Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 20 April 1937 — Page 13

4

9 |

i % 8 3

A Ty

Steet CNDAY. _ADDIT aon 1097

nose -and nasals out “Numberr, pullease?” and then goes “prrrirr, pop” and then says “Liyun’s busy!”

Mrs.Roosevelt’s Day

ments which I had to change because I had not

, possible to describe

“dents of acting

and @

7 f AL Ef A SA JR

Vagabond]

FROM INDIANA

. + ERNIE PYLE

SWARTHMORE, Pa., April 20.—Some of the readers of this column who have good memories might possibly be interested in hearing how the Shaws are getting along. For those who don’t remember — the Shaws are the people we ran onto in Mexico

a year ago, and took such a liking to, and teamed up with for a few days.

Papa Shaw (Charles B.) is librarian at Swarth-

more College here. When we bummed with them in Mexico the Shaws were on a gypsying sabbatical year. They're back at work now. Ever since we took separate roads out of El Paso we've kept up a sort of correspondence with them, and we've been threatening to visit them in Swarthmore sometime. But this happened and that happened, and the Shaws at last decided they'd never see us again, and put us down in their

re

Rati

£ .

i ET ot ar Sidi SIE THR o> JNIIT A ATA DAT I = TIM na

Tom

TUESDAY, APRIL 20, 1937

te

~

es

Entered as Second-Class Matter Indianapolis,

at Postoffice,

~ Second Section

PAGE 13

Ind.

SAVING LAND TO SAVE PEOPLE

The Indianapolis Times begins today publication of the majority report of President Roosevelt's National Farm Tenancy Committee. The report represents probably the most comprehensive study and far-reaching recommendations that have been prepared on the subject’ for official consideration, and is of the greatest importance to the economy of the South. A bill to enact national legislation based on this report has been prepared for introduction in the present Congress. The report follows:

(Editorial, Page 14)

little blue book as liars. But finally we fooled them, and rolled up in front of the house. : Well, the Shaws are doing all right. “Hoc the Dound” has a cold in his head, but it'll be gone in a few days. “Hud the Mound” pours a very fine cup of tea. The Shaws are just as nice to visit at home as they are to gypsy with in Mexico. They have a big house on the Swarthmore campus, and extra guest rooms, and they set a mighty fine table, and the whole family rallies round and makes you feel like taking off your shoes in the parlor if you want to. The Shaws are a family of five. We were surprised $0 find all of them here. We thought two would be missing. For instance, Bob. He wasn't with the Shaws in Mexico. They had kept talking about Bob, who was supposed to be 17 and in prep school somewhere. But we just checked him off as a product of the Shaws’ imagination, they being a youngish couple and not decrepit enough to have a child of 17. But when we drove up, sure enough there was Bob, home on vacation or something, out in the yard playing ball with Dick.

2 2 2.

Didn't Expect Dorothy Either

ND then we didn’t expect Dorothy to be there either. She's the girl with the twinkle in her eye and 10,000 puns in her head. I don’t know how the Shaws have .lived with her during all her 11

years. Dorothy hasn't grown much since we saw her a year ago, but Dick has. He's 13 now, and has sprouted clear up into corduroy pants. When we came in Dick said “Gee, she gave you a dirty look.” We said “Who gave us a dirty look?” And he said “Mother nature!” ou see what kind of family it is. Dick goes to high school next year. He has a room of his own on the third floor, and likes to show it to you. The walls are hung with Mexican serapes, and fiendish fiesta-masks carved from coconuts, and rodeo posters from Wyoming and such stuff. He has eight flashlights.

= # 2

Mr. Pyle

Listens In on Party Lines

~NOROTHY kills her time by such things as listening on the party-line telephone until somebody lifts the receiver, and then Dorothy holds her

Oh yes, I forgot to explain that “Hoc the Dound” stuff. That's some of Dorothy's talk. ‘That's what she calls her father.

