Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 13 May 1939 — Page 11

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The Indianapolis Times Fajr

(A SCRIPPS-HOWARD NEWSPAPER)

ROY W. HOWARD RALPH BURRHOLDER MARR FERREE President Business Manager

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1039

GREEN LIGHT ON TAX REFORMS PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S press conference remarks have cleared the air on the matter of tax revisions for recovery, He said that Secretary Morgenthau would submit to Congress the Treasury's studies, showing how the various so-called business deterrents may be removed from the tax laws, and listing alternative plans for raising the same amount of revenue by other means. And he made clear that the Administration would not object to whatever tax changes Congress might make along this line, provided, of course, substitute revenue ig forthcoming. This, we think, ig the most hopeful news out of Washington since before the U, oned the waters of Government-business co-operation, The country has reason to be thankful that the President isn't getting down in the gutter to fight back at the C. of C, reactionaries, They gave him a good surface political issue, and much provocation, when they stupidly damned the New Deal and all its works, including the humane and popular WageHour Act. Mr. Roogevelt has wisely ignored those vicious attacks. That he could well do, for they did not represent the views of the nation’s businessmen, but merely opinions of the few bitter-enders who usually ramrod the Chamber's conventions, Under the Constitution, the responsibility for tax policies rests with Congress. The President is doing his part by giving Congress the green light and making available the counsel of Treasury experts. The task ahead of Congress ig to wipe out those phases of the tax laws which tend to discourage a normal flow of investments into business enterpriges, and to obtain the game amount of revenue by other and more direct taxation, Economists, both in Government and business, are generally agreed that the restoration of private investments is the first essential to a healthy business recovery, if private jobs are ever again to be provided for some 11,000,000 employable Americans now idle, The specific revisions needed can be discussed later. It is sufficient today to rejoice that the President hag signi fied willingness to go along with Congress and business, in a sane program of tax revisions for recovery, If business

co-operates in the same spirit, the country may vet achieve

that R0-billion-dollar national income which the President last January announced as an immediate objective— a business volume which in revenues “will yield enough each year to balance each year's expenses.” STATE CIVIL SERVICE HE Indiana League of Women Voters at its biennial council meeting in Lafayette has launched a campaign “for the promotion of legislation to establish a merit system in the entire State service,” Every thinking citizen will applaud this decision, Indiana unfortunately is one of the backward states in adopting civil service for State employees, with public spirited organizations like the League of Women Voters. Rather the blame must rest on the adherence of our political parties to the outmoded and discredited theory that to the victor must go the spoils. Indiana has made a start toward state-wide civil service in the welfare branches. Its success in thig limited field certainly justifies its trial in other departments. Who knows what economies might result if, for example, civil service were in effect in the highway department?

BETHLEN'S SWAN SONG

"THUMBNAIL picture of political conditions in Central Europe, by the Hungarian elder statesman Count Stefan Bethlen on the occasion of his formal retirement from public affairs:

would be but tilting windmills. I do not see any chance of being able to help the country, owing to prevailing conditions. “In a world where politicians seek to arouse hatred: where instead of seeking a solution of international and national problems futile questions are bandied about: where

time has swept on, pleasing the unworthy and placing them | into leading responsible positions, and last, but not least, | where he who would criticize is considered a public enemy, |

it is hopeless to appeal to the nation’s conscience.

“Nowadays only those who breakfast on Jews, lunch |! \ \ p | 0, ) b ings on aristocrats and after dinner deal out fortunes and proper- | $9007 dwellings?

I am no match ’ . . A Woman's Viewpoint | By Mrs. Walter Ferguson

ties not belong to them are national heroes. for them.”

ADOLF'S BEER HIS may be sad news for the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Queens County, New York, but Adolf Hitler is now said to enjoy an occasional glass of specially brewed beer, alcoholic content 1%. The Queens County W. C. T. U. voted last year to congratulate Herr Hitler on the good example he set for the German people by abstaining from intoxicating liquor.

Later, the ladies decided not to mail the letter “because the | public might misunderstand.” And now, perhaps they will |

feel that they passed up an opportunity to save the Fuehrer from a career of licentiousness and debauchery, They needn't, we think, worry too much about it. We know a little about 179% beer, having gained our knowledge during the prohibition era. It is not likely to do Herr Hitler any great harm. It is not even likely-—more's the pity—to inspire him with cheer or bring out whatever, if any, human qualities may be buried deep within the man.

