Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 21 April 1937 — Page 13

“Vagabond!

- FROM INDIANA

ERNIE PYLE ;

PITTSBURGH, April 21.—Pittsburgh is undoubtedly the cockeyedest city in the United States. Physically, it is absolutely irrational. It must have been laid out by a mountain goat.

It is the only city in this country where I can’t find my way around. The only one of which I can’t get a mental bird's-eye picture. I've flown over it, and driven all around it, and studied maps of it, and still I hardly know one end of Pittsburgh from the other. There’s just one balm—people who live here can’t find their way around either. One friend of mine who was born ang raised here says she could drive to almost any place in the city but probably couldn’t go the shortest way or on the best streets. Another friend of mine has lived here six years, and all he & has ever figured out is how to dn get from his house to downtown. Mr. Pyle Every time he gets off this path he is lost. And although he has asked hundreds of people how to get somewhere, nobody ever knew. The reason for all this is the topography of Pittsburgh. It's up and down, and around and around, and in betwixt. Pittsburgh is hills, mountains, cliffs, valleys and rivers. Some streets are narrow, and some wide. runs more than a few blocks in a straight line. 8s 8 »

Railroad Runs Through Mill

IGHT downtown. a freight train goes by a fourthstory office window. One side of the city postoffice is coal black because the railroad is right against it. The main passenger line of another railroad runs smack through the center of a steel mill; right under its roof, even. There just wasn’t any place else to put the railroad. Trolley cars run over the tops of houses one minute and through a tunnel the next. There are more than 200 bridges in Pittsburgh. Because there are, you might say,” three big rivers right in the city. The Allegheny and the Monongahela twist around through town, and then come together within a stone's throw of the business district to form the Ohio. There are countless tunnels right in the city— tunnels for autos, for trolleys, for trains. The big Liberty Tubes through Mt. Washington are a mile long, and when traffic gets jammed the drivers start honking their horns and you think you're in a madhouse. And there are many inclined railways. I don’t mean cable street cars, such as San Francisco has. I mean the funny little things that run at 45 degrees right up the side of a mountain, on tracks built on to steel trestlework.

None

2 2 2 Inspector of Steps

ND then the steps. Oh Lord, the steps! I was told they actually had a Department of Steps in the city government. That isn't exactly true, although they do have an Inspector of Steps. | But there are nearly 13 miles of city-owned steps in Pittsburgh, going up mountainsides. Pittsburgh has everything you can think of, and yet no one distinctive character. You can’t say it’s a city of easy liberty, such as New Orleans, or a city of high cosmopolitanism, as San Francisco. People here just work, as one fellow put it. Business, rather than people's spirit, dominates Pittsburgh. The business is steel. : , And is Pittsburgh booming now! Some of the mills are even turning out a daily production far beyond the mill's theoretical capacity, as figured by engineers. They say there is work now for every man who wants to work.

Mrs.Roosevelt's Day

By ELEANOR ROOSEVELT

ASHINGTON, Tuesday.—Last night we had a rather prolonged dinner because I actually had tus) foment fo Dens a time-taking question of mathematics wi the gentlemen, m ei y husband and I kno women should never discuss mathematics: our mind don’t function that way. But, on the whole it didn’t work out so badly because everything was so carefully explained to me and I was so persistent that I think ey finally got my point of view—which was 1 rticular case, that mathematics made little difference, though it does seem to loom very large in the masculine mind. As soon as we went upstairs I said goodnight to my guest, and went to work at my desk. There is one thing quite certain, and that is that visitors who come for anything but formal entertainments should be prepared| to entertain themselves from dinner time on, unles the President happens to be having a movie. Otherwis we both of us retire to our respective studies and guest who expects to be entertained will have a disappointing time, ~The weather continues to be lovely, and this morning I got out for an hour and half on the bridle path. My own horse Dot is lame, and so with considerable peut I rode Johnny’s hunter, Badger. He is a most quiet and well-behaved horse and I gradually became accustomed to his gaits. When he started for his first canter I found myself thrown out of my seat and up into the air with every motion. I wondered whether I ever was going to sit on him in comfort, However, I achieved this before long and we returned very good friends. Badger evidently learned to understand my signals and I had grown accustomed to his gait. When I got off, a young man was waiting for me with a photograph he had taken one day along the path, It really is extremely good of the horses and I am glad to have it. He had his own copies of the photographs with him also. They had been tinted and he asked rather diffidently whether I would be willing to autograph them. Most people are not so shy. I have just been given the most comprehensive and really wonderful book on Washington. It has come out in the American Guide series and is done by the Federal writers’ project of the Works Progress Administration. Its size may be formidable, but its content is quite thrilling. I am sure that anyone who visits Washington will be interested in having it.