By ELEANOR ROOSEVELT

TASHINGTON, Monday. —Yesterday afternoon and evening weregpent catching up on the mail and various things that had been done while I was away. I found that I had made one or two arrange-

realized conflicts with certain other things which

have come up since my return. This has been a busy day. ‘Mr. and Mrs. La Rue Brown, who are on their way home to Boston from a holiday in Beaufert, S. C., arrived for breakfast. Then I tried to catch up all the threads of daily management with my housekeeper, Mrs. Nesbitt. I also conferred with Mrs. Helm who is trying to arrange the few remaining social obligations of the season. A press conference was next on the calendar and then a number of individual appointments. : Luncheon was more or less a family affair, as Mrs. Theodore Douglas Robinson was here visiting ner daughter. I gathered together a few people whom I thought she would find congenial. We were all very glad to see her and though I see so little of Mrs. Robinson now, she will always be one of the people I lly love and enjoy seeing. re Sort to hurry my guests away by 2:30 because 48 youngsters were waiting to shake hands with me. I thought I was shaking hands with the children of the American Revolution, but they turned out to be 48 prize winners from the 48 states who are chosen from the senior classes in high schools for their qualities of character, dependability, patriotism and service. They seem to be having a wonderful visit in Washington and I think they will carry away with them many ightful memories. : dong eral days I have been meaning to write you about a book which I have just finished, Willa Cather’s latest book of literary essays. 1 suppose 2 literary essay should make you want to read, and if that is a criterion of the Yale of this book, she cer1 en most successiul. ay os go at once to search for Sarah Orne Jewett’s books which I have not read in years, and I must get every story that Katherine Mansfield ever wrote. To me the chapter on Miss Mansfield is the

3 this book. 2 gan d, no one in this country today, quite

my min ) a il special gift which belongs to Willa Cather. She says herself; in one of these essays, that it is imthe certain someting wish i bou illa a great writer. I feel that way abo! PN Ee. and I am grateful for the thrill which

her writing never fails to give me.

New Books

PUBLIC: LIBRARY PRESENTS—

has long been a need for an up-to-date and

En handbook for the actor in the modern theater, a ‘grammar for actors” which would give simple rules and rudimentary exercises for the study of the technique of acting. Such a book has now been written by a member of the early Moscow Art Co., Konstantin Sergieevich Aleksieev (pseud. Constantin Stanislavski). AN ACTOR PREPARES (Theater Arts) sets forth in semfictional form the theories of the author concerning the technique of acting. A class of students, among i Chin he author as a younger man, Ee Tortsov, who is the author after he has pecome a mature actor. The principles outlined by Tortsov- are SO universal that they are not confined to the Russian theater, but will prove helpful to stuin any country. The author emizes his belief that only “a genius like Salvini or Ds use without theory the right emotions and expressions that to the less inspired, but intelligent student need to be taught.” y 2 8

N historical romance of Scotland in the reign of A James II, during the religious wars between the Jacobites and the Covenanters, is GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, by Constance W. Dodge (CoviciFriede). : John Graham, or “Bluidy Clavers,” as he was called by the Covenanters, is the hero of the tale. A loyal supporter of James, he is presented as an officer merely doing his duty by carrying out his King’s orders. His love for a girl of the Lowlands, who is also a fervent Jacobite, and his friendship for Alistair

Meclan, a Highlander, contribute much to a colorful

#5

HALF a century ago one of every four farmers was a tenant. Today two of every five are tenants. They operate land and buildings

valued at 11 billion dollars.

For the last 10 years, the number of new tenants every year has been about 40,000. Many change farms every two or three years, and apparently one out of three remains no longer than one year. Thousands of farmers commonly considered owners are as insecure as tenants, because in some areas the farmers’ equity in their property is as little as onefifth. Fully half the total farm population of the United States has no adequate farm security. The above facts reveal something of the magnitude of the farm tenancy problem in the United States. We have to deal with abuses that have been developing for two centuries. We cannot correct them overnight. But we can begin. We can and should proceed as rapidly as our resources of manpower, money, and experience will permit. At the same time we should recognize that today we do not have the experience or the trained personnel to .make it practical to start the program on a scale as big as the problem would apparently warrant. The responsibility for action by state and Federal governments is clear. The first start should not be too ambitious but expansion later should be as rapid as experience demonstrates. to be feasible. ” " 8 OR the greater part of the last generation, security has become of increasing concern to American farmers. For a still longer period, American agriculture, as compared with the agriculture of many European countries, has been relatively insecure. Farm prices and farm income have been subject to wide fluctuations, and have at times been badly out of balance with the prices and income received by other major groups in the nation’s economy. Excessive mobility, speculation, and exploitation of the soil, associated with faulty systems of land tenure, have materially contributed to agricultural maladjustment and diminished the income and security which farmers, under other arrangements, might have expected to enjoy. Farm home ownership has been approved throughout American history as a primary means of attaining security. Latterly, however, the proportion of farmers who have attained the objective of ownership has declined; and often the security of those farmers who succeeded in becoming owners has been rendered precarious by the terms under which they acquired their land. Recognizing that farm land is vested with a public interest, it is the purpose of this report to examine existing American sys‘tems of land tenure and make recommendations for alternative types of tenure in the interest of increasing farm security and the stability of rural life. For the past 55 years, the entire period for which we have statistics on land tenure, there has been a continuous and marked decrease in the proportion of operating owners and an accompanying increase in - the proportion of tenants. Tenancy has increased from 25 per cent of all farmers in 1880 to 42 per cent in 1935. Because of debt, actual equity of operating owners is far less than these figures indicate. In some of our states, among them a number settled under the homestead system little more than a generation ago, it is estimated that the equity of operating farmers in their lands is little more than one-fifth; nearly four-fifths is in

