Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 15 March 1943 — Page 6
Russia Also Has Done Quick Job
of Converting Industry For War
eres By. ROGER BUDEOW
THE RUSSIANS MAY HAVE THEIR REASONS for not praising U. S. lend-lease help any more than ‘they have. But from what information there is, it is apparent they have|
done a great job of converting to war production also.
‘The bulk of their industrial plants have been moved| from Western Russia where they were vulnerable to Nazi} invasion to behind the Urals. Much equipment went from Kiev, Kharkov and Leningrad to new factories, built before
the war, farther east. - Consequently
their large supply of labor.
er shortage.
Many women have taken men’s ' places and working hours have increased. There are reports that Russian workers sleep and eat in the factories in some cases and in some instances work 60 hours a
Mr. Budrow
week or more. Civilian goods production has been slashed ruthlessly. sterner hand. than a country like
this. The reason - for large shipments
of food from this country to Russia
is fairly apparent. The loss of the Ukraine crippled Russia like the loss of the Mississippi valley area would hurt this country. United States, Great Britain and Canada " have all sent food to-Russia, especially large amounts in the pass few months. ” s ”
LYNCH CORP. of Anderson goes out of its way to be cordial to its stockholders. In his annual report, President T. C. Werbe, says: «We cordially extend an invitation to you to visit our plants at your convenience. We will take pleasure in showing you the products and facilities which are the tangibles behind your stock certifi- - cates. We inclose notice of our an- ~ nual meeting and we hope you will attend.” That's a far cry from the way some corporations operate, holding meetings in out-of-the-way towns, far too small to hold but a fraction of the stockholders, and hoping none will come. 2 ” 2 ODDS AND ENDS: Some bakeries were slicing bread again before OPA lifted the ban, were told to quit it. . . . Chesterfield cigaret people (Liggett & Myers) are using apple juice, instead of glycerine, to moisten cigarets—but there isn’t
enough apple juice. . . . Wooden n the roll-top desk principle,
soles,.0 ate Shing made for women’s sports A .to save leather.’. . . Gne food company wants to call them “slackers markets” instead of black mar- - kets. , . . An overlooked benefit of " lend-leasing our goods abroad is that it is developing post-war markets abroad for U, S. products.
COURT REVERSED IN RAILROAD CASE
WASHINGTON, March 15 (U. P.) —The supreme court today reversed "a seventh circuit of appeals decision which had disapproved the interstate commerce commission’s reorganization plan for the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul '& Pacific Railroad Co. The circuit court had ruled that
the ICC had not made sufficient valuation findings. in connection with the allocation of new securities. Today’s decision overrode objections
of some creditors to the plan.
The case was" sent back to: the
district court for further proceedings. Po
DAILY PRICE INDEX NEW YORK, March 15 (U. P.) — Dun ‘& Bradstreet’s daily weighted price Index of 30 basic commodies, compiled for United Press (1930-32
average Squals, 100) : Yesterday .
Year Ago.
essse snes
1943 Low (Jan. 2).
Russia has continued fairly well in producing war material. One great resource is Much of the population was immobilized in conquered territory and millions of men were mobilized for military duty but there have been no reports of a definite manpow-
A dictatorship can use a
cregnsasrbueames + JIM Week AZO .......coovsvee.. 112.05 Month: AO ......c.ce...es. 169.20 cevienss. 105.25 1943 High (March 8) ...... 172.05 . 166.61
GREAT BRITAIN 47% $4,430,000,000
RUSSIA
19% $1,826,000,000
be
‘MIDDLE EAST “EJ
16% $1.573,000,000
AUSTRALIA, NEW: AFRICA AND A AA
: _$1,344,000000
aw ALL id
‘CHINA
149% ~ $459,000,000
is I
BANKERS URGE STIFFER TAXES
A. B. A. Says Banks Should Put Half of Deposits In War Bonds.
The American Bankers’ association today urged all banks fo reduce excess reserves by investing in government securities but emphasized that the public must carry the burden of war financing if the United States is to win its war against inflation. Reporting on “the 100 billion budget and the banks” the A. B. A. warned that over-expansion of bank credit could “blow prices through the roof” and advocated bank leadership in promoting the $13,000,000,000 April war bond drive. ‘Urging adoption of stiffer taxes, including possibly a sales tax, the A. B. A. pointed out that no equitable tax program is capable of siphoning off all surplus purchasing power resulting from the war boom. “There will still remain much spending power which can be reached ‘only by voluntary means,” the report said. - “It is in this area —bond sales to the people and voluntary savings—that the banks have their special opportunity.