New Books

PUBLIC LIBRARY PRESENTS—

N a Denmark still feudal although it was the latter half of the 18th century, a low-born genius—Dr. _'Streunsee, who had read his Rousseau—rose to the position of dictator. For a time the power of the overprivileged landowners was broken. Streunsee fought for liberty and equality and brought about the freeing of the serfs. He instituted social reforms of a kind that even today we consider modern. It is one of the most remarkable and sensational episodes in history, yet, strangely enough, one that historical novelists have neglected. Now, Robert Neumann in his latest work, THE QUEEN’S: DOCTOR (Knopf), tells graphically and with absorbing interest this romantic and tragic story. Queen Matilda of Denmark, sister of George III of England, loved Streunsee. Her husband, feeble-minded King Christian VII, loved him too, and for a time was completely dominated by this amazing doctor who possessed so many unusual gifts. The appealing love story of the beautiful and ill-fated Matilda is interwoven with the rise and fall of Streunsee.

# » ”

N entire section of THE DOG OWNER’S HANDBOOK, by Fredson Thayer Bowers (HoughtonMifflin), is devoted to miscellaneous questions and _ answers pertaining to popular beliefs about dogs. Intended primarily for the pet dog owner or the person thinking of buying a dog, the book will be of general interest to everyone who likes dogs. Each breed is analyzed with special emphasis on its origin, original purposes, present use, height, weight, color and individual characteristics. The problems of selecting a breed, of diets, training, and the raising of puppies, are all discussed from a practical viewpoint. The ample illustrations and detailed index are useful. le

a. v

‘land or

The Indianapolis Times

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1937

Entered as Second-Class Matter Indianapolis,

at Postoffice,

“SAVING LAND TO SAVE PEOPLE

Unrestricted Use Has Meant Abuse of Soil, Tenancy Committee Says

Following is the second section of President Roosevelt’s National Tenancy Committee report: . HE committee’s examination of the agricultural ladder has indicated that in recent years movement from rung to rung has

been predominantly in the

direction of descent rather than ascent. It has also indicated an increasing tendency for the rungs of the ladder to become bars — forcing imprisonment in a

. fixed social status from °

which it is increasingly difficult to escape.

The downward movement noted by the committee is obviously related to the general economic situation of recent years. The number of farm families who lack a secure relationship to the land is always greatly augmented by agricultural depression. Such a period has prevailed for the greater part of the time since the World War and with particular severity since 1929, and has been accompanied by intense drought over broad areas. These unfavorable conditions would have seriously . strained even the best of land tenure systems—they uprooted large numbers of farm families whose previous hold on the land seemed secure. At the same time they brought basic weaknesses in our existing systems —they uprooted large numbers of farm families whose previous hold on the land seemed secure. At the same time they brought basic weaknesses in our existing systems of land tenure into relief. It is abundantly clear that attacks upon the problem of farm security through changes in land tenure, credit facilities and the like will be inadequate unless agriculture is maintained in an equit--able economic balance with other elements in our national life. |The committee is convinced that to overlook the necessity of a broad and continuous national policy aimed at developing and maintaining agriculture on a plane of equality with other types of edonomic endeavor would be to neglect an essential of any program directed = at ameliorating tenancy conditions, and to nullify to a degree the effectiveness of the specific measures hereafter recommended. National policies aimed at maintaining the prices of agricultural products in proper relationships to the prices of other commodities are therefore essential. | ” ”n 8 OMPARABLE in importance to favorable economic conditions for agriculture is stability in these conditions. If streams of income can be made to flow to and from agriculture in a stabilized, as well as an equitable manner, we may expect fewer speculative land booms with their concomitant orgies of mortgaging, selling, buying and remortgaging of farms and their subsequent costly and painful process of liquidation. ; Stability of general price levels is therefore of special significance in its bearing on the problems which this committee has been instructed to consider. _ The present report, however, is not the proper vehicle for the inclusion of a detailed discussion of ways and - means for attaining these broader and more general ends, to which the present Administration is already committed. The report is limited necessarily to proposals for gradually overcoming the specific evils of our system of land tenure and related conditions. Moreover, the present report would fail of its purpose if it did not make clear that improvement in the general economic position of agriculture would not by itself correct all tenancy difficulties. The attainment of equality for agriculture in terms of income alone cannot be expected to readjust our additional methods of holding land —nor will it significantly alter our attitudes respecting property in land. > Since the development of tenancy and its associated evils is in considerable measure attributable to land policies and credit policies adopted or permitted by the Federal Government, a governmental responsibility for their results clearly exists. Restrictions in the homestead policy led to the creation in some regions of units too small for economical operation, and our systems of disposing of public land included no adequate measures for preventing occupancy of inferior development of land speculation and tenancy.