Half of Nation's Farmers Lack Adequate Security, Survey Shows

—Resettlement Administration Photograph by Mydans.

Typical home in the Resettlement Administration homestead project at Decatur, Ind.

the hands of landlords and mortgage holders. ”n

2 8

HUS, hundreds of thousands of farm families have attained only a semblance of ownership. Especially in times of depression they have witnessed their hardwon equities steadily decline and finally disappear. After years of effort to retain their foothold as farm owners, they find themselves poorer for the struggle. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of tenant farmers, in spite of years of scrimping, have not been able to accumulate enough to make a first payment on a farm of their own. And a further large segment of the farm population has never reached a stage of economic advancement where its members could even aspire to farm ownership. The recent increase in tenancy is a central feature of the problem referred to this committee. But the farm groups whose current relationship to the land is unsatisfactory are clearly not all tenants, any more than the relationship of all tenants to the land is unsatisfactory.

There are many tenants whose way of life is not more precarious or economically lower than the lot of the great majority of owner farmers, as some tenants indeed have an advantage over owners burdened with debt.

In approaching its assignment, the committee has therefore attempted to keep in view the whole agricultural ladder. It has examined the groups on each of the rungs to find the extent to which their members have, or lack, a reasonable measure of well-being. The committee's examination of the agricultural ladder has indicated a series of groups of farm families whose insecurity is a threat to the integrity of rural life. The families comprised within these groups constitute fully half the total farm population of the country. . un » 2

PPROXIMATELY one farm

family out of four occupies a position in the nation’s social and economic structure that is pre-

carious and should not be tolerated. The principal groups found to be at a disadvantage in their relationship to the land are: Tenants—Although in all areas -of the United States there are notable instances of desirable relationships between tenants and landlords, tenancy conditions, in many cases and areas, are unsatisfactory to both tenant and landlord, are condemned by both, and "are objectionable from the point of view of social welfare.

"Tenants still move with some freedom up the agricultural ladager. Yet, tenancy in many areas presents serious problems of insecurity, instability of occupancy, and lack of concern with soil conservation. About two-thirds of the tenants and croppers of the United States ‘are located in the South. The problem there, it should be noted, is not a race problem, for of Southern tenants and Croppers two thirds are whites and only one-third are Negroes. Croppers—The cropper system prevails principally in the Southern cotton and tobacco areas. Croppers operate 716,000 farms, or over 10 per cent of all farms in the United States; they constitute 39 per cent of all tenants in the South. Croppers, who generally supply or.y their labor, are usually the most insecure group of tenants. Even the slender protection of the cropper contract has recently become less effective, as conditions have impelled landlords to convert many croppers into laborers, dependent on casual employment for wages. Low standards of living among croppers are in some sections giving rise to unrest. s Farm Laborers—More than onefourth of all persons gainfully employed in agriculture in 1930 ‘were farm wage laborers. From the standpoint of conditions of employment to which they are subject, they include a number of types. Perhaps the most secure groups are those who, though hired on a monthly basis, have year-long employment, residing on the farm of the employer. These include, among others, the hired men who live in the homes of their employ-