PLUMPNESS PREFERRED

WE see that Paris, preparing to celebrate the 50th anni- |

versary of a world-famous structure, is seeking a “Miss Eiffel Tower,” who must be as least six feet tall. What, we wonder, will be the specifications if New York starts looking for a “Miss Perisphere.” v

Price in Marion Coun- |

{ had half the influence in

| knows that some who deal in untruth and innuendo | enjoy a degree of license on the air whieh is unthink«

| tain degree of prominence and influence, may acquire

S. Chamber of Commerce pois |

[ which would bring diserec | its important members

the |

| and

homes. And at the present time they are under the ad-

| authority is doing a very good job

The fault does not lie |

stubborn |

| quirements | respecting American workers with small incomes and

A Question Is Asked

| homes, “At present I feel that any part I might play in politics |

Enough

By Westbrook Pegler

F. D. R. Must Have Overlooked Hitler When He Spoke of Radio As Best Way To Spread 'Truths'.

EW YORK. May 13 -—President Roosevelt, needling the press again, whieh is fair enough, | says that in some communities loudly proclaimed uns | truths or greatly exaggerated half<truths may be over taken only through the radio I go along with the President in that, but insist | that he himself spoke a half<truth there, because he knows that no single paper or chain of papers ever this country that Father Coughlin possessed when he was on top. And he

OKAY B0SS- AND

N'SOM

TAKI k SAM

ORTH

N HCEONN Y¥ JIM BRAND !

able in the papers and equaled only in the halls of conpress The President failed to say that untruths may be more loudly proclaimed and half<truths more effec tively exaggerated on the air than on paper and that the combined press of the United States could not overtake such a liar as Adolf Hitler, who obtains his best effects by radio and uses the press only as an auxiliary ” ” E knows, also, that a Huey Long or a President is libel-proof by contrast with an individual or corporation operating a million-dollar newspaper props and that radio orators, once they attain to a cers

erty

a privilege to vilify and incite commotion by raising the issue of free speech if they be curbed. Mr. Roosevelt also said that the people have a right to expect their Government to keep them supplied with sober facets in every possible way, That is a tricky statement which makes no provision for the ims portant element of (ruth in the presentation of matter whi a partisan Government may choose to regard as sober facts, He Rnows, and every journalist knows, and the Communist and Nazi-Faseist journalists know best of all because they use that method exclusively, that it is possible to class-angle sober facts. And I hope he doesn’t expect anvone to believe that his Gove ernment ever would take the air to present sober facts {it on his Presidency or any of

~ » " TYOLITICTANS never give the other side of a ques

V AINT ALL (e THEY AINT ALL € - MAYBE

SELL 'EMON

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES | What Will the Boys in the Back Room Have?—By Talburt

tion, and a Government composed of politicians in some cases either Communists or “fellows travelers” could not be relied on to present sober Who then would overtake loudly proclaimed | untruths or greatly exaggerated half<truths? “Who could command sufficient time on the radio to overs take partisan propaganda matter discoursed daily under Government auspices and what individual or |

facts

The Hoosier Forum

I wholly disagree with what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.=Voltaire,

group would have the prestige to convince the people that the Government had told untruths or half. ths? one

FEARS TRAFFIC SHAKEUP {OFF TO BAD START Passing | By Observer Roose« | The story has gotten out that ow [ehief of police is going to replace all the old experienced traffic men | with "new blood.” If the new traffic man at the corner of Market | Illinois is a sample of the blood, Heaven pity traflie, I have watched him often the change was made and I, with many others, have come to the cons [elusion that he is a committee of lone to entertain the taxi drivers

B ’ By John T. Flynn | Trafe does not worry him, | I just wonder why on one of the

. r | \ Ch Cayo Has Perfect Example of | busiest corners in the city, an old,

Wrong Solution to Housing Problem. | experienced man should be replaced | by a "rookie." SNHICAGO, May 13--Here in Chicago to be | A found a perfect example of one way--the wrong way-to go about the solution of the housing problem There are three housing projects—large groups of apartments erected by the PWA., They are excellent

