Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 12 September 1941 — Page 19

v -

®

LONDON, Sept. 12—Packing up to return home, I have had to send all my notes and papers to the cengor for checking before tiiey can be taken out of mm : difficulty here in obtaining figures

gland. There is: little . ta and deta information, but not

very much of it can be used. The

material is helpful as a guide, but the British object to having it go out in specific form, The Germans seal up their information tightly, and the British have every reason to do ithe same. . Censorship isn’t nearly as forbidding as it sounds. Written

press copy goes through a large

mill of censors and follows fixed rules. I don’t know what the people who have censored my copy Fron are like; They may wear horns, for all I know. One of them was immovable when 1 tried to tell more than he thought I should about American planes over here. Otherwise, except in the matter ‘of taking my notes home, they haven’t ' bothered me much, : In a broadcasting studio you work with a censor sitting right behind you, his hand within reach of a gut-off switch. I haven't heard that the switch was ever used. The manuscript is read in advance by a gensor in the studio. ; I have worked with three different radio censors, their names being Warr, Trouncher and Toye. Mr, Trouncher is a former antique dealer, and I think newspapermen are a constant source of curiosity and amazement to him. Messrs, Warr and Toye are musicians, both .having been orchestra directors. Mr. Toye is a composer of some prominence, one of the recognized Gilbert-and-Sullivan conductors. He has been in America many times with the famous D’OyleCarte Opera Company, and his wife is there now for the duration of the war,

[

"FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 194!

Things to Come 2 Remand clapper Text of Roosevelt's ‘Shoot First’ Rac

About British Tradition His favorite conversation theme is the phony side of British tradition. He scoffs at the idea that cricket is an old public school game. His father was the first cricket coach at Winchester, one of the famous schools of England. In 10 minutes he can take apart more traditions than I ever heard of, Parliament buildings which seem to have stood forever. were: built only a hundred years ago, he insists. Scotch: whisky’ used to be & peasant’s. drink, having about the same standing as “white mule” in America, tension drank claret, i The only trouble I had with a radio censor was when my script referred to a bright Sunday afternoon in Hyde Park. ‘He said that current weather conditions mustn’t be described, and suggested that I make my reference apply to the previous Sunday,

You Can't Find Appeasers

An American gets his biggest hand around here in the pubs and the East End air raid shelters. I went several places where they told me proudly that Wendell Willkie and Raymond Gram Swing had been visitors. I was in one pub a few nights after Elliott Roosevelt had been there. They said he had to write 200 autographs. They usually bring out their champion dart thrower, and if you have time he takes you on for a game. When several of us went to one pub we found a wedding party at the peak of hilarity. They got us out into the middle of the floor and sang “Franklin D. Roosevelt Jones.” Instead of resenting American visitors as nosey sightseers, the East End cockneys are very proud to show off their pubs, shelters and neighborhood heroes, . When you get through with it all, you discover, to your amazement, that no one has uttered a complaint. They take the bombings and the hardships as part of the job of winning a war. These people could not be mush worse off under Hitler. But they would rather be poor under their own government. than under a foreign conqueror. Appeasement will never start among the little people of the East End,

] ‘Because of the serious illness of his wife, Ernie Pyle has been forced to dis- '| continue his column for a few days. Mr. Pyle has flown to Albuquerqie to be with Mrs. Pyle and hopes to resume his column soon. -

i

Inside Indianapolis (4nd “Our Town”)

LOTS OF PEOPLE have a wholly erroneous impression of the Government's new regulations setting minimum down payments for various types of installment buying. Some people think it means no more installment ! buying. Some are under the impression that they must pay onethird down. The simple truth of the matter is that the new regulations really interfere very little with most stores’ customary practice.

