Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 5 June 1944 — Page 2

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By UNITED PRESS WAR 1S AN old story to Rome, once the greatest power in the < world and now the first axis capi-

“tal 10 fall to the armies of the

united nations. Battles swirled around Rome for centuries, but she survived

“them all—“The Eternal City!”

The bursting of the Naz ghackles on Rome recalled the time 1533 years ago when other

“Germans conquered the city. The

Visigoths under Alaric sacked Rome iu 410 A. D,, and the vandals under Gaiseric captured and Jooted the city in 455. The niodern Romans got their fiest taste of the second world

+war Jast July 19 when some 500

American bombers. dropped 1101 tons of explosives on military targets within the city. The first direct blow at Nazi military might fn Rome foreshadowed the fall of the city to the aliies. Founded 750 B. C. The city, destined to become the world capital of Catholicism, was founded about 750 B. C. paradoxically by Jupiter-worship-ping settlers from north of the Tiber, apparently shepherd and agricultural peoples of the * “Italic” branch of the Indo-European race. Its actual origin is obscured by Roman mythology, which relates that Rome was founded by Romulous, son of Mars, the god of war, and the vestal virgin, Silvia. The legend has it that Romulus and his twin brother, Remus, were suckled by a she-wolf and that Romulus returned later to found the city which bears his name. Rome suffered the first of her many invasions at the hands of the Etruscans, who ruled her for the latter half of the 6th century, B. C., but it is not known whether those monarchs seized the city by force or by political means. Near the end of that century, however, the Etruscans were ejected and a republic established.

Birthplace of Democracy

Yankee and allied occupying forces may well gaze with awe on the remains of the old Rostra, the scene of Rome's legislative struggles from the time of the *twelve tables” in the 5th century before Christ until the time of Caesar. It is the birthplace of modern democracy.

After the ejection of the Etruscans, the republican government which was formed included magistrates elected annually, an advisory senate of nobles and a popular assembly. This government survived an attack by Barbarian Celts who came from Gaul to sack the city.

Carthage Overcome

While the Barbarians celebrated their victory with three days of feasting, remnants of the Roman army fortified the capital, It remained impregnable, and after looting and burning the rest of the city the Gauls withdrew. Rome was quickly rebuilt by the republic and the city set out on its career of conquering or forming alliances with other citystates, By 264 B. C., Rome had become the mistress of all Italy. She then launched herself into an age of war and conquest which ended with her becoming the dominant power of the then known world. Her most powerful rival, Carthage, had first to be overcome—an achievement which took 119 years to accomplish. The first, second and third Punic wars ended by 146 B. C, with the complete destruction of Carthage. The wars had not been waged, however, without great peril to the Eternal City. Hannibal, the greatest of the Carthaginians, came near conquering the peninsula in the second Punic war, and it was only his defeat by Scipio at Zama that saved Rome,

Golden Age Starts

Macedonia, too, which had allied itself with Hannibal, was conquered between the second and third Punic wars, and Rome found herself at last without a rival for world power. In the following century she continued to develop, producing such leaders as Pompey, Cicero, Caesar, Gracchus, Marius and Sulla. In 31 B. C, the Emperor Augustus inaugurated the 200-year golden age for Rome—the Pax Romana—during which the city made its greatest imprint on history. ’ Even before then, however, some of the buildings, highways and aqueducts for which the city is famous had been built. Appius Claudius, who built the city’s first aqueduct in 312 B. C, also gave Rome {ts first military highway,

e of Democracy, Survives | Including the Occupation by Germans 1533 Years Ago

the Via Appia or Appian Way. It was the beginning of the axiom “All roads lead to Rome.” The Colosseum, perhaps the bést known of the ancient ruins, was started by Vespasian in 69 B. C. The decline of the Roman empire began with the administration of Commodus in 180 A. D. Commodus was followed by a long line of 33 emperors, most of whom died by violence, but evidences of decay extended down through the masses, grown weak and dissolute by the conquered riches of the world. The swarming hordes of Barbarians in what is now Germany and the Balkans pressed relentlessly against the frontiers of the empire. The policy inaugurated by Augustus of settling Barbarians within the frontiers was continued by other emperors.