. ” 2 2

HE land policy adopted by this country, under which title to practically all of the agricultural land of the nation passed to private owners in fee simple absolute, has proved defective as a means of keeping the land in the ownership of those who work it. : Fee simple ownership has also implied that the right to unrestricted use was also a right to land. The fact that a large number of owners has been concerned chiefly with early sale has militated against permanence of occupancy by themselves or in tenant contracts that would assure ‘stability. Policies for disposing of the public domain have permitted the acquisition of large areas, mostly for speculative purposes, by those who had no intention of farming them. | Periodic booms and depressions, especially the extreme rise in land values culminating in 1920, and the subsequent - drastic de ine

vd es

—Resettlement Administration Photo by Jung.

Soil Erosion in Brown County

~

have caused many farmers to lose their farms and sink to the status of tenants or even migratory laborers.

Until the establishment of the Federal Farm Land Banks, inadequate credit facilities characterized by high rates and short terms of repayment seriously handicapped farmers in successfully achieving farm ownership. Even under the relatively favorable credit facilities made available by | the land banks, the traditional requirement of unitorm annual payments has accentuated distress in depressions, resulting’ in loss of ownership and lapses into tenancy. As a consequence of the unhappy ending of their own attempts to achieve ownership, or those of their neighbors, many tenant farmers have concluded that further effort in that direction would be futile.

” n 2

HE defectiveness of past and present policies of land tenure can be measured in terms of what has happened to the nation's chief natural asset, the soil. The correlation between soil erosion and tenant occupancy is very striking. The reasons are obvious. The tenant whose occupancy is uncertain at best, and ordinarily does not average more than two years, can ill afford to plant the farm to any but cash crops. “The shorter the operator’s time

on the farm, the higher the per- 7

centage of crop land in corn tends to: be, and consequently the higher the degree of erosion,” says an Iowa Experiment Station bulletin. | The tenant who has no assurance of permanent occupancy can rarely afford to apply fertilizers beyond the amount which will give him most immediate return, nor to plant soilbuilding crops. The tenant who expects to remain but a short time on a farm has little incentive to conserve and improve the soil; he has equally little incentive to maintain and improve the woodlot, the house, barn, shed, or other structures on the farm. Tenancy has contributed to soil depletion; soil depletion has in turn contributed materially to the expansion of t¢nancy and the further impoverishment of tenants and croppers. The soil is a- national resource in which our total civilization has a stake. [Its proper use and conservation require modification of our present system of land tenure. Erosion of our soil has its counterpart in erosidh of our society. The one wastes natural resources; the other, human resources. In-

stability and insecurity of farm

families leach the binding elements of rural community life. We find the unwholesome spectacle of men, women and children, especially among the tenant families, moving from farm to farm each year. This social erosion. not only wears down the fiber of the fam-

ilies themselves: it saps the re-:

sources of the entire social order. In the spring of 1935 there were more than a third (34.2 per cent) of the 2,865,000 tenant farmers of the nation who had occupied their present farms only one year. In many areas the proportion exceeded 50 per cent. s 8 HITE tenants move more frequently than do Negro tenants. The incessant movement of tenant and cropper families and of migratory laborers from farm to farm and from community to community deprives those families of normal social participation. It lays a heavy hand upon the large numbers of rural children caught in this current, who find their schooling periodically interrupted, if not made impossible; they suffer from mental as well as economic insecurity. The extreme poverty of onefifth of the farm population reflects itself in a standard of living below any level of decency. Large families of - tenants or