For instance, the new requirement is that in buying furniture, the down payment shall be 10 per cent of the total purchase. As we ‘understand it, rhost furniture stores required that much or more down payment in the past. For appliances, 20 per cent down is required, and for autos the down payment must be at least one-third. Purchase of clothing “on time” is not interfered with, nor is there any restriction. on diamonds, watches or jewelry. The jeweler can sell these articles without a cent down, if he wants to. Like the Old Days : TWO BREWSTER BUFFALOES, sturdy little shipboard fighting planes, stopped over at Municipal Airport Wednesday en route to San Diego to join the Fleet Air Arm. While here, they caused quite a bit of commotion. The planes are coming off the production. line in the East faster than the plant can get self-starters. So the pilots just hop them west without starters. The starters will be installed at San Diego. Getting them going takes about as much ingenuity as it took to crank the old Model T. flivvers back in . the “jack-up-the-rear-wheel” days. The pilots of these two tied a rope to the tip of one of the three blades on the propeller, draped the rope over the propeller hub, and tied the other end to the airport gas truck. The truck driver, guided by signals, ‘would start up suddenly and give the prop a twist. rae It took five fries and a lot of grunting and cussing to get one of the motors turning over, three tries for the other. ’

Aviation

John J. Bergen, a Wall Street broker; recently returned from England to the U. S. and asserted that: “My outstanding observation was the operation of the R. A, F. They voluntarily gave up the Coastal Command to the Fleet Air Arm. The R. A. F. now takes: care of fighter and bomber squadrons, That would be my strongest argument for leaving the American Air Force as it is. It would be a tremendous mistake to change to a unified command.” Here is a typical case. A man who is not an aviator, but a financier, tells us Americans why our air defenses should be status quo. : * Mr. Bergen was one of the principal promoters, and at pres- : ‘ ent is a director, of an aircraft _ company - which is building the pest fighting planes used in the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. It is now in full-time operation deMvering such planes to the Navy on a Navy contract, The Navy, far stronger politically than the Army, has dug in and will fight any amalgamation of the existing Army and Navy air services into anything even smacking of a separate or autonomous American Air Force. To the Navy, the very words, “United States Air Force,” are anathema. '

Too Much Loose Talking

Time and again in the 20 years since Gen. Billy Mitchell launched his plan for a separate American Air Force the American public has been confused by people talking loosely, or with a loosely: camouflaged purpose, on this subject, and always ending up. by implying erroneously that because the British do or don’t do something we must: follow suit,

My Day WASHINGTON, Thursday.—When TY reached Washington last night, I was surprised to find that my bedroom and sitting room were being painted, so temporarily I am occupying President Lincoln's bed! It is particularly large and ornate and I never realized ; before how awe-inspiring it must be to our guests. However, I am glad to find that it is very comfortable, because long ago I can remember my grandmother telling me that one should always sleep in all of one’s guests’ beds, to make sure that they are comfortable. : Today is beautiful. The usual White House routine falls upon one like a mantle as soon as one returns. There are people to see, i and one gentleman. was here, for : : luncheon on his way to New England from Chicago! Diana Hopkins and a little : spending the day, and my two daughters-in-law, Ruth and Rommie, were here for lunch. * They are the greatest joy to have with us. Elliott and Ruth are hoping to leave for Texas some time to get reservations. The airlines have to pls fiddle to some of the defense needs hr ore coristantly by air, with the

A

held in -

‘by plane, but so far have not been able ple are

“Scotty” Bobbitt, X-Chairman

‘GOVERNOR SCHRICKER authors an article on the subject: “Protect the American Way of Life,” in the current issue of True Detective Magazine, Its theme is that “during this critical period in our history we must continue our unceasing vigilance against the cancerous inroads of intérnal lawlessness, or plain, every-day crime.” Incidentally, it was written early this year, which accounts for one reference which gives the impression the Indiana Legislature still is in session. We'll bet the Governor's glad it isn’t. If he isn’t, at least we are. . . . Our former G. O. P. State Chairman, Arch Bobbitt, had a big supply of calling cards on hand when the State Committee rather unceremoniously ousted him a couple of weeks ago. Most people would have thrown the cards away, but not Arch. He used his head, instead, and with a pen has changed the cards to read: “Arch N. Bobbitt; X-Chairman, Indiana Republican State Committee. . . . Dr. Howard Williams, resident - physician at

. Methodist Hospital two years ago and now a captain

in the Army Medical Corps at Gainesville, 'Fla., brought Mrs. Williams back here to Methodist to await the stork the other day. It’s a boy. ;

Nice Work, Mr. Askren

MRS. MARGARET SULLIVAN, a deputy county clerk, got a present the other day from her husband, who’s in the Navy. The boys in the Clerk’s office heard about it and have been trying to get her to wear it to the office, but she won’t do it. The gift, which came all the way from Honolulu, happens to be a grass skirt, you see. . , . Warren Central High School is planning some sort of a ceremony soon to honor George Askren, 52, who has been driving school busses

‘to and from the school for 20 years. C. E. Eash, prin-

cipal, has received a letter from the National Safety Council announcing that Mr. Askren and another driver from Raton, N. M., have been singled out for honor because both have driven school buses more than 200,000 miles without a single accident. The N. 8. C. sent him a nicely framed certificate. . , . Those new $19,000 fire trucks the City has just received will do better than 70 miles an hour. The boys took one of them out on a State highway south of town and found out.