Beginning of End

The beginning of the end was in sight for Rome by the fourth century. The Visigoths, whom Alaric led into Italy, had been settled south of the Danube as allies of the empire, but they wanted land of their own. Alaric marched with his troops to besiege Rome and when his demands were refused, he sacked the city. Alaric, who conquered the city in 410, died shortly thereafter. Two vears later his successor Ataulf led the Visigoths to Gaul to find the lands Alaric had sought in Italy: Given a breathing spell, the Romans tried in vain to forestall the destruction of the empire. Attila the Hun came near conquering the peninsula in 451, but was defeated. In 455 the Vandals. under Gaiseric, who had already severed North Africa from the empire, attacked Rome. The city fell, and for the next 20 years its actual ruler was Ricimer, the Suebe, although he placed puppet emperors on the throne. At last all pretense was abandoned, and Odoacer the Rugian, a Barbarian, became king of Italy.

Closely Allied With Church

The 2000-year history of the Christian church revolves largely around Rome, its headquarters through the centuries. The Popes survived through the Middle ages when Italy was divided into dozens of tiny citytates or feudal baronies. They ruled the city of Rome until 1870, with the exception of the short-

ies of Wars

lived republic set up by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1849. The Pope was restored to the Vatican by Louis Napoleon of France, and Garibaldi’s young republic was dissolved. On Sept. 20, 1870, Italian ‘troops city. The people of Rome voted again besieged and captured the’ 134,000 to 1500 to join the Italian kingdom, with Rome as its capltal. The Pope retired to the Vatican, regarding himself as a prisoner, and his successors did likewise until the Lateran treaty of 1929, when the Italian government of Benito Mussolini recog-

nized Vatican City as an inde- .

pendent sta Ee of 1,000,000 Rome, on the river Tiber, 17 miles northeast of its mou‘h where it empties into the Medi-

terranean, had a population of | 1,000,000 during the days of the |

empire. During the middle ages its population dwindled to 20,000 to 30,600 and under the rule of the Popes it attained a population of several hundred thousand, again achieving 1,000,000 during this century. The bombing of the city last July was justified by President Roosevelt, who said it was necessary to save the lives of American and British soldiers in Sicily, since Rome had become an important axis supply center. The President United States had pleaded with the Fascist government to make Rome an open city before she became the 12th capital to be bombed in this war.

as allied forces invaded the “toe of the boot” in September, 1943, and moved northward. They knew, as did the allied

soldiers pressing onward, that the | taking of the Eternal City was a

military necessity.

TRUCK DRIVER KILLED

SOUTH BEND, June 5 (U. P.).— Authorities today investigated a collision of two trucks yesterday which claimed the life of Woodrow Lorton, 30, Chicago, and injured Russell W. Prindle, 40, Norwalk, O. Lorton burned to death in a fire

| which broke out after the crash.

revealed the |

With that | foretaste of war, her million in- | _ habitants watched apprehensively

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Rome a8 an Of tanks, machinegu offered sporadic r out the ancient and last night in lay the allied ad ered more than final 24 hours. A few enemy de ported, but R United Press Ww said in a dispat that Rome appet cent intact apart yards wrec by Allied fighters ers swarmed out vancing ground

‘a steady hail of

on retreating Ger and other vehicl almost bumper | north as Lake above Rome. A and other vehicl or damaged yest The increasing enemy's transpor quate reserves ar ing numerical an ority of the allies that the 5th am overtake and des portion of the re fore they reach | line hinged © stretching across of the upper Ital

: Danger Thousands of both ‘southeast

Rome appeared i of death or ca the sudden colls sistance immed capital. German since the start May 12 already ¢ The enemy's |] increased by the of the only bridg west of Rome in Saturday night. The British 8t) struck deep into in the Sacco ri valleys, capturing as half miles nor tone and nearly of Ferentino; G north of Ferenti eight miles nortl

Resistar

American Te ments of the ! along the Via Cs the southeastern at two points at spectively yesterd later reached the One American sistance at the o from the Hermar after an eightother elements at the northeast city and then cl toward the sout much difficulty. While Britisir e army on the lef! Rio Toroto and miles of the T column rolling d the Colli Laziali {errata and Ma Lake Albano; Ge shore - of Lake points, (Presumably o vance were Casts the Pope’s summ cati, former Ge town.) Asks for

Gen, Sir Haro ander, allied co joined with Pren Badoglio of the in a plea to the | tate the allied p capital “in orde destruction of t farther north.” The final bat fought in the si stretching along Via Casilina to rim of ‘the city { Clark arrived after vanguards urbs and orderec their fire for ti the enemy a cl from the appro Clty.

When the Ge