Tn vii

occasionally that paper writers are ink-stained prostitutes that question it fair to ask whether Mr velt or any of his bureau chiefs would publish, on the air or in print, any material prepared by any of the New Deal journalists which presented “sober facts” In an uncomplimentary way and how soon that free soul would be canned for cause?

hears editors and news.

new

is 8 o& 4

INSISTS TAXES BEAR HEAVILY ON LABORER

| | BY Voice in the Crowd

(nowhere, However, so long as Mi [Sprunger is contented with country and the Constitution, IT am contented with Mr. Sprunger, now convinced that the only differ fence between the opinions of Mr Sprunger and myself that he blames capital and I blame taxes for the deficiency in labor's pur

ministration of a Chicago administrative agency called the Chicago Housing Authority. There is every evi. dence that they are well administered and that the It is not the ad« ministration of the houses but the project itseli hows IS ever, which is significant OW -C0st ising N | MEIN Prov p } 4 Low-cost housing means housing provided for the chasing power, people in the very low infome brackets who are | " forced to live now in slum areas or in wretched, cast- | With the present state of govern. off houses | ment costs, labor's taxes are begin. It has been the aim of low-cost housing advocates [NINE to crowd 30 per cent of labor's to build houses that would supply the minimum re. | earnings. This means that if a man of light, ventilation, space, for self. earned $18 a week he would earn jonly $12.60 by the time he had cone verted his dollars into usable goods And that ig rather a serious thing for the wage earner,

within the reach of those incomes. Nothing could he a greater mistake than to give them homes bevond their incomes which would put them on the charity rolls by having the Government or a private agency pay part of their rent for them (plants (which are the capitalistic Now here is what the Government did in Chicago, [®N4 of the meat Industry) process One project, cost in round numbers seven million dsl. | Meat at about one-fourth cent a lars. It contains 3517 rooms and houses 1027 families, |POUNA as their share. Yet reports [show that the consumer pays from 5 to 12 cents per pound in tax, Why? It is commonly known that cigars els from the tobacco grower all (he way through the production and dis[tribution bring 9 cents for all of the handling, and then comes the 6 cents tax that makes the popular {pack cost the poor fellow 15 cents { Why? A few years ago the steel mills (made improvements that would have saved consumers about $£300,000,000 a year on goods made from sheet metal, The new taxes immediately took that saving over, and more on

A little simple arithmetic reveals that theese apart ments cost approximately $2000 a room. If vou want to get a measure of what this means vou will see that a five-room dwelling at this nrice would cost £10.000 and a seven-room house $14000. These are the prices which well-to-do American families pay for their

Two rooms in this project rooms cost 832. That means $1050 a room in one case and $640 a room in the other. This includes heat, gas, light, an electric refrigerator. janitor serve. ice, ete. Now of course these rentals do not begin te pay for the use of these premises In other words, the Housing Authority rents the : project from the Government at a nominal rent which op Se i enables it to rent the rooms at the prices named, The | ry NEES What are enrned in produc. land and buildings thus become alniost a gift from Hon cunndb nave 100 per cent pur the Government to the tenants. Who are these ten [chasing PONCE Shen the goods that ants? Some of them are earning as much as £2000 a Pry 'o ise Hogi Hive uetumuiaten year or $40 a week. A number of them are on relief, 30 per cont of sheir seiling price as May we not ask this question. Should the Government be paying a substantial part of the rent of people earning as much as $2000 a vear? Should the Government be housing families on relief in $4000 to

are vented for $21. Five

ately becomes only 70 cents If Mr. Sprunger had stated that (speculation had thrown us out of gear, I would have agreed with him

[speculators on earth, however, are [those men who are annually spend=- |

[ng that are not due until 1960 or later, |limb, and the so-called democracies |

| We have too much government, I am not behind a “bush,” Mr, This is the end of debate that gets! Sprunger,

| The

and |

since!

the! ference who we are,

I am RUSSIA'S POSITION

I have seen reports that packing | Who

taxes, because the dollar immedi- | loveth another hath fulfilled the |business. | law-—Romans 13:8, {