By Maj. Al Williams

In the first place, if we can’t do anything without imitating some foreign nation, isn’t it about time we imitated the fellows who seem to have the greatest airpower? Nothing more than common sense is needed to recognize that the air defense of America and that of England differ in vital features, especially in the matter of defense over ‘the sea. ' ? The British have been beaten every time they ran up against German shore-based airpower. The British are open to daily bombing attack. We are not, though a few raiders might annoy us. The British bombers are well within range of enem bomb targets. We are not. For every 100 miles of British coastline, we have almost 1000 miles to patrol and protect. The British coastal command faces a one-ocean combat area. We face two oceans—with the possible necessity for switching our ocean air forces from one ocean to another overnight,

The Weakest Argument

_ Since the formation of the R. A. F. as a separate air force in the last war, the British Navy has thwarted every move of the R. A, F. to co-ordinate the coastal and land air defenses of England. The British admirals insisted that the air over the seas around England belonged to the Fleet Air Arm— which meant, belonged to the admirals—and that Army's R. A. F. should be restricted to operations in the air above the land area of the British Isles. The weakest possible argument for doing anything, or nothing, with our scattered air service is to suggest as an example England, the nation that couldn’t understand that airpower coming of age meant the domination of the seas by wings instead of by steelSided mastodons of: an Sltler age. If England should ose her pire, she co charge the 1 off this lack of realistic vision, Be: the loss off to just

By Eleanor Roosevelt

reservations are hard to get. i I wonder if you have seen, in the October American Magazine the article on the part the British ‘women are playing in the armed forces of Great! Britain? For the first time, they have been accepted in artillery units and are operating anti-aircraft batteries and the fire control instruments. They are enlisted to fight overseas as well as in England for the duration of the war, and they receive the “danger pay of the combat line.” We have heard before of women in the Russian Army, but this is the first instance of women actually working side by side with the men in the armed forces of England. It shows that, when the need arises, there are few places where women cannot work side by side'with men. ~~ ~~ > _. § & iis I have also réceived an appeal for charity in which I think everyone in this country will be interested. Those who remember the hospitals in the last war will remember what seemed to be almost the beginning of

plastic surgery on a great scale. There are today England four famous plastic surgeons. te Under the auspices of the British American

Ambulance Corps, a committee has been formed and|

: to

is anxious

raise $100,000 to help these surgeons ac-

Scotsmen of any pre- or

better - conditions ‘under which they can treat| “pilots, munitions: workers, civilian defense po

(For fewsieel men who ss the paragraphs of his speech

My fellow Americans:

mistakable. :

vented, and in spite of what

‘gink her, Our destroyer, at the time, was in waters which the Government of the United States had declared to be waters of self-d e f en s e —surrounding outposts of American protec-

tion in the Atlantic. In the north, outposts have been established by us in Iceland, Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland.

| Through these waters there pass

many ships of many flags. They bear food and other supplies to civilians; and they bear materiel of war, for which the people of the United States are spending billions of dollars, and which, by Congressional action, they have declared to be essential for the defense of their own land. ; The United States destroyer, when attacked, was proceeding on a legitimate mission. If the destroyer was visible to the submarine when the torpedo was fired, then the attack was 1a deliberate attempt by the Nazis to sink 8 clearly identified American warship. On the other hand, if the submarine was beneath the surface and,’ with the. aid of its listening devices, fired in the direction .of the sound of the American destroyer without even taking the trouble to learn its identity—as the official German communique would indicate —then the attack was even more outrageous. policy = of indiscriminate violence against any vessel sailing the seas— belligerent or non-belligerent,

PERISCOPE SEEN

This was piracy—legally and morally, It was not the first nor the last act of piracy which the ‘Nazi Government has committed against the American flag in this war.” Attack has followed attack. A few months ago an American flag merchant ship, the Robin Moor, was sunk by a Nazi submarine in the middle of the South Atlantic,

passengers and the crew were forced into open boats hundreds of miles from land, in’ direct violation of international agreements signed by

apology, no allegation of mistake,

from the Nazi Government.