Suggests Public Drive
The A. B. A. pointed out: that at banks must assume direct sales responsibility in the April financing and suggested immediate organization of their staffs for the job of bringing in public subscriptions. The ABA pointed out that at the end of 1942 the average bank held government securities equal to nearly half its total deposits and added: “Banks which are holding less than this amount might well examine their positions to see whether they might.not do more.” Commenting on the over-all fiscal aspects of the big government debt that is now being piled up, the A.B. A. warned that high taxes must be expected to continue for an indefinite period.
« Cites Inflation Peril
“Our capacity to carry the heavy debt without endangering our currency and our free institutions will depend upon the national economic policies that are followed after the war. If these policies are conductive to a sound increase in national productivity and wealth, even this
~|heavy debt charge can be borne.
“The more immediate hazard attaches to the expansion of bank credit through which the huge debt is created and carried. For it is
tential inflation. It is spending power in vast amount which could
owners started to spend it freely.”
TRADING IN CORN AT A STANDSTILL
today. - Oats countered the trend, and corn remained virtually inactive. At the end of the first hour. bushel; and rye off % to 5.
by several large milling concerns.
ceiling prices.
cents over May.
THIS CURIOUS WORLD
By ¥ William Ferguson
NEW YORK, March 15 (U. P.).—
this bank credit that represents po-
CHICAGO, March 15 (U. P.).— Wheat and rye futures eased in quiet trade on the Board of Trade 6
wheat was off % to % cent a corn unchanged at OPA levels; oats unchgnged to up %,
Wheat prices eased under selling
Trade remained at a standstill in the corn pit with no offerings at XN Grainmen offered September corn at 2% cents over Nat Dairy May in exchange and July at 1% Qulo oil
BOMBERS
30% 38%
FIGHTERS
LIGHT TANKS
28% 33%
Percentages of Total U. S. Production Shipped in Lend-Lease
‘MEDIUM TANKS
Division of Total Lend-Lease Shipments in Past Three Months
© vunmens 60% oO INDUSTRIAL 2 4%
PRODUCTS CY icin 16%
PRODUCTS
past year.
Maytag Profits. Slashed by War
NEWTON, Ia:, March-15 (U.-P.). —The Maytag Co. today reported reduced sales and earnings for 1942 as a result of conversion to war production last year. Net income for 1942 dropped. to $703,459, the smallest since 1938, and compared with $1,625,646 in 1941 while sales income amounted to $9,688,195, a 9-year low, and compared with $16,242,653 in 1941. Formerly a producer of domestic laundry equipment, the corporation has now changed to manufacturing a variety of war products, including heat-treated aluminum, castings for planes and aircraft engines, track pins for tanks, hydraulic cyl-. inders for bombers, motor-driven actuating devices, and other aircraft subassemblies.
PART OF LA PORTE HOME PROJECT DONE
LAPORTE, Ind, March 15 (U.
eral government’s new $15,000,000 “victory city” adjoining Kingsbury ordnance plant, will throw open its gates to the first families of war workers Friday, A. J. Parkin, federal heusing director, announced today. Parkin’s staff now is considering 750 applications from families now living from Chicago to South Bend and in other parth of northwest Indiana. The applicants were Kingsbury war workers who have been inconvenienced by transportation and housing difficulties. Many were forced to drive many miles to work each day. The victory city, virtually complete, now stands on 775 ‘acres which were bare farm land only 10 months ago. Approximately 3000 dwellings were built in 1500 structures, most of them pre-fabricated. Rents will vary from $19 to $32.50 per month, depending upon the
and on whether or not it is furnished, Parkin said. Each family will have a 30 by 75-foot garden
N. Y. Stocks
Allegh Corp ... Allied Chem i Allis-Ch:
blow prices through the roof if its|Am Can
Am Rad & S 8S. Am Roll Mill .. Am T & T .... Am Tob B . ... 53% Am Water W .. Anaconda Armour IIl .. . Atl Refining .. Balt & Ohio ... Beth Steel -.... Borden BE Warner ve Bdgpt Brass . Chrysler ....... 13%
+L:
-
orn Pro Curtiss-Wr Dome Mines .. 19
[4++1: +1 | Et
Gen Electric .. Goodrich Goodyear Hud Bay -M&S. Indpls Pw & Lt Int Harvester . Int Nickel Int T& T Johns-Ban .... Kennecott
S| HLH FE
so. os»
. ve
Pan Am Airwys Penn RR 3
PEEL: piles
| +:
foun eet .. Zenith Radio ,., Westing El .... White Rock....