(Times readers are invited must make up her mind? Russia

to express their views in

alliance with France and

these columns, religious cone excluded. Make your letter short, so all can

troversies | no decision,

Letters mus Le § must That the Soviet

have a chance. Republie

might be signed, but names will be Japan” Is your own idea, and about (ns probable as to expect W, Hearst to make Earl Browder editor of the Chicago Examiner, You wonder where Dictator Stalin will go from here, I think I can tell

withheld on request.) 1 will never submit, however, that invested capital that provides jobs and the comforts of life to people is to blame for chaos Speculation did to the country exactly the same thing that it did to Florida, Florida got over it and so will the country, The greatest

from the start

ness which he has neen doing for years, Mr, Chamberlain, champion

appeaser, would then be left on the

three billion dollars of taxes

would be against Fascist agpression, put the Forum is a soap | “British reject Soviet plan {. Buarantee Baltic States,” was high point of European news, It was true, The Tory Cabinet of Chamberlain exposed its unnecessary efforts to support Hitler in this moment when the peace message of Presi dent Roosevelt has placed international fascism and its friends on the spot and when the position of the peace forces was most favorable,

helpless

box and it doesn't make much di

CLEAR, IS CLAIM By H.C A Your editorinl of May 5 called “Mystery Man Stalin” does not reveal any deep understanding of what is going on in Europe. You state that Soviet Russia must “make up her mind which way to go (of Public Opinion found that 87 per whether with the Anglo-French cent of the British population facoalition or with Germany and per | vored a military alliance of Britain, haps Japan.” Who did you say France and Russia. This is the urge

—— to peace expressing itself, MOTHER There are two Englands, The By ANNA E. YOUNG

people stand for peace and the message of the President of this country. soothes all sorrows, aches and | The Tory Government is deceiving pain |the people, It is preparing another understands again and again Munich, It has not dropped the apvarious paths, the different | peasement policy. It will hamstring WAVS, Western democracy, if it can, All the changing moods in the dif- ¥ ww ferent days? THINKS HITLER MADE

Whose thoughts are of you, though AES . your path lie far; | REASONABLE DEMANDS

Whose light shines out, a guiding By J. B, star? After reading Hitler's speech cannot see where he has a tribute to Mother, hair tinged | president Roosevelt's peace plea. It with gray, seems that Hitler's only demand And a tribute to Mother, the one-=| from the democracies is the city Away, tof Danzig and a route the dear little Mother with the polish corridor which would babe on her arm, [prevent encirclement that the de-God-given to her to mocracies claim they have no harm; [tention of doing. In return for this He knew that Mothers made earth! gpitler promises to recognize all more fair; | economic rights and a free harbor in So now we have them everywhere. | panzig for Poland,

1 cannot understand DAILY THOUGHT

present Administration Owe no man anything, but to love one another; for he that [tion

Who

«Qa

And

shield from

why concerns that is really We, the people, do not want war for any LL true love is grounded on

esteem — Buckingham, [and diplomats.

T this time of year I pine for the prairies. If you've ever lived there, you never get the feel of those wide horizons out of your blood. You may sneer and scoff, criticize and curse, but vou always

g0 back and there's no better time for doing so than May. It's such a relief to get away from city jitters! —unemployment, war headlines, taxes, night clubs. traffic jams, crazy hats, communism, Hitler, third Presidential terms, strikes and what's for dinner? The country people have their jitters too, of course, | only they're very different from ours. Are the oats heading? Will the rust get into the wheat? How many cows are fresh? What's the price of eggs? Do you think it will rain?-—nice, comfortable, homey sort of jitters, about fundamental problems. : And between whiles, they can smell the newly plowed fields, watch the sun drop behind the rim of earth, and sleep to the sound of doves calling. They aren't easy in their minds about Hitler. The war scares worry them. They argue Jack Garner's chances for the Democratic nomination and wonder what the world’s coming to—but those are only sure face frets. When the day's real business begins, the petty pinpricks retire naturally to the background. Rains fell and droughts came, harvests were scarce or plentiful long before Hitler existed, and this knowledge fortifies them with the assurance that. long after he has departed, these things will abide Wide, beautiful, gorgeous are our Western plains. Here one gets a renewal of courage and faith. some spiritual nectar for urban woes. On these wheat-laden prairies lives the real, the true, the