In July, 1941, an American battleship in North American waters was followed by a submarine which for a long time sought to maneuver itself into a position of attack. The periscope of the submarine was clearly seen. No British or American submarines were within hundreds of miles of this spot at the time, so the nationality of the submarine is clear.

Five days ago a United States Navy ship on patrol picked up three survivors of an American - owned ship operating under the flag of our sister Republic of Panama—The S. S. Sessa. On August 17th, she had been first torpedoed without warning, and then shelled, near

supplies to Iceland. It is feared that the other members of her crew have been drowned. In view of the established presence of German submarines in this vicinity, there can be no reasonable doubt as to the identity of the attacker.

FEET ON GROUND

Five days ago, another United States merchant ship, the Steel Seafarer was sunk by .a German aircraft in the Red Sea two hundred and twenty miles south of Suez. She was bound for an Egyptian port. ; Four of the ‘vessels sunk or attacked flew the American flag and were clearly identifiable, Two of

American Navy. In the fifth case, the vessel sunk clearly carried the flag of Panama. :

cans are keeping our feet onthe ground. Our {type of democratic civilization has oufgrown the thought of . feeling’ compelled to fight some other nation by reason of any single piratical attack on one of our ships. We are not be-

a long-range point of view in regard to certain fundamentals and to a series of events on land and on sea which - must be considered as a whole—as a part of a world pattern. It. would be unworthy of a great nation to ra an isolated

by some one act of violence. But " it would be inexcusable folly to

House last night, President Roosevelt underscored: what

‘States, to the coasts of the United

‘nations, has presumed to declare,

For it ‘indicates a

* except ‘ at ‘peril

under circumstances violating longestablished international law :and every principle of humanity. The:

the Government of Germany. No.

no offer of reparations has come

Greenland, while carrying civilian

these ships were warships of the| fi

_In the face of all this we Ameri- |

1nstegd, we Americans are taking] 1

hich should’ be the greatest bold face type below.)

WASHINGTON, Sept. 11 (U. P.).—THe ‘text of President Roosevelt's message follows: fe hE

$ :

The Navy Department of the United States has reported to me that on the morning of Sept. 4 the United States destroyer Greer, proceeding in full daylight towards Iceland, had reached a point southeast of Greenland. . She was. carrying’ American mail to Iceland. - She was flying the American flag. Her identity as an American ship was un-

She was then and there attacked by a submarine. Germany admits that is was a German submarine. The submarine deliberately fired a torpedo at the Greer, later by another torpedo attack. In spite of what Hitler’s propaganda

followed

bureau has inany American obstructionist

organization may prefer to believe, I tell you the blunt fact that the German submarine fired first upon this American destroyer without warning, and with deliberate design to

”

which has been made clear to the American people for a long time. It is the Nazi design to abolish the freedom of the seas, and to acquire absolute control and domination of the seas for themselves.

For with control of the seas in their own hands, the way can’ become clear for their next step: —domination of the United States and the Western Hemisphere by force. Under Nazi control of the seas, no merchant ship of the United States or of ‘any other American republic would be free to carry on any peaceful commerce, except by the condescending grace of this foreign and tyrannical power,

war to help destroy him and all his works in the end. He must wipe out

He must silence the: British Navy.

It must be explained again and again to people who like to think of the United States Navy as an invincible protection, that this can ‘be true only if the British Navy survives. That is simple

DEADLY MENACE

The Atlantic Ocean which has been, and ‘which should always be, arithmetic. a free and friendly highway for us

_ For if the world outside the bi ol SE Tistace Americas falls under Axis domina-

tion, the shipbuilding facilities which the Axis Powers would then possess in all of Europe, . British Isles, and in the Far East would be much greater than all the shipbuilding facilities and potentialities of all the Americas—not only greater, but two or three times greater. Even if the United States threw all its resources into such a situation, seeking to double and even redouble the size of our Navy, the Axis Powers, in control of the rest of the world, would have the manpower and the physical resources to outbuild us several times. over.

