. Roose- : Four years later, while swim- | velt created the largest federal The President continued to say ming at Campo Bello, Me., during|establishment in history. Industrial |{nothing—even after the Republicans & summer vacation, he became in-| leaders were drafted to head up a/ gave their Presidential nomination fectéd with the infantile paralysis | gigantic production program. {to Thomas E. Dewey, governor of

ber\of ‘people in all occupations of| Both the AAA and the NRA were

: | The Président began delegating] Tall, handsome, inexhaustibly his powers so as to have more free- | energetic, Still youthful, he was dom to plot this country’s inter-! paralyzed from the waist down. | national course. : | For four agonizing years, he! H 3 “ . unt} i nT e held "his “Atlantic Charter” | fought his affliction, supported | conference with Prime Minister)

loyally by his wife and friends, and| d-| ultimately won out, {| Churchill off the coast of Newfoun

His legs were |land in Au E gust, 1941. | hered, but his spirit and energy op the British battleship Prince, med anew. {of Wales and the American cruiser

Just as he won this victory In| Augusta, Mr. Roosevelt, Churchill 1928, Alfred E. Smith, whom Mr. ng their ranking staff chiefs com-| Roosevelt had helped into the New| osed ‘the brief “Charter,” an eight-| York governorship in 1920, called{noint declaration of policy whicn 0 back into politics. , - .|was the foundation for the organi-

Governor of New ¥aork .

Mr. Roosevelt ran for governor to bolster Smith’s campaign as the Democratic candidate for President! against the Republican’ Herbert! Hoover. , | Smith lost New York state and, the nation, but Roosevelt won the! _ governorship by 25,000 votes. In 1930 he was re-elected by 725000 votes.! With a record like that, he was the * strongest candidate for the Democratic presidential’ nomination in| 1832. : Before the 1932 convention, the. Roosevelt-Smith friendship cooled. | 8mith, wanting the nomination! again, made a futile attempt to| “stop” his . erstwhile protege and! disciple. In winning the nomination,! Roosevelt was aided by a new| political friend, James A. Farley, who later was to break with him on the third-term issue. Roosevelt started breaking precedents even before he became President. To show the country that | his affliction could not immobilize |

|

zation of the united nations. Pearl Harbor—Day of Infamy

The “day of infamy” that plunged | the United States into war came on Dec. 7, 1941, when the-Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Germany | and Italy then joined Japan in| openly declaring war against the United States. The President asked and received war- declarations from congress against Japan, Germany and Italy within 48 hours. Churchill rushed to Washington, arriving Dec. 22 and remaining until mid-January. The united nations declaration was drafted and signed. Churchill made another trip to Washington June, 1942; shortly after Mr. Roosevelt had received Soviet | Foreign Commissar V. M. Molotov in the White House. The Anglo-American staff chiefs! reported that a lowland European invasion was impractical for the time being, and the decision was made to go into North Africa.

Flew to Casablanca

A

{proved their ability to live as a|

him, he flew to Chicago to accept | The African invasion began in Nothe nomination. That was the eve vember, 1942, and shortly after the of his historic tenure in the White New Year, Mr. Roosevelt flew to

House. { Casablanca, which was thén within First President to Fly ( ighter plane range of the Germans . to meet again with Churchill. From He was never happier than when.

that meeting came the Rooseveltbreaking a precedent. He was the!

Churchill pledge to accept nothing | first to win a third term. And, of | put the “unconditional surrender” course, a fourth, |

” 1 of the axis He was the first President to, At Casablanca, the high command leave the country in wartime. He|of the American and British armed was the first President to fly. forces decided to intensify the MedHe roamed the .world by train, iterranean offensive. Allied armies battleship, automobile and airplane, took Sicily, invaded Italy, and dur-

[fraud,. “callous and brazen” false-

In peace and in war, Mr. Roose- |

ing the summer of 1943 Italy sure

New York, late in June. Finally, about a week before the Democratic convention in July, Mr. Roosevelt informed Rotert E. Hannegan, the national Democratic chairman, that he would accept nomination for a fourth term, but would not run for office “in the usual partisan, political sense.”

