Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 6 November 1936 — Page 14

Vaga FROM INDIANA

By ERNIE PYLE

PORTLAND, Ore., , 6.—The day will never come now, 1 suppose, when 1 may go back to school. But in case it ever should, I have found the place to do it. It is Reed College, here in Portland.

Reed is a liberal college. It believes in helping students think,’ and it pra what it preaches. It doesn’t grind students out a machine

making castings. They come out as individuals, with their brains working,

Reed is in the paradoxical situation of being esteemed in nearly every academic center in the land, and yet being little known and sometimes despised in its own home town. Reed College has been a sort of pill for Portland to swallow. Reed has been a much-accused It has been accused of ev: from communism to free love. It is, they say, the only place in Portland Wage anybody can speak on any-

g. But Reed College isn’t radical at all. It merely believes in opening a student’s mind, and that means hearing both sides. The professors tell me the students are more liberal than the school, and that a great deal of conservatism must be introduced as a governor for the students’ intellect. Reed was founded 25 years ago, by the will of a New Englander, who came out and made his fortune from the Northwest and felt he should leave it here. The school is non-sectarian, non-political, and its Prosent liberal policy was set forth in the founder's The college is small, and intends to stay that way. It has about 450 students (both boys and girls), a faculty of 45, and a beautiful campus, It is the hardest school on the coast to get into.

No College Yell

I= has no inter-collegiate athletics. It has no paid athletic coaches. It has no college yell. It has no fraternities or sororities or clubs. It does without these things, because it wants to concentrate on learning. And not the “book worm” kind of learning, either, The schocl does not believe in the theory of lectures. There is very little lecturing by professors. Mostly it is just sitting around a table, discussing things, The idea here is to argue with your = professors. That's what stugents are supposed to do, and boy, how they do it! Another strange custom about Reed—it's actually “the thing” to study here. Pupils study because they want to. F J » =

Faculty Proud of School

HAVE never seen faculty members so proud of their school, or so fond of their work, or so spendthrift with their personal time in devoting it to their students. They love to teach. They almost worship the privilege Reed gives the to teach without interference. They are not radicals or fanatics. They are human beings, capable of setting an understanding example. The present, and fourth, president is Dr. Dexter M. Keezer, a Coloradan by birth. It is not my desire to camouflage my interest in Reed College as some sudden newsworthy discovery of mine. The truth is that the Keezers are old friends of mine, and while here I wanted to see what they had. And having seen, I was carried away with it.

Mrs. Roosevelt's Day

BY ELEANOR ROOSEVELT

ORK, Pa. Thursday—Mr. George William Patterson of Castine, Me., who has sent the President 2 poem before, has just sent in another one, two lines of which I want to quote:

“Who spares not self, with valor runs his race, So greatly doth he yearn To serve the people whom true hearts embrace, His country’s love shall earn.”

It does not always seem as though this were true, * and yet all public servants might well keep these lines before them, for fickle as public approval sometimes is, 1 the long run I think the lines quoted are true of shose who give unstintingly of themselves and keep their courage. Yesterday afternoon we cast political interests ide and turned entirely to the younger generation. ames and Betsy's little girl, Kate, was christened in the house at 4 p. m,, while her sister Sara looked on with great interest. % Both children woke up election night when the Hyde Park Club came down to serenade the President, and instead of being frightened or cross they looked ut of the window with keenest enjoyment. spoke of this to their nurse the next morning and marveled at their serenity, she remarked that the tears came later before they went back to sleep. Little Kate, named after her grandmother, Mrs. Harvey Cushing, will find it easy to remember her thristening day in the future. Early this morning I-started’for Washington by motor, taking a picnic lunch to eat on the way. I »xpect to arrive at the White House by 8 o'clock Thursday evening and be more or less settled and ready to meet my husband, his mother and sister-in-law, Mrs." J. R. Roosevelt, when they arrive by train Friday morning. The next few days will be busy ones. For-some time I have wanted to say a word about 2 book which I think is going to be very useful in schools and colleges as an addition to the various Jtudies which have been made of professions and occupations which girls and women may follow. This book, written in the form of a novel, tells the story of a girl who became a newspaper reporter. It is called “Peggy Covers the News,” and is by Miss Emma Rugbee of the New York Herald-Tribune staff. It seems to me a very good piece of work, for it shows both the difficulties and satisfactions which come from this particular vocation.

Daily New Books THE PUBLIC LIBRARY PRESENTS—

4. Edgar L. Hewett’s on ancient America determined the character of this one, ANCIENT LIFE IN

bond

When *

century marvels.

is doing.

