Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 12 December 1938 — Page 10

; Text of Hull's Opening Speech at Lima

LIMA, Peru, Dec. 12 (U. P.) —Following is the text of Secretary of State Hull's address Saturday:

Mr. President, members of the conference, ladies and gentlemen: . It is a matter of unusual satisfaction to me and my associates to meet and greet the members of the other American delegations, with many cf whom I have had the good fortune of being associated at previous inter-American conferences. This being one of our regular| inter-American conferences, it is well to survey briefly the course of events since we last assembled in this capacity. These events are today of profound significance to our nations and to the whole world.

Five years have elapsed since the Seventh International Conference of” the American States met at Montevideo. That conference faced a somber prospect of continuing deteroration in the field of international relations in several parts of the world. The years of profound and worldwide economic dislocation had taken a heavy toll of material losses and

of a declaration of principles of in-ter-American solidarity and co-op-eration, powerful instruments of peace were forged at Buenos Aires. A system was thus created under which the American nations undertook to maintain peace among themselves and pledged themselves to consult with each other in the event that the peace of any one of them might be threatened—whetker on the American continent or from outside. :

PEACE PREVAILS

The creation of this American system was the outstanding accomplishment of the Buenos Aires conference. In addition, our nations reaffirmed their determination, already clearly and vigorously expressed at Montevideo, to work in the direction of- improved economic relations and of closer cultural relationships as necessary foundations of order under law. Under this system and as a result of this determination, peace and friendly co-operation prevaii today in the Western Hemisphera. The treaty of peace between the republics of Bolivia and Paraguay,

human suffering everywhere. ternational commercial,

state of disorder and confusion.

Unprecedented trade barriers of every description had arisen and continued to rise in all countries. Exchange of goods. among nations both in

had fallen precipitately, value and in physical volume.

These developments were serving to intensify economic depression in all countries, to disrupt and reduce prices, especially of primary products, to destroy values, to discourage enterprise, to create widespread unemployment and general distress, and to undermine the foundations

of social and political stability.

Infinancial and monetary relations were in a

concluded last July, is one of the most significant and encouraging developments in inter-American relations during recent years. By this peace the two countries gave an undeniable example to the faithless and the reckless who think that questions can be settled only by force or frightfulness. Finally, may I add that it shculd be a matter of profound gratification to all of us that our rations can point to an impressive record of accomplishment during the past five years. To be sure, stocktaking alone, even as satisfying as this, is not sufficient. : We are faced today with world problems and world conditions which are even more difficult and

ri OMINOUS SIGNS APPEAR

fraught with more danger for all of us than those with which we were

Side by side with these mounting * difficulties—and, in large measures, as their result—there appeared ominous signs of a disastrous lo'rering

confronted at Montevideo and at Buenos Aires, ;

TASKS OF UTMOST GRAVITY

of standards in international political relations. Respect for the pledged word and willingness to

Our present conference has before

it tasks of utmost gravity and re-

fulfill treaty obligations were rapidly |sponsibility. But a clear visualiza-

weakening. An effort - to reach

tion of what we have already ac-

agreement on a broad program of complished and a realization, therelimitation and progressive reduc-|fore, of what we are capable of action of armaments was swiftly mov- [complishing should aid us enormous-

ing to the point of tragic failure.

ly in applying ourselves to the tasks

On our continent, too, the rela-|which are before us.

tionships among the American nations were not altogether happy. Misunderstanding, prejudice and aloofness characterized many phases of relations between some of the American nations. The Seventh International Conference of American States performed a task of historic importence. The representatives of the sister republics brought to the work of the conference a deep sense of Fesponsibility, a firm determinction to find a better way of international

iI There is no mystery about the

reasons why developments in the Western Hemisphere during recent years have been so markedly different from those which have occurred in many other parts of the world. In large measure, the explanation lies in the fact that the American nations have in common certain important and fundamental characteristics.

Each of our nations arose out of

life than that toward which man-

kind seemed fo be drifting.

The conference laid a solid foundation for future accomplishments on the broadest scale ard Jutlined definite and concrete programs

a revolution which had for its objective national independence and the assertion of human rights and of popular government. The men and women of the particular geneiation in each of our countries which achieved for its people independent

to promote peace, Progress and prosperity in the Western Hemisphere. The 21 “American republics represented at Montevideo affirmed their devotion to peace and their condemnation of resort to armed force as an instrument of accomplishing national aims. They proclaimed their belief in fair play, fair dealing, and mutual respect for- the independence, the sovereignty, and the rights of na-

cation of their conviction. bequeathed to us of today not only the forms of such government but also the spirit on the basis of which along institutions of this character can endure,

nationhood staked their all on a passionate conviction that forms of government can be created under which human rights will be secure.

