Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 20 September 1940 — Page 23

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free religion,

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FRIDAY, SEPT. 20,1940 :

PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 20 1 (U. P.) —Text of President Roosevelt's address upon ac-

<= ceptance of a University of

Pennsylvania honorary degree at Convention Hall, follows:

This i§ a strange period of re-|

lapse in the history of the civilization of the world—for in some lands it has become the custom to burn the books of scholars, and to fix by Government, decree the national forms of religion, morality and culture. In such a time it is more Ahan a mere formality to join with You in celebrating the two hundredth anniversary of this free and independent, institution of scholarship. I am honored in becoming an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania. The very [foundation of this university was concerned with freedom ©f religious teaching, and with free learning for the many who could hot pay for higher education. It was SHgmmally proposed as a place Where the good and Rev. Dr. George Whitehead might: preach his religion without certain difficulties. Which the old conservatives of Philadelphia threw in his path.

PROOF OF TRUTH'S FORCE

P—

. Indeed, it

was desired to make it Unnecessary | for him to preach in the sun or rain or the open fields, when the doors of ‘the established churches were closed against him And it was| the dream of the found‘ers to make |it a source of education to the children of the poor who otherwise would go untaught. The survival and growth of the University through these two centuries are particularly symbolic of the eternal |strength which is inherent in the American concept of the freedom |of human thought and action.” Here is living proof of the validity and | force of single-minded service to the cause of truth. Events in the world are making the vast majority of our : citizens think more and more clearly about the manner of the growth of their liberty and freedom, and how hard their people have fpught and-fought to win and to hold“ the privelege of free government. With ting of our political freedom came the gonflict between f view of Alexander Hamilton, sincerely pelieving in the superiority | of government by a gmall group |of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens, and the point of view of Thomas Jefferson, an advocate of government by representatives of all the people, an advocate of the universal right of free thought, free personal living, free expression of opinion and, above all, the right of free universal suffrage. Many of the Jeffersonian sthool vere frank to admit the high motives and disinterestedness of Hamfiton and his school. Many Americans of those days were willing to concede that if government could be guaranteed to be kept always on the high level of unselfish service suggested |b the Hamiltonians there would be nothing to fear. + For the very basis of the Hamilfonian philosophy was that through ® system of| elections every four wears, limited to the votes of the most highly educated and the most successful citizens, the best of those qualified to govern could always be selected.

SELFISHNESSS HELD PERIL

f—

It was with rare perspicuity, however, that Jefferson pointed. out that, on the doctrine of sheer human frailty, the Hamilton theory was bound ‘to develop into Government by Selfishness or Government for personal gain or government by class, which would ultimately lead Yo the abolishment of free elections. For he recognized that it was our system of free unhampered elections which was the surest guaranty of popular Government. So long as [the voters of the nation, regardless of higher education pr property possessions, were free to exercise their choice in the polling hindrance, ‘the country sould have no cause to fear the hand of tyranny. At all times in our history since Hamilton, there have been many Americans who have sought to confine the ballot to limited groups of eople. A quarter of a century ago, esident Elliot of Harvard summarized his views when he said to me: “Roosevelt, I am convinced that even though we have multiplied our universities in every state of the union, even though higher learning seems to have come into its own, if the ballot were to be confined to the holders of college degrees, the nation would go on the rocks in a very few years.” It may seem ungracious for a very new degree-holder to say this to this audience of older degree-holders, but my authority for this view is a great educator, noted for his efforts to disseminate college education throughout the country. I agree with him thoroughly in his estimate of the superior ability of the whole |of the voters to pass upon political and social issues in free and unhapered elections, as cagainst the executive ability of a smaller group of individuals at the top of the social structure. On a candidate and on election issues, I would rather trust the aggregate judgment of all the people in a factory—the president, all the vice presidents, the board of directors, the managers, the foremen, plus all the |laborers—rather than the judgment| of the few who may be financially| interested. . On such questions the aggregate total judgment of a farm owner, the farmer land all the farm ‘hands will be sounder than that of the farm owner alone. I would ‘rather rely on the aggregate opin-

_ fon, on matters affecting govern-

ment; of a railroad president, its superintendents, its engineers, fore-

° men, brakemen, conductors, train-

men, telegraphers, porters and all the others, than on the sole opinion of the few in control of manage-

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Highlights

omniscience would jeopardize the » 2 »

free election. 2 ” 2

vote. : : 2 ” ” We have at the same time

Return of Government to control of persons supposed to be a touch above the average because of business ability or: economic

No dictator in history has dared run the gauntlet of a really

Only too often in our political history, the few at the top have tried to advise or dictate to the many lower down how they should

mental responsibilities ‘to humanity as a whole.

of Speech

nation’s freedom. ” ” 2

2 4 » developed new beliefs in govern-

ment, or the principal stockholders. Only too often in our political history, the few at the top have tried to advise or dictate to the many lower down how they should vote. Even today in certain quarters there are, I regret to say, demands for a return of Government to the control of those few, who, because of business ability or economic

omniscience, are supposed to be justi: °

a touch above|the average of our citizens. As in the days of Hamilton, we of our own generation should give them. all credit for pure intention and high ideals, Nevertheless, their type of political thinking could easily lead to Government by selfish seekers for power and riches and glory. For the great elite, curtailment or even aboltion of free elections might be adopted as the means of keeping them in power.