= NOU LIKE TO DO A THING, DOES | INDICATE YOU HAVE THE Ll

O00 ITP YES ORNO—

‘

of research, during which he has develo “interest tests” for 38

eternal America and I think there is nothing that destroy it,

can occupa that it is as important

LET'S EXPLORE YOUR MIND

By DR. ALBERT EDWARD WIGGAM

1 DR W. K STRONG of 8tan- to find what one likes to do than|quaintances. After he had induced ford has found from 16 years|to find his abilities.

who have even superior abilities. Certainly if a fellow likes to do a thing he just naturally puts in his best licks doing it—puts them in without effort. If he doesn't like it he dawdles, develops a feeling of failure and can only succeed by main strength and awkwardness, which means extra energy. ” n "

”y

pp reengy LYNCH!

occurred in states that spend a high average per pupil yearly for education as in those states that expend much less. There has been rather a steady decrease since 1892 which had 231, an all time high, down to 1032 which had eight—an all time low. This decrease has probably been partly due to eduction,

ORY YES. A woman, aged 58, went nits OF AERSCONALITY. . to a leading psychologist, terDoes IT IMPROVE YOUR ‘ribly depressed, suffering from inARR © SEED | digestion, dizzy spells and a lot of MEET A GREAT WA |other things. He found she did PEOPLE “VEO ORNO..] not even know the names of the other people in her department at the store and had almost no ac-

vi»

He finds the, veople who like these 33 ocoupas« tions succeed in them better than those who do not like them, but

her to meet people and get interested in them, Jno Joon Sctges het indigestion and her a like magic.

fies

through |

in=|

IT PROBABLY will, although| 4 about as many lynchings have |

| Natinnal

| one

{ Oi

iB AWINR | Lhe

SATURDAY, MAY 13, 1939

In Washington

‘By Raymond Clapper

Jim Farley on Another Trip to Coast and It May Be as Important As That Famous Journey of 1931.

ABHINGTON, May 13.—Exactly eight years ago / James: A. Farley made a trip across the country ledd to the nomination of Franklin D, Roose later, Now the Democratic headed West again, on a greatest potential im-

which volt for President a year is of

Chalrman

similar scouting trip the portance politically that this trip may lead to the nomination of Farley

of Roosevelt for a

A reasonable gUeKs IS of two things,

or the

either renomination

next “nl thir term The parallel

19%] and this

between Farley's expedition in June one of May 1930 are marked, In 1031 the search for a candidate was on. Farley took tn the Pacific Coast, ostensibly to attend Fiks convention in Seattle, He covered 18 states 19 da His main purpose was to sell the avail. bility of Roorevelt as the candidate for the follow ing Year Ae political drummer he conferred with seores of Democratic Party leaders en route, Out of these eontacts and feelers came the Presidential nomination the next year n STENSIBLY the current trip is for the purpose of N\ ( attending the celebration of Postal Day at the San Prancisco Exposition, Farley will be on the road 16 dave, will make 20 speeches in 13 states and will confer and shake hands with countless numbers of Democratic politicians, Jim knows them all now bv their first names—which was not the case in 1931, When he finishes this trip, he will know the lay of the land as no other politician in the country knows it, I am not going to infer that Mr, Farley is out to beat Mr, Roosevelt out of the nomination and take it for himself, That is what some of the extreme New Dealers think he is up to but I don't put Mr, Farley down that way, He is, T think, opposed to a third term for Mr. Roosevelt, But if Mr, Roosevelt decided to run, Farley would go along, He does want the nomination for himself, I suspect that on this trip he will do everything possible to prepare the way for obtaining the nomination, recognizing always that Mr, Roosevelt has a first lien, When Mr, Farley returns it is possible that he and Mr, Roosevelt will reach an understanding, which I do not think they have now, as to 1940, He will unquestionably find encouraging support for his own candidacy and will feel that the time has come when he should have some hint from his chief as to whether the way is open for him, " o »

’

I i

with the latter straddling and evad=| motion into the Cabinet, ing the issue to such an extent that Russia grew tired of the whole husi=| (ness and finally demanded a yes or race, is almost compelled to accept Farley

the | the opportunity to play a benefit appeal

But there was also another report | from England, The British Institute]

| missed {it by a foot,

rejected |

our’ mies cooked up a Red scare against him. They tried

cause over national significance, there as we want to live just as| Here is a whole fleld of evidence that the tide has much as our statesmen, financiers turned in the Southwest and that the progressives