HITLER MARKS 48TH BIRTHDAY AT TOP OF FAME AND POWER

By MILTON BRONNER NEA Service Staff Writer ONDON, April 20.—As Adolf Hitler celebrates his 48th birthday today, he is at the apogee of his fame and power. The years have not softened him. Responsibilities as leader of the German nation and chief of the Nazi Party have not moderated his ruthlessness. Hitler, at 48, is very much on top. His power is growing instead of lessening. The chances are very strong that, when he was born in the simple home of a minor Austrian customs official, neither of his parents saw any good fairies around, bringing a multitude of gifts for the child they named Adolf. A common school education was followed by a short attempt to fit himself for the career of an architect. Then a little space when he hoped to be a water color artist. But even a Hitler must eat and the young man eked out an existence as a house painter. His wander years and his inclinations brought him from Austria to Bavaria. So it was that when the world war broke out, being in Munich, Hitler joined the German army and thus gained one of his greatest assets—he became a front

HE war over, he was once more at a loose end. He might have.become a mere barroom orator but for the fortuitous meeting in one Munich saloon with a few humble fellows who were trying to form a new political party which hated the newly organized German Republic and yet had no love for the monarchy which had disappeared. Hitler joined this party, injected anti-Semitism into it as one of its main planks, and by and by became boss of the tiny organization. The Nazi Party at first did not shoot up like a sunflower. In fact, its growth was very slow, until Hitler, combining with Herman Goering, who had joined the party, and Gen. Eric Ludendorff, who hated the Republic, tried the abortive putsch of 1923. It looked as if all Hitler got out of this was the mild sentence of five years confinement in a fortress, the Republic being gentler ir its punishments than the Nazis afterwards proved themselves to be. Quickly released, after one of the frequent amnesties then so common in Germany, Hitler found that his. party was growing, thanks .to. the

line soklier, . 5 5 As f wy = 0

tisement. it had received,

sl

ROM that time, the Nazis increased in power, what with a strong representation in the Reichstag, the organization of a large private army (the famous Brown Shirt outfit), the foundation of a fighting press and the building up of Nazi units in every part of the Reich. The culminating point came on Jan. 30, 1933, when President Hindenburg made Hitler Chancellor of the Reich. There followed a succession of dizzying strokes which demonstrated Hitler's daring will to power. He made -the constitution of the country a scrap of paper. He converted the Reichstag into a simple assembly of yes-men. He abolished free Shoseh, free press and free assemy. Hitler next proceeded to alarm all Europe by a series of defiant deeds. He tore the Treaty of Versailles into tatters by building a big army, a powerful air force and a potent navy. He marched German troops into the demilitarized Rhineland region. He took Germany out of the League of Nations. Today the whole world listens when, the hoarse voice of the onetime house painter booms out. His every word is weighed

§

by anxi ous

VF

ers and are treated almost as members of the family—apparently a group that has diminished in relative importance.

u " 8 ROBABLY the great majority of hired farm laborers are dependent on irregular employment. Many move about within one general locality. These include: Individuals who live on farms and occasionally help neighboring farmers; occupiers of small sub-

sistence units, and who depend on casual farm employment for a small and uncertain cash income, and casual workers from towns and cities who migrate to nearby cotton fields, truck or fruit farms to work in seasons of peak labor requirements. In the South, families alternately become croppers and hired laborers. There is also a large and apparently increasing number of laborers who migrate long dis‘tances from the locality which they regard as “home.” Such laborers migrate both as individuals and as families. The latter frequently depend upon the wages of men, women and children to eke out a bare subsistence. Some of them have no permanent abode. They work mainly with intensive crops such as fruit, sugar beets and vegetables, following the harvest season from locality” to locality. Some laborers succeed in climbing into the status of tenants or even owners. In depression periods, however, large numbers of tenants and small owners overburdened with debt become migratory laborers. Most farm laborers have uncertainty of employment as their general lot; their earnings and standard of living are correspondingly low. But the situation of the hand labowszrs in intensive agriculture is especially‘ precari-

ous.

The conditions under which they work and live have already promoted strife in widely scattered areas. West of the Misssisippi the number of migratory laborers has recently been aug-

mented by farm families from

drought areas. Such families, whether tenants _ or owners, cccupy land incapable, under any system of farming, of maintoining an adequate: standard of living. Recent estimates place the number of such farm families at over a half million of our six and a half million farmers. - ® n 2 ‘HERE are many thousands of families, both owners and tenants, endeavoring to support themselves by full-time farming on holdihgs insufficient in size to provide an adequate standard of living by any system of farming which will maintain soil fertility. Such families are faced by steady improverishment. In many cases, farms of inadequate size are attributable to the influence of the Homestead policies; they are especially numerous in areas, like the Great Plains, where the Homestead policies operated most recently. A large number of farm units in the South are also unduly small, and could only with difficulty change from a oné-crop system to a more secure system of farming Thousands of farm owner-oper-ators are burdened with indebtedness contracted for amounts so large, at rates so high or for terms so short that without alleviation of their conditions they are likely to be forced to become tenants or croppers or join the ranks of migratory farm laboers or casual workers in other ems= ployments. .