Confers at. Pearl Harbor

{life 16 in all parts of the country; {to give, them more of the good {things of life; to give them a greater distribution not only of wealth in the narrow terms, but of wealth in the wider terms; to give them places

tion; to give them assurance that they are not going to starve in their

July 20 in a radio speech from the sonable profit, and to give everyone United States marine base at Sania chance to earn a living” Diego, telling the nation that while ; . ne would not campaign fn thei. arcs FY of Program usual sense,” he would “feel free to| The three Rs of his administrareoprt to the people the facts about |tion were Recovery, Relief and Rematters of concern to them and|form. especially to correct any misrepre-| When he rode up Pennsylvania sentations.” ave. on March 4, 1933, to take ofThen the President, always a | fice, the emphasis was on recovery great showman, emphasized his from a depression that had closed role as wartime Commander in| virtually every bank and thrown Chief by sailing out into the Pa-| millions out of work. ° cificc and conferring with Gen.| Douglas MacArthur, Adm, Chester paramount -demand. W. Nimitz and other Pacific war, Food riots had occurred. leaders at Pearl-Harbor. | Mob law had threatened "even He came home via the Aleutian judges in some rural communities. islands, and a few minutes after; Then, when the depression’s ills arriving at Bremerton, Wash, re- had been cured or alleviated, reported to the people by radio, | form became the major considerastressing the need for a fence of tion. Banks, public utilities, stock

vent aggression until the “Japanese put under government regulation.

Corporations were forced to pay

neighbor to other nations. {higher taxes along with wealt Mr. Roosevelt then went back t0|individuals. 8 althy

Washington and watched Dewey : build his campaign. Dewey made, Busine i Ee workers jointa long swing’ from the east to the * bo e so set up a program west coast and back again, speak- | al security through old-age

ling’ ‘fréquently. But the President | Pensions, unemployment insurance | bided his time. |

|and aid to mothers, children and At last, on Sept. 23, he opened ripples. 0 his campaign with an avowedly po-| Action Was His Keynote litical speech in which he accused . : woo | Action was a keynote of .gll the the Republicans of irresponsibility, years: Mr. Roosevelt. servid as

hoods and an “ostrich” atityde in President. - foreign affairs. Yet, strange as it seemed afterStood on Record |ward, his opponents in his camMr. Roosevelt waited until late Paisn for his first term said he was October, however, to campaign in|? Weak man. Ong writer said Canearnest: Then he made rapid | didate Roosevelt was “an amiable swings through New York, Phila-|Man with many philanthropic imdelphia, Chicago and Boston. He | Pulses, but he is not the dangerous stood on his record, particularly enemy of anything.

the war achievements, and on Nov. | ager to please.”

7 was re-elected by ‘approximately | But he had no sooner taken the

md the happiness of a larger num- | the New Deal began to be heard.

to go in the summer-time—recrea- |

old age: to give honest business al He accepted the nomination on chance to go ahead and make a rea- |

| attacked as representing regimenta- | co. AWS

|tion. Reltef costs were too high, it

| was said. | By the time his second term drew | There were court tests of the con- |, end, he had named more jus- | stitutionality of the NRA and AAA. tices than any President since Taft, (Gen. Hugh Johnson, administrator ,,.4 the once dominant conservative of the NRA, was assailed. bloc had been supplanted by a maNRA Is Invalidated jority which generally viewed the On Mdy 27, 1935, the supreme Scene ix Rl Folgpraure oincing court held NRA unconstitutional be- : : : cause it carried what it considered L But Mr. Roosevelt's defeat in 1937

unwarranted grant of power to the "Was clear-cut and complete. He chief executive. S was attacked as never before. He

Names Many Justices

Aid for the unemployed was al

decision to retire from his efforts to shorten working hours, increase wages and create new jobs for the time being. 8 f

with the wage-hour act which went into. effect in October, 1938, and stood up under a ‘supreme court | test. ’

Mr. Roosevelt was forced by ‘the|fought bask vigorously—sometimes

almost bitterly. - my Finally after weeks of senate debate, Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson informed Mr. Roosevelt

But he finally achieved his goal, that. his plan was heading for cer-

tain defeat. Affects Only Lower Courts Seeking to save the prestige of

He Appealed to Hitler

During the recurring international . crises which preceded the European war, Mr. Roosevelt had Qsed every diplomatic device at his command to head off catastrophe. He appealed personally to Reichsfuehrer Adolf Hitler of Germany and Premier Benito Mussolini of Italy to guarantee the peace of Europe for 10 years or a quarter of a century. In return for such a guarantee, he. offered the good offices of this country in economic conversations