LLL b+
were : se sess wees ne
=
| .
Complete New York stock quotations are ried daily in the final - tion of The Times,
1
BROWN LEAVES WPB'_ WASHINGTON, March 15 (U.P). ~The war production board today announced the resignation of Edwin H. Brown,
turn to He has peen
| with the WEB for five months.
P.).—Kingsford Heights, the fed-|
family size of the dwelling unit|g
. Choice
¥/, a Good—
chief of the steel division |- {of the plant facilities branch, to re-|
This is the where and what of $9,632,000,000 worth of lend-lease -shipped since March, vealed by Administrator Edward Stettinius Jr. The production percentages refer to shipments d
TOP PRIGE FOR HOGS IS $15.65
But Choice . Porkers Sell "As High as $15.75 to Shippers.
Hog prices at the Indianapolis stockyards today opened steady with Saturday’s prices or 15° cents higher than. Friday's, the food distribution administration reported. Shippers paid the 15-cent advance while some bids held at an increase of 10 cents. The schedule top was $15.65, but choice porkers brought $15.70 and $15.75. Weights from 160 pounds down were unchanged. Receipts included 7525 hogs, 1900 cattle, 650 calves and 625 sheep. HOGS (7525)
120- 140 pound 140- 160 pound 160- 180
[email protected] He 30015. 55
pounds .... pounds . 0 pounds 270- 300 pounds 300- 330 pounds 300- 360 pounds .. Medium-— 160- 220 pounds. Packing Sows
Good to choice— 270- 300 pounds 300- 330 pounds 360- 400 pounds ... 400- 450 pounds Good— 400- 450 pounds 450-.550 pounds Medium: 150- Z30apounds
. Slaughter Pigs
. [email protected] 14,[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] + [email protected] [email protected]
ss000et0s0ne
[email protected] [email protected]
“apts snine
Medium and g 90-120 as
CATTLE (1900)
Chofce— 700- 900 900-1100 1100-1300 1300-1500 Good 700- 900 900-1100 1100-1300 1300-1500 Medium— 700-1100 pounds . 1100-1300 pOUNdS ...cccesees ommon— 700-1100 pounds ....s.eoe
16.50 17.00 17.256 Li
eessess. 16.00 «se 16.25 . 16.50 + 16,50
pound pound pound Pound
«+ [email protected] . [email protected]
Choice—
600- 800 pounds 800-1000 pounds .. . [email protected] Good—
600- 800 pounds 800-1100 pounds
Medium— 500- 800 pounds Common—— 500- 90 pounds . Cows all weights)
os 14.75
. 15.25 . 14.75
15.50 [email protected]
Bulls (all weights).
. (Yearlings Excluded) Beef— :
Good Sausage— Good Lal! weights) «sseess Mediu .
*eseese
CALVES - (650)
Vealers (all weights)
Good to choice Commond and medium Cull (75 lbs. up)
Feeder & Stocker Cattle & Calves Steers
500- 800 pounds . 800-1050 pounds
500- 800 pounds ..csco0sseees 12.50 800-1050 pounds ....eees00.0s 13.
Medium— 500-1000 pounds Common— ; §00- 900 pounds Calves (steers)
4 Good and Choice— 500 pounds down ..... sssnves [email protected]
Medium— 500 pounds down : Calves (heifers) Good and Choice— 500 pounds down . Medium. 500 pounds down ......
SHEEP ASD LAMBS (526)
Ewes (shorn) Good and choice
- ssssve cs
.