There are many young people in rural areas who are unable to obtain farms. A considerable proportion of these would migrate to cities if industrial opportunity offered. When that opportunity fails they remain to increase the pressure on the land and the competition in the lower tenure groups.

NEXT—The committee’s fihdings as to the roots of tenancy in a wasteful, speculative land policy in the past and of its . effects in the erosion of soil and

society,

Senate Investigations Pay Big Dividends, Flynn Says

By JOHN T. FLYNN

Times Special Writer

ASHINGTON, April 20.—The cheapest thing the Government ever does is a Senate investigation. The biggest dividends paid on any enterprise are those paid on Senate investigations. The famous Wall Street investigation made by Ferdinand Pecora was ended more than two years ago. . It cost about $250,000. How much actual money the Government and business have saved as a result, no man can say. But here, two years after the shooting, comes a proposal of another $2,500,000 dividend on that investigation—just 1000% more than the investigation cost. ‘Albert Wiggin had been president of the Chase National Bank. Mr. Pecora invesigated that bank. It must be said of the bank heads who succeeded Mr. Wiggin that they offered every facility for the investigation. But many stockholders of that bank, along with general Wall Street business men, grumbled at the Government prying into private affairs, ; ” ” n HIS didn’t deter Mr. Pecora and in the winter of 1934 he had Mr. Wiggin, the former chair-

man of the bank’s board, on the

grill for a long session. What he re-

I

vealed in that long cross-examina= tion was a shocking story of American banking methods during the 20s. It shocked the officials of the bank itself. : . The first beneficiaries of these

disclosures were the stockholders of |

the Chase Bank. Their board of directors at once put an end to the $100,000-a-year life pension previously voted to Mr. Wiggin on his retirement. That -vas as good as a capital saving of $2,500,000. Then Mr. Wiggin paid the bank and its affiliate a million dollars in settlement of certain claims. Then the stockholders brought suit against Mr. Wiggin, the late Charles Hayden and Lewis Cass Ledyard for large sums based on the bank’s losses. ” ” = OW Mr. Wiggin has made an offer to pay the bank $2,000,000 more in full settlement of all claims against him, while the estates of Mr. Hayden and Mr. Ledyard have each offered to pay $250,000. Here is another bank is now offered in addition to the million already paid by Mr. Wiggin and the saving of $100,000 a year as long as. Mr, Wiggin lives—the ganceled pension. , HATE

$2,500,000 which the |

} absorption, he may be somewhat toxic,

Our Town

By ANTON SCHERRER

I DON'T know. why I muffed seeing Jumbo at the time. Maybe he wasn’t as big as Mr. Barnum said he was, or maybe he just missed coming to Indianapolis. 1 don’t know. All 1 know is that I never saw him around

here. Jumbo got as far as Madison, I'm pretty sure, but even that doesn’t prove anything, because Jenny Lind got that far, too, and then passed us up. I'm pretty sure Jumbo got as far as Madison, however, because the, other day I ran across a handbill advertising the big beast, and as far as I can make out, it was circulated in the river town. As a matter of fact, the handbill said “he is positively coming in all his overwhelming vastness.” which wasn't just a literary trick, because the handbill went on to explain that his overwhelming vastness amounted to 10 tons. The most interesting thing about the old haudbill, however, was a sentence which read: “We are pledged to return him to Old England where millions are waiting to welcome him” I don't suppose that means anything to the younge sters of today. and so I guess I'll clear that up, too, Barnum had bought Jumbo, a large elephant, from the Royal Zoological Society in London. The Zoo was glad to receive Barnum’s $10,000, but might have changed its mind had it known what was coming.

- ” ” ” Plenty Was Coming

LENTY was coming, because just as soon as the Londoners got wind of what was going on, up rose the children of England and begged Mr. Barnum, for pity’s sake, not to take their pet away. Thousands of children wrote pathetic little letters, and so did their parents. Indeed, the parents got right up on their hind feet and said a lot of nasty things about us, among them that America was getting ready to raid the treasures of the Mother Country. Queen Victoria, aroused to her fighting strength, begged Mr. Barnum to call off the deal, and so did the Prince of Wales who had a cigar named for him. Even John Ruskin, the Apostle of the Good, the True and the Beautiful, horned in and had his say-so. By that time everything was set for an internae tional impasse.