{ designed to lay a basis-for a lasting}

peace, After recalling his ambassador to Berlin to emphasize American displeasure at the pogrom. against the Jews and the use of force as an instrument of national policy,

Mr. Roosevelt appealed repeatedly {in personal messages to the rulers

The President had no intention of | the administration, Robinson per-|of Europe. [retreating in the face of attacks|Sonally sponsored a modified bill

He addressed a personal appeal

|through the courts. He made that 8uthorizing only two new justices.to President Michael Kalinin ask‘known in his famous “horse and| Then Robinson died suddenly and ing Soviet Russia to modify its|the head of the list in the early | buggy” ‘comment shortly after the With-him- died the chance of even demands on Finland and to re-

{NRA decision. : He said new judicial {concepts were needed to meet modfern. economic and social conditions.

a modified form of Mr. Roesevelt's | original sproposals.

The President capitulated. -On

(spect its territorial and national | integrity. Hi He marshaled the 21 American

After a bitter contest with big Aug. 25 he signed a bill dictated by republics behind his drive for peace, island bases around Japan to pre-and commodity exchanges—all were business on one side and the ad-|his opponents.

| ministration on the other congress

| This measure affected only lower

and sought in a round-robin appeal {to unite all other peace-loving na-

{enacted the utility holding company |COUrts, except that it provided ma- tions.

| law with its so-called “death sen- | tence” provisions to prevent pyra- | miding control by minority stock- | holders.

Loses in AAA Fight

In supportirig the Guffy coal bill | to re-establish a little NRA for the

chinery facilitating the retirement lof supreme court and other federal | jurists for age. | Signing a bill setting up an administrative officer for the judiciary jon Aug. 1, 1939, Mr. Roosevelt said |the day was worth recording “be{cause it marks the final objective

He is too |

coal mining industry, Mr. Roosevelt!of the comprehensive proposal for again served notice fhat he would | judicial reorganization which I |not retreat, either under the at-|made to the congress on Feb. 5, tacks of big. business or of the 1937. | supreme court. | “The country is naturally conOn Jan. 6, 1936, the high court.cerned with the attainment of threw out the AAA's compulsory proper objectives rather than any |crop~ control provisions as uncon-|one of many possible methods pro- | stitutional. posed for the accomplishment of These sections were the keystone the end,” he said. of the New Deal's program to re- . habllitate agriculture. "Objectives Achieved Later the processing taxes which| “I call attention to the unwarhad supplied the financial life blood, ranted attitude of the supreme also were declared invalid. |court with reference to its exercise

Mr. Roosevelt was renominated

velt was a man of action and | rendered,

25,500,000 popular votes to 22,000- oath of office, when he called con-| without opposition for his second

of constitutional powers. “Measures of social and economic

battle. Most of his major domestic reforms required drive to put them ‘across and he relished his role as an active war leader, which required dangerous trips across oceans and continents to map strategy firsthand with British Prime Minister Winston + Churchill, Soviet Premier Josef Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek’ Each of Mr, Roosevelt's terms was filled ‘with drama. His first, startAng 1933, saw his fight for the “forgotten man” and it succeeded to a great extent in bringing the nation out of a deadening ‘economic " depression. “second term began with the ; court battle ‘in 1937—in : which he tried unsuccessfully to increase the membership of the court after ft had declared several New Deal laws unconstitutional, © Fruoitless Peace Appeals

Less than a year after he started , third term in 1941, the nation into war. :

The

| two. years of his secwere the basic period rom peace to war.

» | December came the decision to in-

{ Mr. Roosevelt and Churchill got | together again in August, 1943, in Quebec and later in Washington, | and made plans to meet again in| | Catro and Tehran with Premier | Josef Stalin and Generalissimo! |Chiang Kai-shek, t

| From those four-power conferences held during November and

|vade Western Europe in the spring yof 1944 and Dwight D. Tisenhower, | the American who commanded the invasio of French Africa, was

named allied commander-in-chief,

A Revolt in Congress

{ ~ 2 Mr. Roosevelt came home to find the congress, .which had become more Republican in the mid-term election, in growing revolt against his ‘administration's domestic poij«

cies . There were many complaints against restrictions” on wages ard’ prices, e President twice vetoed attempts by congress to abolish anti-inflation food subsidies.

ready existing manpower. problem. mounting government expend-’

The demand of the armed serv-| ices for more than 11,000,000 men, by mid-1944 complicated an hl.