croppers, or hired farm laborers, are living in houses of two or three rooms. The buildings are frequently of poor construction, out of alignment, weather-beaten and unsightly. The doors and windows are rarely screened. Often the roofs are leaky. The surroundings of such houses are bleak and unattractive. Many have even no outside toilet, or if available, it is highly insanitary. 2 Many of these families are chronically undernourished. They are readily subject to diseases: Pellagra, malaria, and the hookworm and other parasites exact heavy tolls in life and energy. Suitable provision for maintaining health and treating disease among these families is lacking or inadequate in many localities. Clothing is often scarcely sufficient to afford protection to the body, much less to help maintain self-respect. Farm and city well-being are closely interrelated. Low standards of living in the country limit production in the city. The use which is made of America’s industrial productive capacity in part depends on the purchasing power of agriculture. And the extent to which American industry is active in turn effects the capacity of the farm population to find more jobs for its people and markets for its products. ” ” ” . FTER families have been long subject to poverty, insecurity, and lack of normal social contacts, they are likely to lose the incentive for improving their lot, let alone participating in the cultural life of the community. The deficiencies in standards of living which make their bodies easy prey to biological parasites make them equally easy prey to economic and even political parasites. Should the rungs of the agricultural ladder become rigid bars between classes, an American ideal would be lost. In a community of rigid groups, normal democratic processes are unable to function. The committee has noted instances where disadvantaged groups in their attempts to organize and increase their bargaining power have been unlawfully prevented from exercising their civil liberties. The rural relief rolls tell the story of over a million farm

families who have been forced into dependency in recent years. They make it clear that unless the

nation wishes to pay the money ,

costs as well as the social costs of supporting a continuing heavy burden of rural dependency, it must put large numbers of farm families into a relationship to the land adequate to provide for their self-support. A statement of the disadvantages of prevailing systems of tenancy would not be complete nor fair without recognizing that landlords and the creditor agencies associated with these systems are also confronted with serious problems. Both groups have lost heavily from time to time through the instability and uncertainty of agricultural income and of land values. Landlords, as well as creditor agencies, have also been confronted with the problems arising from the ignorance, inertia, ineptitude and unreliability of some of the tenants, croppers and laborers with whom they have to deal. Although long established institutional arrangements have had much to do with creating and perpetuating these human disabilities, this explanation affords small comfort to the landlord or creditor caught in the meshes of a system that has impoverished those who work the fields and all too frequently those who own them. 3 2 ” ” MERICAN agriculture is faced with a double problem. On the one hand, its situa-

tion requires sustained action to .

obtain a share of the national income suffi¢ient to recompense the farm population for its product while maintaining the fertility of the soil. On the other hand, its situation requires sustained action to regulate land tenure so that an adequate share of agricultural income goes to the people who actually till the land. The committee pointed out earlier in the report that continued adjustinents in farm prices are necessary. It also pointed out that such adjustments, unless accompanied by land reforms, may rebound largely to the advantage of absentee landlords and credit interests and may be more or less nullified through capitalization in land values. Futhermore, important as it is to improve the credit arrangements available to farmers, it

Flynn Warns of Perils of

Some

|nvestment Trusts

By JOHN T. FLYNN

Times Special Writer

ASHINGTON, April 21.—The

chirp of the sucker is heard again in the land. AAd of course the doughty sucker-hunter has

shouldered his gun and gone in pursuit of his favorite game. You need not be surprised, therefore, if when you answer the knock on your door you find a young gentleman there armed with literature, charts and testimonials to show you the simple and easy way to riches by owning a “participation” in a “sound” investment trust. Here in Washington, where David Shenker of the Securities and Exchange Commission has been tracking the investment-trust operator to his lair, the commission has been turning up the ever-growing activities of the innumerable small promoters who are selling what are now called “special funds.” One of the characteristics of the investment trust business is that you need very little money to start it and almost no previous experience. Of course, if you have a little previous experience the trust may last a little longer. But as a result, many men with little capital take a small office, print some attractive literature and then start out to sell “shares” or “participations” to the most bewildered and apparently most easily fooled human being in the world, the man with a few dol-

lass or & few thousands to invest,

These special funds are simple matters. The promoter sells you

a certificate which entitles you to a

share in the ownership and profits or a group of stocks—perhaps 20 different issues—which make up what is called the portfolio. You pay $10 a month or $50. It is impossible to discuss the merits and defects of all these spawning financial institutions. It is sufficient to say that they are well loaded in favor of the promotors. Bad as most of these plans are, they are actually worse in the process of selling. Because the victim is induced to buy through the ministrations of a salesman. The salesman knows how carefully to conceal or soft-pedal or even misrepresent the weak feature of the whole cperation. J

#® nn 9 pe

HE small investor, who does not understand the reading of financial prospectusés, who knows nothing of finances, can protect himself from these operators by following a few very simple rules: 1. Never, never buy. an invest-ment-trust share from a salesman. 2. Never buy an investment-trust share without getting full and complete statements in writing and then submitting them to some person experienced in finance who has the time to examine the whole scheme for Jou. .