Mr. Scherrer

# 2 » Americans Defended Barhum

OYAL Americans defended Mr. Barnum, where= upon the English came right back and predicted that Americans wouldn't even know how to feed Jumbo after they got him. The excitement was intense, and moved Londoners to visit the Zco in droves in order that they might bid Jumbo goodby. Indeed, they thrust so many sympathetic buns on Jumbo—4000 a day, it was estimated—that it almost ruined his stomach before Mr. Barnum got hold of him. One woman, carried away by the excitement, christened her baby “Jumbo.” Well, the thing got into London’s Chancery Court finally, and to everybody's disgust, it was learned that the Zoological Society had a perfect right to sell Jumbo to Mr. Barnum if it wanted to. Of course, Mr. Barnum, super showman that he was, capitalized the plight of the Londoners for dll it was worth, which accounts for the cryptic text ©f the old Jumbo handbill.

‘A Woman's View By MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

Fenny these days boys and girls from good families are found to be mixed up in criminal activities. And with each new incident we go through the same old rigmarole of questions.

“What has caused the breakdown of morals in our country?” we shout. Is it the automobile, the moving picture, or the radio? Can it be due to the accelerated living, the type of our amusements, or to the fact that news can be flashed from one end of ‘the world to the other and that much of this news deals with the spectacular and bizarre? Are the churches and schools decaying, that their influence now seems so feeble? Altogether we do a pretty good job of dodging the real question. A sentence will tell the tale. Young people go wrong nowadays because. so many older people do wrong and get by with it. These kids of ours aren’t asleep at the switch! They can see through the insincerity of their elders as easily as through a pane of glass. And upon our heads must lie the responsibility for their sins. We have debunked the heroes they might have respected. ‘We have plucked the romance from their fairy tales and destroyed their belief in the power of goodness. In place of the God we had to worship, we have set up a monstrous scientific -mogul for them, and by means of all the power of propaganda —books, plays, movies and our own example—have encouraged them to sneer at marital loyalty and to laugh at love. - Hundreds - of ieaders to whom the younger gen=eration look for inspiration are ready to sell their souls for a few thousand exgra dollars. Are not the faces of our great and near-great plastered on cigaret and cosmetic ads, and is it not true that co far as money-getting is concerned we have no ethics left to speak of in all this broad land? When success is measured mainly in terms of dollars, and fame goes to the guy who can make the most noise, it is hardly surprising to find the children uninterested in the higher moral virtues, They have seen adults cheat the law, and bribe legislators for personal profit, and all around them the cult of grabbing has been developed into a glorified art. Right before their eyes we have made a farce of marriage, a joke of government and a business of war. Does man gather figs from thistles?

Your Health

‘By DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN

Editor American Medical Assn. Journal

VICTIM of chronic bronchitis is likely to cough constantly, particularly during the night, when he is lying down. He coughs because the mucus which forms as a result of irritation in his bronchial tubes tends to accumulate and interfere with breathing. Chronic infections of the bronchial tubes are com= mon in certain occupations in which a greab deal of dust or fumes may be inhaled. : Chronic bronchitis is more common in men than in women, usually appearing after middle age. Usually the person who has chronic bronchitis may remember that for a good many winters he has had a cough and some trouble with his lungs and that at first it msied just a short time. Later, however, the condition seemed to come on with the first cold spell and last all winter. Eventually, of course, when the lungs are sufficiently damaged, the coughing continues all year round. As a result of this continuous coughing, the vice tim of chroni¢ bronchitis tends to develop a chest that is rrel-shaped and large at the base. He is likely al8o to be a thick-necked, rather heavy person. He coughs frequently. sometimes producing a great deal of mucous material. Because of his chest trouble, he wheezes with the slightest exertion. Sometimes the mucous material from the lungs will be found to be stained by carbon, if the person lives in a smoky atmosphere. If a secondary infec= tion is present with the. bronchitis, the mucous material sometimes will be stained with infectious material, and accordingly,” be yellow or green. As a result of difficulty in sleeping, the person usually is tired and depressed. If there is m