OOBEVELT may not feel inclined to make a decision this early, although it undoubtedly will he | pointed out that Coolidge gave his party a year's ad | vance notice and it will be further emphasized that in fairness to all prospective candidates Roosevelt should | indicate whether they are free to go ahead, New Dealers see nothing ahead but the renomination of Roosevelt, Their hope of nominating Hopkins

has clearly insisted upon a military | has disappeared both because of his health and his Britain, | failure to make a decisive impression with his pro-

They have never had much to do with Farley and will fight his nomination, Roosevelt in turn, if he wants to avoid a third-term No other | man who has gone down the line for him has the practical political knowledge and connections necessary to win the nomination, But Roosevelt has the decision in his hands, and I'm not trying to guess today what it will be,

It Seems to Me

By Heywood Broun

| Babe Hit Him for a Homer, but | He Made Bam Miss the First Ore.

13~I hope the Boys’ Club flourishes and prospers, Being a ham at heart, s to me like beer and champagne, And it was my privilege to pitch to Babe Ruth in Madison Square Garden on a Tuesday after being knocked out by Gene Tunney in Bridgeport on a Saturday. The end came in one

[you that unless Britain's Tory poli-| ticlans come to terms, Stalin will] turn his back to the rest of Europe | and continue to mind his own busi-

EW YORK, May movement in general for IT am deeply in its debt

| round and 10 seconds flat, and the audience seemed

delighted, a pitcher I fared little better, although the manager left me in for an entire inning. They scored only seven runs against me, and not all of them were earned, I came to the apex of my athletic career and its extinction almost within 30 seconds. I had one strike on Babe Ruth. He took a cut at ray fast one and Of course, looking back on it all, that would have been the moment when I should have tossed my glove high in the air and retired to the bench, It was a mistake to try to fool him with a curve, even though that is what the catcher ordered. Babe got hold of the second pitch and drove the ball deep into the top balcony in center field. Naturally, I shouted “Foul!” but that availed me nothing. Four runs came in, and my release has been made unconditional, However, there are certain comforts in being on the involuntary retired list. Now I won't have to wrestle Man Mountain Dean or race with Johnstown,

({ no matter how laudable the nature of the drive which

wants a stooge for its circus,

Rejoices With Maverick

And, speaking of return engagements, I would like to crowd in a word of rejoicing at the victory of Maury Maverick in San Antonio, Tex, where he has beaten the machine and become the Mayor. Having been defeated for Congress in the Demon cratic primary last vear, Maury was lcoking for a return bout. He was able to fight it out with the same crowd which upset him, for Quin, the Mayor whom he replaces, had led the drive against him and was the campaign manager for Kilday, his own henchman, who was sent up to the House, Since Maverick is an ardent New Dealer, his ene

to do it again. Incidentally, everybody in Texas knows

itself so emphatically in a situa-| of the bitter hostility of Maverick to John Nance none of our Garner, and vice versa.

San Antonio has unquestioned It is much more than a straw,

The election in

march again,

Watching Your Health

By Dr. Morris Fishbein

XPERTS say that about one-half of the children of the United States have spines that are not as straight as they should be, The spinal column, as described by a little boy, is “a lot of bones. Your head sits on one end and you sit on the other.” The spine is really a series of 24 bones which are held together by elastic tissue known as the ligaments. There are also muscles attached to the spine in front and behind which enable us to hold ourselves straight. Most of the important organs of the body hang from the spine. If we allow the weight to hang too much and do not compensate by holding ourselves erect, the abdominal area projects in front or the back dishes in. As we grow older, the ability to hold ourselves erect becomes less and there is a tendency to become round-shouldered and bent over. If the human being holds himself erect so that the head is straight, the chin held in and the shoulders square, he has good posture, There are, however, many conditions -which may affect the ligaments of the spine so that it curves fore ward, backward or to the side. Experts in diseases of the bones and joints (known as orthopedic surgeons) bring about improvement by. the use of jackets or plaster casts, exercises, extension! and similar mechanical methods. \ In the worst cases of curvature of the spine, the difficulty may be due to disease which has destroyed the bodies of the single bones of the spine or to conditions affecting the soft tissue. Certainly every parent owes it to the child who has an abnormal spine to give that child an examina. tion by an expert who will then do the most that can be done to restore what are recognized as normal conditions.