000 for Dewey. margin was a landslide—432 to 99.

His electoral vote gress into special session for what term in 1936 and in his acceptance

|were to be the famous “100 days.”

reform were being impeded or de-

| speech he sald: feated by narrow interpretations of

‘If We Don’t Have a War’

In April, 1039, he startled the nation by leaving Warm Springs, Ga., with the remark “I'll be back in the fall if we don't have a war.” That brought a storm-of criticism from congiessmen who asserted their information did not indicate war in Europe was either imminent or inevitable. When congress met, Mr. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull proposed revision of neutrality laws to eliminate the embargo which barred this country from shipping! arms to belligerents. Approved in drastically modified form in the house, the issue became the crux of a major senate battle although it never reached the floor. In the end, the senate foreign relations committee pigeon-holed the bill for the rest of the session. After ‘the 78th congress adjourned in August, Mr. Roosevelt accused his opponents in the senate of gambling with the fate of America and of humanity. ;

‘Darker Periods Ahead’

Mr. Roosevelt, vacationing aboard a cruiser off the coast of Newfoundland, put in to Halifax, N. 8, to receive mail, and learned of the non-aggression pact just concluded between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. He rushed back to Washington and was at the White House in command of national policies when Germany marched into Poland and Britain and France declared war. He reconvened congress on Sept. 21, 1939. “I should like to be able to offer the hope that the shadow over the world might swiftly pass,” he told congress. “I cannot. The facts compel my stating with candor, that darker periods lie ahead. “The disaster is not of our mak-

- |ing; no act of ours engendered the

forces which assault the foundations

pay for these extraordinary precautions. The navy was in the midst of the greatest bullding program of its peacetime history.

_ Launched Big Program

Mr, Roosevelt at the outset of the New Deal had launched the navy on a tremendous program, : The regular army-navy budget for the 1940 fiscal year, approved by congress before the European war was ‘even envisaged, called for exe penditures of $1,760,000,000, of which : J 0C0006 was for the navy's “first line-of defense.” : In November, 1039, he said at Warm Springs, Ga. that ever this program would nét be sufficient to guard America. Because of his physical handicap, Mr. Roosevelt had all sorts of ade visers. He used their eyes and legs and experience. In the White House, he sure rounded himself with experts. A$

{days was Louis McHenry Howe, a | friehd for 25 years. Mr. Roosevelt named him presidential secretary . when_he took office. Ill for more than a year, Howe died April 18, 1936. College professors formed the famous “brain trust,” so named by a newspaper man. Some of these men were spectacular themselves, Hopkins, Byrnes and Leahy As the years passed by, their ranks were decimated by resignae tions, some-returning to their classe rooms while others took positions Late in 1939, Presidential Secree tary Stephen T. Early, in disclosing details of Mr. Roosevelt's “streame lining” of the executive department, commented that the reorganization order appeared to mean that the “brain trust” no longer existed. The President's ranking wartime advisers were Harry Hopkins, James F. Byrnes and Adm. William D, Leahy, his personal chief of staff. Mr. Roosevelt weighed 10 pounds when he: was born, the son of James and Sara Delano Roosevelt, His mother was a famous beauty of New York society and was a kinswoman of the socially promi nent and wealthy Astor family. His father was prominent in the raile road world. . His early education was obtained from tutors and his parents. Ag 14, he was: sent from his fireside classroom to Groton school for boys, a fashionable preparatory school in Groton, Mass, He was graduated with honors, Then he went to Harvard and completed the four-year course in three years.

Married Distant Cousin

Yet he found time for athletics and ‘edited The -Hatvard Crimson, . From Harvard he went to Colume bia law school, afterward taking the, examination: for admission to the bar and passing with high marks, For his bride, he chose another Roosevelt—a ~ distant co : Eleanor, daughter of Elliott Roose- ’ velt, youngest brother of President Theodore Roosevelt. fr They were married in New-York City in 1905 on St. Patrick's day, “Uncle Ted" came up from the White House in Washington to give

$273,000,000 deficiency estimate to - 3

with business organizations. See