: Jousting Wet! Good and choice Médium
U. S. STATEMENT
WASHINGTON, Mar 5 A —Govstument S7penses an ana. is Pe ear hrovensy ron compared with z ear es Eo
Last ¥i .$ 50, 783,850, 59,611 $18.160, 10.240. ,876 6,107,476,
Tham dm
Net Deficit o Cash Balance
Gone Reserve . 22,628,757, 193 193,108,505,
#8 OPA Asks Grocers to Apply In Case of Emergency Only|;
Wholesale and retail grocers were urged today by Indiana OPA|_ rationing officials to make use of their emergency adjustment applications only ‘in cases where present stocks of processed foods are not
a1. 10 00013. 30
498 400800000 [email protected] 13.50 13.50 aa [email protected]
hers senses sasaavs [email protected] Coun aahi eases eons [email protected]
War Spenditig 46,834,838.068 13,708, fe
Workin 3 3.300,442.508 aE ot Sai 168,256, es
194), =
| Halts Work on
Gun Carriages
NEW YORK, March 15 (U, P.).— American “Locomotive. Co., producer of the tank destroyers that have been credited with a major role in winning the battle of Egypt, announced today that it is abandoning production of gun carriages at the government’s request in order to make equipment needed for the manufacture of. synthetic zubber and aviation gasoline, Chairman William C. Dickerman revealed the changeover in his annual report to stockholders, stating that the facilities formerly used for gun carriage production are now being converted to aid the rubber and gasoline programs.
LOCAL ISSUES
Nominal quotations furnished by local unit: of National Association 0 Securities Dealers. Bid as
Stk Yds t RR Stk Yds 8% pfd bbs-Merrill com
0 : 70 | Home T&T Ft ry 1% pid. 0%
Ind Asso Tel 2 Ind & Mich 7% jug Hydro Flee: d Gen Serv 6% Indpls ® & L 3h a Indpls P & L Indpls Rlwys, ne. om *Indpls Water pf Indpl Linco] Linco] N Ind Pub Serv 5%% pid . N Ind Pub Serv 6% N Ind Pub Serv 7% pid ... B R Mallory eo Progress Laun yom Pub Serv of Ind 5% pid. Pub Serv of Ind com. So Ind G&E 4.8 pfd ..... esses 91 Stokel Bros pr'pfc ....ces0s. 15 Tel Co Ag 5% cosecsas 3
Van Camp MILE pid Van Camp Milk com Bonds Algers Wins'w w BR 4%%.. American Loan 58 5 American Loan 5s 26 99 Cent Newspaper 4's 42-51 ... Ch of Com Bld g Co 4%s 51.. Citizens Ind Tel 4%s 61
5 Water Class A com.
Indpls Water Co 31s 68 Kokomo Water Works 6&8 53. 104% Kuhner Packing Co 4%s 49 ... 5&10 Stores 5s ay
1 4 Bub Serv of Tod 4s 69 Pub Tel 46s 55 Richmond Water Sis 5s 57...10 Trac Term Corp 5s 57 Ki *Ex-dividend.
LOCAL PRODUCE
Heavy breed hens, 3% lbs. and over, 20%c; ¥ Mn lbs. and under, 23%¢; Leghorns,
Broilers ides 3 a colored and Barred and White Rock, 2 Tie. Fryers 3 lbs. and 4 Barred and White Rock, Stags—Leghorns, 21c; bess breed, 22c;
colored and
coc 6c. Eggs—Current receipts, 54 lbs. and up,
Graded Eggs—Grade A large, 35c; grade ‘A Imedipm. 33c; grade A small, 25¢; no grade.
ve helpful publicity.”
28¢. Butter-—No. 1, 50c. Butterfat—No. 1, 49c; No. 2, 460.
adequate to meet buying demands,
into the state OPA offices for additional points for restocking of inventories that have had to be fefused on thé basis that there was not sufficient proof of need. Wholesalers may apply for an emergency adjustment application at their local rationing board and file it with the Indianapolis or South Bend office of OPA during March only. The application may
by mail. The wholesale applicant is required to show: (1) his point inventory, which is the sum of the point ‘value of his physical inventory;
501 ¢2’ ‘the point value. of his March
sales and transfers; (3) his esti-
oh 00| mate of the number of points need-
ed to bring his inventory up to meet his demands for the Temsinker of
Opa pointed out that a shortage of one or two items does not .necessarily warrant an emergency application.
be filed in person, by an Agent, or
| Public Interest n Serap
Collecting Wanes; Fear Shortage.