should be recognized that unrestricted ownership, achieved by farmers assuming a heavy shortterm debt load, would likely prove | even less permanent than under the Homestead acts. There would be no . safeguards against land speculation and the subsequent development of absentee owner= ship and tenancy. Such measures would also fail to provide adequently for soil conservation. Even if clauses were inserted in mortgage contracts to insure soil conservation, the only means of enforcement would be through the slow and costly process of foreclosure. The courts will frequently not grant relief unless the violation of contract takes the form of failure to make payments. In many areas, moreover, there is lack of a sufficient number of holdings of the proper size and with suitable improvements to serve as family farms. Easy credit would not achieve the readjustments in size and type of holdings that appear necessary in such areas. E-4 ” ” ; NCOURAGEMENT to assume high financial obligations to agencies compelled to foreclose if payments are not met increases

curity of our farm-owning population. Policies of easy credit for small holdings have been employed in some European countries, but their chances of success have been enhanced because in peasant countries agriculture is characterized by a large measure of self-suffi-ciency; the farm population, accustomed to continuing on the same farm from one generation to another, is far less mobile than here; land speculation and frequent transfers of ownership by sale are much less habitual than in this country; and conservation of soil resources has become a cardinal principle of farm practice. Similarly, the ignorance, poverty, malnutrition, morbidity and social discriminations by which many farm tenant families are handicapped cannot be eliminated by converting ‘tenants into farm owners under some system of easy credit. The committee has approached its task of making recommendations with these pitfalls in full view. Changes in forms of tenure are not ends in themselves. The committee recognizes that until far-reaching changes in our system of land tenure can be accomplished a considerable amount of tenancy is inevitable for a long time to come, and is probably not undesirable, provided appropriate modifications in the character of tenancy itself can be achieved. The changes proposed are offered by the committee in the belief that a land tenure system is essentially man-made, and is subject to reasonable alteration, repair and renovation. 2 ”n ” | &) Is not an impossible task for a nation as large, as rich, and as progresssive as this one to work out a set of relationships which will assume farmers fair security in the occupancy and operation of farms, freedom from undue restraint and exploitation, and a. reasonably adequate livelihood: and which will assure the nation maintenance of its natural resources and increased stability and enrichment of its rural community life. The achievement of these aims, however, is not an overnight task. Abuses in our system of land tenure and scheme of rural organization have been developing for two centuries. A long period of continuous and consistent effort confronts us in accomplishing the task proposed in this report. Most civilized nations have set their hands to a similar undertaking, and some of them have been engaged in it for many years. It is high time that this nation. begin the task.

NEXT—The President's Tenancy Committee's proposal for a Federal corporation to advance

farm ownership through Federal y and purchases, rind

rather than. diminishes the inse- .

Second Section

PAGE 13

—

Our Town

OHN WYANT was the first man to be prosecuted in Indianapolis, but it wasn’t as bad as it sounds. He stood trial in 1822, after the hackberries had been picked that year. Gen. John Carr loaned his residence, a spiffy double log cabin on N. Delaware St. fér the hearing, and everybody thought it mighty white of him. It stood right opposite the entrance of the present Court House. As luck

Ind.

i would have it, we had a trial be-

fore we had a Court House. William Wick was the judge, with Squires McIlvaine and Harding butting in as kibitzers. James Ray was clerk. Mr. Ray was clerk for everything that happened in_- early Indianapolis. Hervey Bates was sheriff, and Calvin Fletcher the prosecutor. Ten other lawyers hung around the sidelines looking kind of hungry. Mr. Wyant’'s case was the third on the docket. The first was that of Dick Good, a brogue-blessed Irishman who called that morning to take out his naturalization papers. Dick got what he came for, and ever afterward what he went after, He ended up being a policeman. John Hawkins was the second man up. He want ed (and got) a license to sell ligucr, Then came what Nat Bolton, editor of The Ine dianapolis Gazette, called the “cause celebre.” Mr, Wyant had been arrested for selling liquor without a license, and the lawyers got so worked up over the case that Judge Wick finally had to take things in his hands. ” ”

= ‘Spirit Hadn't Moved Him’ T ended with Judge Wick asking Mr. Wyant wh I he had neglected to take out a license. John looked up, inspired-like, and reckoned that the spirit hadn't moved him. Nat Bolton said gfterward that Mr. Wyant’s crack deserved everything he got.