It is {ime for all Americans: of all the Americas to stop being

States, and to the .inland cities of the United States. ‘ The Hitler ‘Government, in deflance of the laws of the sea and of the recognized rights of all other

on paper, that great areas of the seas—even: including a vast expanse lying in the Western Hemisphere— are to be .closed, and that no ships may enter them for any purpose, of being stnk. Actually they are sinking ships at will :and without warning in widely separated areas both within ‘and far ‘outside of these far-flung pretended zones. Tr

Report lllegal Airfields on Germans’ Land in Colombia

BOGOTA, Colombia, Sept. 12 (U. P.).—The Minister of War said today that the Government is investigating reports of the existence of illegal airfields on property of German citizens between Cartagena and Barranquilla and is taking steps to protect Colombian sovereignty and Colombia's policy of Pan-American solidarity. Mention of the discovery ‘of such airfields “within easy range of the Panama. Canal” was contained in President Roosevelt's address last night. ,

0)

"This Nazi attempt to seize control deluded by’ the romantic notion of the oceans is but a counterpart that the Americas can go on living of the Nazi plots now-being carried happily and peacefully in a Nazion throughout the Western Hemis- dominated world. here—all designed toward the same : ony For Hitler's advance guards— Generation after - generation, policy of the freedom of the seas.

his dupes among us—have sought to That policy is a very simple one— make ready for him footholds and Bisa hasty, fundamental one, Tb

bridgeheadg in the new world, to i : : means that no nation has the right be used as soon as he ‘has gained to. make ihe brocd ocewns. of ihe

control of the oceans. i _ world at great distances from the His intrigues, his plots, his machi actual theater of land war, unsafe

nations, ie sabotage in this new 0" Commerce of hers. ernment of the United States. Con- tas hat been or Dolicy, Proved spiracy has followed conspiracy. tory Zan ’

Last year a plot to seize the Gov- . a ernment of Uruguay was smashed , OUT Policy has applied from time ; immemorial—and still applies—not by the prompt action of that 0 4 "the Atlantic but to the country, which was supported in pia: ang to all other oceans as full by her American neighbors. A well. : sabik , like plot was then hatching in Ar- : gentiha, and that Government has Unrestricted submarine warfare carefully and wisely blocked it at in 1941 constitutes a defiance—an every point. More recently, an en- act of , aggression—against that deavor was made to subvert the historic American policy. Government of Bolivia. Within the It is now clear that Hitler has past few weeks the discovery was begun his campaign to control the made of secret air landing fields in’ seas by ruthless force and by Colombia, within easy range of the wiping out every vestige of interPanama Canal. I could multiply national law and humanity. instances. His intention has been made To be ultimately successful in clear. The American people can world mastery, Hitler knows he have no further illusions about it. must get control of the seas. He No tender whispering of appeasmust first destroy the bridge of ers that Hitler is not interested in ships which we are building across the Western Hemisphere, no sopothe Atlantic, over which we shall rific lullabies that a wide ocean

HOLD EVERYTHING

our patrol on sea and in the air. peo

| Hitlerism.

; Wearing a black arm band in mourning for his mother, President Roosevelt appears he addresses a world-wide audience from the White House.

continue to roll the ‘implements of protects us from him — can long distant waters, they can attack

have any effect on the hard-headed, far-sighted and realistic American ple. Because of these episodes, because of the movements and operations of German warships, and because of the clear, repeated proof that the present Government of Germany has no respect for treaties or for international law, that it has no decent attitude toward neutral nations or human life—we Americans are now face to face not with

abstract theories but with cruel, re-

lentless facts. : : This attack on the Greer was no localized military operation in the North Atlantic. This was no mere

episode in a struggle beiween two

nations. This was one determined step towards creating a permanent world system based on force, terror and murder, :

And I am sure that even now the Nazis are waiting to see whether the United States will by silence give them the green light to go ahead on this path of destruction. The Nazi danger to our Western World has long ceased to be a mere possibility, The danger is here now=-not only from a military enemy but, from an enemy of all law, all liberty, al morality, all religion. 8

“There has now come a time when you and I. must see the cold inexorable necessity of saying these inhuman, unrestrained seekers of world conquest and permanent world domination by the sword —“You seek. to throw our children

+ and our children’s children into

your form of terrorism and. slavery.