POINTS TO GERMANY

I can never forget that some wellmeaning people have even recently seriously suggested that the right to vote be denied to American men and yomen who through no fault of their

projects. |

As long as periodic free elections] survive, no set of people can permanently control government. In| the maintenance of free elections rests the complete and enduring safety of our form of Government. No dictator in history has ever dared to run the gauntlet of a really free election. These fundamental truths have become commonplace among Americans, but it is well constantly to keep them in mind in order to understand what has happened in| other lands. A decade ago, for ex-| ample, the German people despaired of the processes of their democracy which were based on the free use of the Franchise. They were willing to lend ear to a new cult called “nazism”—a minority group which professed extraordinary. patriotism, and offered bread and shelter and better government through the rule of .a| handful of persons boasting of special aptitude for Government. In those days loudly professed emphasis was placed by this special group on their own purity of purpose.

QUOTES JEFFERSON

Nothing was ever said about abol-

adopted, did actually happen in Germany before our very eyes. Many years ago, speaking in San Francisco, I pointed out that new conditions imposed new requirements upon Government and upon those who conducted Government. As Jefferson wrote a long time ago: “I know also that laws and institutions must go hand in" hand with the progress of the human mind. . as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners, and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace. with the times.”

INDUSTRY CAUSES CHANGE

We must follow ‘that rule today as readily as then, always with the condition that any change in institutions or in economic methods must remain within the same old framework of a freely elected democratic form of Government. I have pointed out many times that western migration and the free use of unoccupied lands have ended with the advent of the industrial age; that with the changes wrought by new inventions of

own had lost their jobs and, in order | steam: and electricity, new relationto keep the family and the home ships have arisen between units of going, were working on works relief! finance and industry on .one side iand the great mass of workers and

| small businessmen on the other, and

| that certain government controls {have become necessary to prevent

a few financial and industrial groups from harming or cutting the throats of other groups smaller in size but much greater in number. We have at the same time developed new beliefs in governmental responsibilities to humanity as a whole. It is a relatively new thing in American life to consider what the relationships of Government are to its starving or unemployed citizens, and to take steps to fulfill its duties to them.

STRESSES SOCIAL JUSTICE

A generation ago, people have scarcely giveri thought to the terms “social security,” “minimum- wages” or“maximum hours.” It is only within recent years that Govern-

|to the blind and the handicapped;

ment has given its attention in a serious, effective way to the insurance of bank deposits, to social conservation, relief to farmers and to farm tenants, development of cheap electric water power, reclamation of soil by proper use of water and forests; to the prevention of fraud and deceit in the sale of securities; to the assurance of the Suinciple of collective bargaining by workers in industry; to Government assistance

or to the need of taking care of elderly people without throwing them into the poorhouse. These are some of the new instruments of social justice which America has forged to meet the new conditions of industry, agriculture, finance and labor—conditions which had been neglected too long and which were beginning to endanger our internal secu These are the means whigh our ewn generation have adopted to overcome the threats to economic democracy in our land—threats which in other lands led quickly to political despotism. Benjamin Franklin, to whom this university owes so much, realized, too, that while basic principles of natural science, or morality, and of the science of society were eternal and immutable, .the application of these principles necessarily changed with the patterns of living conditions from generation to generation. I am certain that he would insist that it is the whole duty ‘of the

philosopher and the educator to

apply the eternal ideals of truth and goodness and justice in terms of the present. and not of the past.

Growth and change are the law of

all life. Yesterday's answers are in-

adequate for today’s problems—just

as the solutions of. today will not fill the needs of tomorrow.

TRUTHS CHANGE, HE SAYS

Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situa tion, It is the function of education to provide continuity for our national life—to transmit to youth the best

of our culture which has been tested in the fire of history. It is eqaully the obligation of education to train the minds and the talents of our yquth; to improve, through creative citizenship, our American institutions in accord with the requirements of the future. We cannot always build the future for our youth; we can build our youth for the future. It is in great universities like this that the ideas which can assure our national safety and make tomorrow’s history, are being forged and shaped. Civilization owes most to the men and women, known and unknown, whose free, inquiring minds and restless intellects could not be subdued by the power: of tyranny.

CHEVROLET

ishing free elections. Many people of large business affairs, influencefl by several factors and dissatisfied | with the democratic system, formed) political and economic alliances with | this small group. You and I know the subsequent history. of Germany. The right of free elections and ‘the free choice of héads of Government were suddenly wiped out by.a new regime, still professing the ‘same purity of purpose. It is a travesty of fact to claim that there is any free choice of public officials in that nation today, or thal there ever has been one since 1933. hat Jefferson prophesied might happen in this country, if the philosophy of the restricted vote and of

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THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

Text of Roosevelt's Address Today

withdraw into some ivory tower and proclaim the right to hold himself aloof from the problems and the agonies of his society. The times call for bold belief that the world can be changed by man’s endeavor,

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: PAGE 23 If democracy is to survive, it 1s] We may gnd in that sense of the task of men of thought, as well | purpose, the personal peace. not of as mel of action, to put: aside repose, but of effort, tne keen satispride and prejudice; and with cour- | faction of doing, the deep feeling age and single-minded devotion— |of achievement for something far and above all with humility—to beyond ourselves, the knowledge find the truth and teach the truth that we build more gloriously than that shall keep men free. we know.

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