They gladly fought for the vindiThey

tions as the indispensable bases of a civilized world crder under law. They took important steps toward

TOLERANCE IMPORTANT

making effective a concrete machinery for the maintenance of peace on the American continent. The Montevideo conference laid greater emphasis ‘than had ever been done before in inter-American relations on the imperative need of expanding economic relationships, among the basis of fair dealing®and equal treatment. In the discussions and formal pronouncements of the conference, there was fuller recognition than ever before of the indispensability of such economic relationships for ihe prosperity and social stability within nations, as well as for peaceful and orderly relations between nations. In its resolutions, the conference urged vigorously a comprehensive program of rehabilitation and improvement of international economic and financial relations.

WORK BEARS FRUIT

During the year that followed the Montevideo conference, the fluence of the work accomplished there bore fruit in the form of steadily and rapidly improving relations among the American nations. But at the same time, elsewhere in the world, international relationships continued to des - teriorate. . Solemn treaty obligations were being increasingly brushed aside or breached. A gigantic program of rearmament was being rendered inevitable for the entire world by the announced ‘ determination on the part of a number of large countries to use armed force as an instrument of attaining their national aims and by their intensive activity in armament construction. New world problems, affecting the vital interesfs of all American nations, were arising with startling rapidity. Accordingly, the representatives of our 21 republics met, two years ago at Buenos Aires, in an Inter-American Conference for the maintenance of peace. Building on the foundations laid down at Montevideo, the Buenos Aires conference carried far forward the work of strengthening and perfecting the structure of peace in the Western Hemisphere. By the

signing at that conference of several |

far-reaching conventions, treaties and protocols, and by the adoption

“leach of our nati

Throughout its gational existence, has sought to perfect within its’ frontiers a sys-

tem of representative government

and of liberty for the individual. In

this supreme endeavor, some of us

have encountered greater internal

difficulties than have others. Some of us have remained free

from interference of outside forces;

some. have had to combat such forces. But in each and every one of our nations there has been no flagging in the detedmination of the people to preserve’ national independence and freedom for the individual. : Our nations have drawn into their populations men of many races, creeds and languages. This fact has not operated as an element of weakness. The occasion for the adjustment of race to race and of creed to creed has been in large measure instrumental in teaching us how to develop adjustment of individual to individual and of group to group without which civilized society and democratic forms of social and political organization cannot function satisfactorily, A spirit of tolerance, mutual respect and understanding is as important in the relations of our nations with each other as in our internal relations. Happily, this spirit has been present, although it has not always developed uninterruptedly along an upward trend. Like all things human, it has had its fluctuations. Disagreements and controversies have arisen among us.

But they have remarkably seldom |®

been settled by the arbitrament of violent conflict, in the form of either military or of other types of coercion. : ;

SOLIDARITY GROWS

- International relations in the Western Hemisphere have not been free from the paralyzing and disruptive forces of narrow national-

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ism. But the operation of these forces has been paralleled—and, happily, increasingly overcome—by the growth of solidarity, of common concern for peace and progress ‘in our relations with each other, by a strengthening of determination to adjust by pacific means alone whatever differences may arise among

us. It is not an accident that American nations have been peculiarly interested in the development of international law. Relationship such as those which have been steadily growing up among us.are impossible unless rules of international conduct are carefully defined and unless such rules are fully accepted and become governing. That is the essence of civilized order in the international life of the world. Historically speaking, the developments which I have briefly described have not been peculiar to the Western Hemisphere. For a century and a half, the progress of human enlightenment and human freedom continued. throughout the world, overturning the bulwarks of tyranny and opening the way for the establishment of democratic institutions and the assertion of human rights.

SEARCH IS WORLD-WIDE

Nor has the earnest search for world order under law been confined to any one portion of the globe. The developments which have taken place in the Western Hemisphere

have been a part of a mighty stream of new ideas, new concepts, new attitudes of mind and spirit, which has coursed and ramified, with differing degrees of vigor and success, throughout the world. We have made important contributions to that stream, and have, in turn, been nourished by it. | Unfortunately, in recent years, powerful forces in some parts of the world have challenged the validity of the primary and basic principles upon the foundation of which we and the rest of mankind have been building the edifice of our social organization and of our international life. Whatever outer garments they may wear today, these forces are not new in the experience of mankind. Fundamentally, they are the same forces that had for centuries held men in bodily slavery and spiritual degradation and had impressed upon the relations among nations a state of anarchy, or reliance upon armed force, of complete absence of any kind of safety and security. Mankind is tragically confronted once more by the alternatives of freedom or serfdom, of order cf anarchy, of progress of retrogression, of civilization or barbarism.