By DALI McFEATTERS Times Special Writer .PITTSBUR(iH, March 15.—Waning public concern about the iron ard steel scrap situation leads steel producers to fear for the success of vial 1943 salvage drives. Easing of a severe scrap shortage that cost the industry hundreds of thousands of tons of steel in 1942 hus created unwarranted optimism over this yeai’'s outlook, officials repcrted. While mills now are better off than at this time a year ago, they will need more scrap than ever before to keep their steel-making furniices at capsacity. ‘The industry entered 1943 with four and one-half weeks supply, or close to four millions tons of scrap, according to the American Iron and Steel institute. That was almost tviice as much as the supply on hand ecrly in 1942.
Need More This ‘Year
Furnaces this year, however, may require about five million tons more scrap than last year when approxiin | mately 55 million tons were consumed. At least ‘a third of an estimated 62-million-ton requirement must come from salvage sources. The war production vourd has set a goal of 13,000,000 tons to be collected in the first six months of this year. This is considerably below the 17,000,000 tons rounded up in the six months of 1942, but the lower quota is due not to diminished needs but to realization that many salvage sources have dried up. Public enthusiasm that supported lest year’s campaigns is absent as preparations are made for a new drive, and many officials are growing alarmed about the outcome. There is no doubt that the public’s rally to the scrap cause saved the nation’s mills from a ¢isastrous slump, and the industry is quick to admit it. The Iron and Steel institute declared: & “The greatly improved scrap sitvation is a tribute to the efforts and co-operation. of the millions of Americans who tutned in their household or farm scrap during last
*| summer’s nationwide salvage drive,
and to the nation’s manufacturers who generously relinquished obsolete machinery and other industrial materials to meet the urgent need for scrap, and to the newspapers and magazines which supplied much
“
Manpower Is Factor
Meanwhile, the institute asks scrap-donors not to be impatient at the sight of community piles still waiting to be moved to scrap dealers’ yards. This scrap is serving an important purpose-—as. a “blood bank” from: which “transfusions can
{be made as needed to maintain the
flow of essential raw materials.” The greater tonnage of scrap to be consumed in 1943 must come from comniercial sources, and here again prospects are not too encouraging. A shortage of manpower among scrap yards is becoming more acute and may seriously retard the flow of scrap. The scrap metal industry has been included among those considered essential to the war effort by the war manpower commission. This helps ease the selective service drain on scrap workers but it doesn’t stop them from moving to higher-pay jobs in other industries. Some scrap dealers have petitioned the war labor board for permission to raise wages but no decision has been made.
Requests have come
also state his base figures under the WPE restricting order for the purchase of canned foods. On the basic of the information contained in his application, the OPA will compute the number of points the wholesaler may obtain . to meet his emergency. A retailer may apply for an emergency adjustment to his local rationing board, unless he’ also operates a wholesale or processer ‘establishinent, in which case he makes ‘his application to the state or ‘district OPA office nearest his principal business headquarters. In addition to the information to be included in the wholesdler’s application, the retailer should state his estimated dollar sales of pro(cessed foods during January, 1943. Any other requests for adjustments
March. The wholesale applicant should
must be forwarded fo the office Rhers the applicant is registered.
GLASSES on CREDIT
»
_/NiviowaL Safety Covwen.
~ The windshield sticker situation may provide radio comedians and cartoonists with gags but the National Safety council says drivers don’t think it's so funny anymore. “For one thing,” the council says, “the driver is running out of windshield. For another, there is a definite accident hazard involw A cominittee headed by Don PF. Stiver, superintendent of the Indi-
matter of how: a driver can obey the law and still get where he’s going in one piece. The committee said that the aver-
*
lage motorist doesn’t pay much at-
tention where he puts the stickers and suggests the following: 1, Use the space at the top center of the windshield, just in front of the rear vision mirror, for the federal vehicle use stamp. Since his
Johnson Gives
. WASHINGTON, March 15 (U.