. You have now attacked our own

safety. 'You shall go no further.” Normal practices of diplomacy— note writing—are of no possible use in - dealing with international outlaws who sink our ships and kill our citizens,

SEEK NO WAR

T

One peaceful nation after another has, met disaster because each refused to look the Nazi danger squarely ‘in the eye until it actually had them by the throat. The United States will not make that fatal mistake, = = ° No act of violence or intimidation will keep us from maintaining intact two bulwarks of defense: First, our line of supply of materiel to the enemies of Hitler, and second, the freedom of our shipping on the high seas. No matter what it takes, mo matter what it costs, we will keep open the line of legitimate commerce in these defense waters.

We have sought mo shooting war with Hitler. We do not seek it now. But neither do we want pe so much, that we are willing to fay for it by permitting him to attack our naval and merchant ships while they are on legitimate business. Tie I assume that the German leaders are not deeply concerned by what we Americans say or publish about them. We cannot bring about the downfall of Naziism by the use of long-range invective. But when you see a rattlesnake poised to strike, you do not. wait until he has struck before you crush him, ' These Nazi submarines and raiders are the rattlesnakes of the .Atlantic. They are a menace to the

|free pathways of the high seas. | | They are a challenge to our so

Ve ereignty. ‘ They hammer at our most preci rights when they’ attack ships of the American flag—symbols of our independence, our freedom, our very life. It is clear to all Americans that the time has come when the Americas themselves must now be defended. A tinuation of attacks in our own waters, or in waters which could be used for further and greater attacks on us, will inevitably weaken American ability to repel

. TIME IS NOW

. Do not. let us split hairs. Let us not ask. ourselves whether the Americas should begin to. defend themselves after the fifth attack, or the tenth attack, or the twentieth attack. : The time for active defense is

Do not let us split hairs. Let us|

not say—*“We will only defend ourselves if the torpedo succeeds in

the

‘gravity. of this step.

A grim and serious

equally well within sight of our:ows shores. Their very presénce any waters which: America deen vital to its defense constitutes attack. a

In the waters which we de necessary for our defense, ican naval vessels and Am planes will no’ longer wait un Axis . submarines lurking under the water, or Axis raiders on the: surface of the sea, strike th deadly blow—first. :

Upon our naval and air pairel —now operating in large number. over a vast expanse of the Atlan tic Ocean—falls the duty maintaining. the American policy of freedom of he Saag: a elon That means, very y and | : that our patrolling v and planes will protect all merchant ships—not only American ships but ships of any flag—engaged i commerce in our defensive waters."

They will protect them from subs marines; they will protect them from surface raiders. YEA

OBLIGATION CLEAR |

This situation is not new. : second President of the Un States, John Adams, ordered United States Navy to clean ou European privateers and European ships of war which were infestin the Caribbean and South American waters, destroying American coms

The third President of United States, Thomas Jeffer ordered the United States Navy end the attacks being made upon American ships by the corsairs © the nations of North Africa. My obligation as President Bistoric; it is clear; it is ines able. Hiei

It is no act of war on our part when we decide to protect seas which are vital to’ America defense. The aggression is ours. Ours is solely defense, But let this warning be From now on, if German @ Italian. vessels of war enter the waters, the protection of which i§ necessary for. American defense, they do so at their own peril. a The orders which I have gives: as commander-in-chief to the United States Army and Navy are to Sty od that policy—at or e sole - responsibility re upon Goran oh will be : shooting unless Germany con«. tinues to seek it. Pi

That is my obvious duty in . crisis. That is the clear righ this sovereign nation. That is only step possible, if we would tight the wall of defense which are pledged to maintain around th Western Hemisphere. I have no illusions about fi I ‘have mi taken it hurriedly or lightly, Ii the result of months and mont! of constant thought and’ prayer. Inthe protection of nation and mine it cannot avoided. : : : The American people have fac other grave crises in their histo: with American courage and Ame can resolution,” They will do 1 today. 3 : They know the actualities of attacks upon us. - They know necessities of a bold defense: these attacks. They know that times call for clear heads and

your

less hearts.

And with that inner that comes to a free scious of their duty “of they will—with divine help guidance — stand their D/ against this latest assault ug their democracy, their soverel; and their freedom. ve

TEST YOUR ~ KNOWLEDGE 1—Who taught Shirley Temple: tap-dance?. os ry 2—What is the international distress signal for ships? 3—Which State is nicknamed Granite State?” iy 4—Who wrote the words and ; Pinafore ue ies = bao

5—With what animal