ALTERNATIVES OMINOUS

Let there be no illusion. The alternatives are real and concrete not only in the portions of the world lying in the immediate vicinity of the countries in which these

resurgent forces find their organized expression: they loom threateningly throughout the world. Their ominous shadow falls athwart our own hemisphere. In the face of this threat, it is our most important duty to ourselves and to humanity to maintain and preserve inviolate our own institutions and beliefs on which they rest. It is imperative that the 21 republics of the Western Hemisphere proclaim, unequivocally and unmistakably, their profound belief that only the type of national organization and of international relationship which “we and the rest of mankind have been persistently and laboriously building up in the course of recent generations can make it possible for nations to advance materially and culturally, an for man to be free. - It is imperative that our peoples rededicate themselves to the ideals which actuated the founders of our respective nations. It is imperative that our generation should find again that clarity of vision, that tenacity of purpose, and that heroic determination which led our forefathers to stake their all—to make every sacrifice, if need should be— for the assertion of human rights and the creation and maintenance of free popular government.

PASSIONATELY FOR PEACE

The characteristics which our nations have in common and which have already rendered possible in the Western Hemisphere a recent course of developments different from those which have occurred in many other parts of the world, are powerful factors in enabling us to perform this duty. Toward that end we must work unremittingly. Each and all of us desire passionately to live at peace with every nation of the world. But there must not be a shadow of a doubt anywhere as to the determination of the

-| fallacious theories of class or racial

American nations not to permit the invasion of this hemisphere by the armed forces of any power or any ‘possible combination of powers. Each of our nations obviously must decide for itself what measures it should take in order to meet its share of our common interest and responsibility in this respect. As far as my country is concerned, let no one doubt for a moment that, so long as the possibility of armed challenge exists, the United States will maintain adequate defensive miliary, naval and air establishments.

FORCE NOT ONLY MEANS |

At thé same time, we all know that armed force is not the only instrumentality by which nations can be conquered. Equally, the dissemination by nations of doctrines and the carrying on of other types of activity can be utilized for the purpose of undermining and destroying in other nations established institutions of government and basic social order. -

Such activities are based on the

superiority, or claims to national dominance, which are being revived again in some parts of the world. There is no place in the Western Hemisphere for a revival of such doctrines and theories, which our nations, in common with an overwhelming majority of civilized mankind, rejected long ago.

NO SHADOW OF DOUBT

Each and all of us desire to maintain friendly relations with every nation of the world—resting upon the basis of mutual respect for national independence, upon noninterference in the internal” affairs of others, upon fair dealing in every phase of international relationships. But there should not be a shadow of a doubt anywhere as to the determination of the American nations not to permit the invasion of this hemisphere from any quarter by activities contrary or inimical to this basis of relations among nations. Here again, with a full consciousness of our common interest and responsibility, each of our nations must decide for itself what measures it should take in order *o meet these insidious dangers,

All this is of surpassing importance. And yet, adequate defense against actual or potential danger is not enough as the objective of responsible statesmanship. There is equal or even greater need for unstinted effort in the direction of reThe conditions which confront us

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moving the causes of danger and of opening the way for-the constructive processes of human progress. require also a vigorous program of positive action. In an important measure, such a program already exists. It is the fruitful result of Inter-American Conferences held in the past and of the influence exerted upon the life: of our hemisphere by these periodic exchanges of views and by the agreements which we reach on vital problems.

TIMELY OPPORTUNITY

The conference In which we are again assembled now as representatives of the American nations offers a timely and precious opportunity for advancing and perfecting this indispensable program of assuring the solidarity, security, independence, prosperity, and prog-ress-of the Americas and of making our individual and joint contribution to the peace and well-being of the world.

Our conference must carry forward the work of building an enduring structure of peace. It is within the power of the American nations to furnish a conclusive demonstration that peace, based on justice, law and co-operative efforts, is unquestionably feasible. - To that end, we must examine anew the existing instruments of peace, by which we are all bound to a system of pacific settlement, and give our best thought to every possible method of perfecting further the inter-American machinery of peace. \ Our conference must devote sin-

cere effort to discovering the means of strengthening the foundations of international law. At a time when the structure of world order under law is being undermined and impaired in many parts of the globe, the very highest responsibility rests upon us to keep alive these fundamental principles of relations among nations upon which alone such order can be maintained. The right of each nation to manage its own affairs free from outside interference; recognition of the sovereignty and equality of states irrespective of size and strength; respect for the pledged word and the sanctity of tréaty obligations—these and numerous other basic principles must be the governing rules of international conduct if peace rather than anarchy is to prevail, and civilization is to advance.

BARRIERS STILL EXIST

vide for their populations a full measure of stable employment and a rising standard of living if international trade is destroyed by suicidal attempts at autarchy or is impared by being forced into the artificial channels of narrow bilateralism or exclusive pegionalism. And just as production cannot be expanded and improved by a return to hand operation, so trade cannot

be fostered by a reversion to the primitive forms of physical barter. Only through a liberalization of

trade relations, of excessive trade barriers, through a firm establishment of equality of

commercial treatment, can the exchange of goods among na.ions play its vital and indispensable role (Continued on Page 11)

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