Mr. Scherrer

Mr. Wyant, the first man to run afoul of our laws .

was, curiously enough, the first man to set us straight in the matter of our morals. : Before his little run-in with Judge Wick, Mr, Wyant ran a tavern on the river bank where Kingan’s porkhouse now stands. It was there our first public dance took place. Every male, with the ex ception of Col. Russell had to pay two bits to get in, Col. Russell got in for nothing because he furnished the music. .

” ” Dance With Wife Rule HEN it came time to open the dance, Mr. Wyant was missing. Subsequently, it was learned that he was in “t'other house,” as the second cabin was called at the time. gentleman of the Old School conceived it his duty. to open the ball with Mrs. Wyant. The dance was going big when Mr. Wyant ree turned with a couple of demijohns. When he saw what was going on, he immediately ordered Col. Russell to stop fiddling, and announced that hereafter every husband in Indianapolis would dance with his own wife. Wyant’s rule governed man's behavior in Indianapolis for nigh-onto 80 years. After that it sort of went to pieces.

A Woman's View

By MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

N Akron reader presents the darkest side of the parent-child relationship as an argument against the ancient “honor thy father and mother” theory. She outlines what has become a universal social problem. Her old father and mother, each with a small pension, have lived in her home for years. The former. drinks up most of his income, and what with the recent illness of her own husband and the demands of her children, our formerly dutiful daughter finds it financially impossible to keep her parents longer. What shall she do? It is a puzzling question, not only for my reader but for every person interested in human wastage and human want. When aged parents live in the home of one of their children, it should be made clear from the beginning that they will have no authority there, but remain as guests or dependents as the case may be. Harsh as this may sound in the ears of old people it is the rule of necessity and must be obeyed. ; If this rule were put into effect in our Akron house= hold, the old man. would not be permitted to throw away on drink the money needed so badly for food. Any daughter is justified in stopping such extrava= gance. If parents have any income at all they should

a

_be expected to pay for their board and lodging.

One must always question the wisdom of sacrificing the young to the whims of the old, and, as we know, this is often done by those’ who have grown accus= tomed to parental domination. Indeed, so often has it been done in the past that there has developed a definite movement to shelve old people. In all the difficult crises of life the main endeavor, I believe, is to try to be kind. Necessity often forces us

to be cruel, but if we keep ever before us ‘the thought 4

that we are all tangled up in life, young, old and mid-dle-aged together, occupants of a world filled with tragedy, we may struggle through to an understanding of the ache in other hearts.

Your Health

By DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor American Medical Assn. Journal N the prevention of bronchitis and its spread, much I may be accomplished by control of the general hygiene and habits of the persons infected. Those in dusty trades should, if possible, be given outdoor

work. People who drive trucks, or are otherwise con-

_stantly exposed to the weather by their occupations,

may be given indoor jobs if possible. If there is irritation from smoking, the person concerned should be absolutely forbidden to inhale and, if possible, he should give up smoking. Clothing should be light but warm, and the chest should always be sufficiently protected. It is ime portant also to avoid excessive exposure to dampness. : In those who are overweight, the diet should be controlled to include less potatoes, bread, puddings, pastries, butter, and other fatty foods. For those who are well-to-do, life could be prolonged in many cases by moving to a warm, dry climate. Infections in the nose, throat, teeth and sinuses should also be cleared up because these otherwise will pour germs constantly into the lungs. There are various drugs which are eliminated by the respiratory mucous membranes when the drugs are taken internally. Some people believe these drugs are valuable in combating germs that may be on the surface of the affected membranes. Other drugs encourage a free flow of mucus, which serves to wash from the mucous membranes irritating ma= terials or germs. With the development of new kinds of apparatus, it now has become possible to look directly at the walls of the bronchial tubes. A device used for this purpose is called a bronchoscope. It also\is possible to make X-ray pictures of the bronchi, to determine the extent of changes that have taken place. Iodized oils may be injected into these tubes to enable the doctor to determine whether or not there is a thickening of the walls or of the tissues around the walls. . With these devices it alsq is possible to put medi

- cation ‘of various kinds directly intogthe bronchial

tubes. The passing of the tubes or of the injection syringes into the throat usually is accompanied by gagging and coughing, which takes place automatic ally as one of nature's ways of preventing us from choking. > Nevertheless, in severe cases of bronchitis, a spee

cialist in this technic may be of great help in apply

ing sucly methods.

i

Anyway, that’s why a chivalrous