an interview. Records show that small plants have received only a thin slice of war supply contracts. Johnson's agency has released a list of 252 companies which hold a preponderance of the war supply contracts awarded from June, 1940, to November, 1942, Johnson said the concentration of war orders in the nation’s large industries could be defended while the nation was rushing to rearm and immediately after it was plunged into war. He pointed out that the small plants were not equipped to do a hurry-up job. He feels, however, that this is not the situation today and that the time has come to compel prime contractors to sub-contract their orders in such a way that distressed plants may be preserved to fill a useful role in post-war years. “Is it too late to save little business?” he was asked. “Certainly not,” he fired back. Tt can be saved—it will be saw : The dynamic “colonel, head of Johnson & Johnson, one of the largest surgical dressing manufacturers in the nation, said the pressure of public opinion would pyramid to such heights that a government not sympathetic to the preservation of little business could not exist,
Management ‘on Trial’
“The little operator has been the backbone of industry, he is now and] will continue to be long after the war has ended,” he said. “Will the present concentration of billions in war orders in big industry pave the way for nation-wide operation of huge cartels after the war?” he was asked, Johnson thought for a few moments and then answered in the negative.
ana state police, has taken up the
Months to Help Small Firms:
“You watch the road, Ed—TIl shift the gears”
space is already covered by the: mirror, another small sticker might be place there, such as an- identification pass for army bases, navy yards, war plants, etc. But it ought not be any larger than two inches’ square, 2. Stickers indicating payment of vehicle fees to states and cities and" to show compliance with motor vehicle inspection regulations,’ should be placed on the bottom edge of the windshield, starting at extreme lower right corner. maximum size should be three’ inches square. 5 8. Mileage. ration stamps should” be placed on the left rear side wine dow where the gasoline station ate 3 tendant can see it readily. In: of trucks the stamps should be put on the left rear window of the cab. 4. Don’t put any stickers on. are not required.
Himself Six
%3 ¥ oe 7 cL 08
P.).—Col, Robert W. Johnson, new
chairman of the Smaller War Plants Corp., said today that the problem vy of keeping little industries alive under the war program can be licked" and he has given himself six months to do the job. “If I don’t do it in that time they'll get rid of me:if I do it by tha$ time theyll also get rid of me because the job will be done,” he said i
Fh
“Enlightened self-interest veloping into a listic, liberal ine _ dustrial philosop will maintain the American way of life—the come . petitive system and the principle of free enterprise,” he continued. “Bus unless industry leaders, both large and small, adopt such a policy, IT wouldn’t care to prophesy or des scribe the result.” ; Johnson said industrial manage« ment is on trial today and has been since the depression. : “If it succeeds in winning back the confidence of the American people, it has nothing to worry: about,” he said. “If it doesn’t, it has plenty to worry about—plenty!”
Makes Progress f Since taking office a few weeks
-
. | ago, Johnson has surveyed the entire :
picture of distressed industries and | has an up-to-date report on thes number of idle small plants. In abe" tacking the problem he uses these. yardstick of measurement: A small plant is any one which - does a relatively small percentage of the national volume of ‘business done by the entire indutsry. A distressed plant‘is one operate ing at less than 66% per cent of normal production—normal produce tion being the average of five yours. : output prior to the war. . Johnson recently called in repre= | sentatives of the armed services and other procurement agencies to work out a plan for putting small plants
nN
ports to his office today indicated . that considerable progress has been ¢ made. ; He has demanded that the serve 4 ices make a report to him within * three weeks on the extent to which
prime contractors have sub-con- %
tracted war orders.
WHILE THE REST OF
THE TOWN SLEEPS
HAAG’S ALL-NIGHT DRUG STORE 22d and Meridian ; IS OPEN
Same Fine Quality! : ‘R "Prices! yl Same Low _.'§ MEN'S HATS $3.95 = x
Make Woodworking Your Hobby. Us
: DELTA MOTOR DRIVEN TOOLS
Exclusively at VONNEGUT’S 120 E. Washingto n St.
]
“USE YOUR CREDIT at
VIOISHSINNIS CLCTHING-COMPANY |
131 W. Washington St. _ Directly Opposite nditns Thsater _
Clothing on Credit
SEYMOUR’S
{41 W. Washington St.
WE Buy Diamonds
HIGHEST cass ‘PRICES
113 W. Wash. Lincoln Hotel Bldg.
OPEN
MONDAYS AND FRIDAYS
TEL
of QUALITY
STANLEY “Jowsiry Go.
FUR COATS Largest Selection in the State : INDIANA FUR CO
112 East WASHINGTON
St
to work in the Southeast, and re= =