David Dietz Obviously,

is driven off.

the beehive oven.

the gas. ” ” ” THE chemistry student can try a very simple experiment: Heat a small bit of soft coal in the bottom of a test tube. Coke will form in the bottom of the tube. Gas, . which can be ignited at the mouth of the tube, will rise from

the coal. But that isg’t all. On t*-- side of the tube you will notice

“some drops of moisture and some

black sticky stuff. That is the coal tar. The modern by-product cokeoven, as it is called,:is built so that the ccal tar is caught and concentrated. In the old days the manufacturers washed it out of the gas pipes into a convenient creek where it killed the fishing. Today the manufacturer puts that sticky black tar through ‘another process of distlilation which breaks it up into 10 component parts. These are known technically as the. “crudes” and are named as follows: benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol, cresol, napthalene, anthracene, methyl anthracene, phenanthrene and carbazol. : Let us follow the subsequent career of one of these crudes for a moment. We can not follow them all for the chemist makes 300 “in.termediates” from the 10 crudes, and more than 1000 dyes from these intermediates. We will choose benzene. Each r--*----*-~ of benzene consists of six atoms of carbon arranged in a ring with an atom of hydrogen attached to each atom of carbon. The chemist boils benzene with sulphuric and nitric acids. This changes it to a compound known as nitrobenzene. What happens is that each molecule of benzene loses one hydrogen atom and in its place is attached a little con-

(Third of a Series) IKE a child, piling a set of building blocks into castles, forts and churches, the chemist stacks up atoms into

molecules of new dyes and drugs; plastics of all sort, cellophane and rayon, artificial rubber and other twentieth -

It’s a good trick that the chemist does.

not easy building blocks to handle.

from the smallest, the atom of hydrogen which has a. diameter of one-250,000,000th cf an inch to the atom of uranium, the largest atom which has a diameter of one-100,000,000th of an inch. Out of these atoms, he builds molecules containing from two to a hundred or more atoms, molecules which range in size from a diameter of -one-125,000,000th of an inch to one-10,000,000th of an inch. Yet the chemist knows just how the atoms are arranged in these molecules, where each atom is, and what it

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 6,

By DAVID DIETZ. Scripps-Howard Science Editor

Science Dives Into Minute Particles and] Comes Up With Bigger Skyscrapers, Faster Trains and Such Things.

Atoms are They range in size

Some molecules, the chemist knows, are built - around a central ring of six carbon atoms.- Other molecules are built by attaching additional atoms to a long chair of carbon atoms. These are called the “long chain” molecules. The molecules of many oils are composed of them and the behavior of very: thin films of .certain oils is due to the fact -that these molecules will all stand on end in such a film like the hair on the back of a frightened cat. :

the chemist can’t pile atoms: to-

gether by hand .as a child does his building blocks. What he does is to create the conditions, of temperature, pressure, and electrical balance under which the the atoms put themselves together. The coal-tar industries are a good example of what this new facility of the chemist has meant for the world. ‘lh Si 5 If you burn coal in the open air, nothing is left but ash. But if you heat the coal in an oven or retort where there is insufficient oxygen for burning, the coal breaks down into its constituent. parts, Coke ‘is left behind in the oven while gas and other volatile matter

cause of its shape. In time, coke, learned to catch dnd

* But still the coke-makers were throwing away products worth millions of dollars, products worth more than either the coke or

figuration consisting of a nitrogen atom and two oxyzen atoms. Negi by treatingf this with hydrogen he can drive off the two oxygen atoms and replace them with more hydrogen atoms. He now has anniline, a substance which is the basis for several hundred dyes.

. » 2 EJ > y ORE manipulation follows

liant dye. Its trade name may be Brilliant Congo but’ its chemical name, . which tells the chemist just what atoms dre in it and how they are put together is “sodium ditoly! - disazo-beta - n a phthyla-mine-6-sulfonic-beta - naphthyla-mine-3.6-disulfonate.” Chemists suspected how atoms were put together into the molecules of such dyes as the one just named long before they had any experimental proof. The achievement of the proof was a double triumph, a victory for the savants who had developed: the theory of molecular structure and a victory for the skillful experimenters who “devised the technique .of the proof. = . Chief - credit belongs to Prof. Max Von Laue of Berlin and two famous British scientists. Sir William Bragg and his son, Prof. W. L. Bragg. X-rays made the achievement possible. than the shortest wave of visible light. That is why it will never be possible to build a . microscope powerful enough to reveal molecules. § But X-rays are shorfer than the waves of visible light. They are of about the same order of size as are molecules. Consequently they can be used to investigate molecular structure.

Molecules are ' smaller |

Bara 5

1936

For more than 100 years coke was made in this way in an oven | open at the top, called a beehive oven

steel mills and other plants that want utilize the fuel gas that previously went to waste out the opening atop

Second Section

Entered as Second-Class at Postoffice, Indianapolis, Ind.

. i i i

The sketch shows the red-hot coke tumbling out | same time and the coal tar collected. Due to ad-

of a by-product coke oven into the waiting railroad

vances in atomic knowledge the coal tar is turned

car. Gases from the oven are piped off at the | into ‘dyes, drugs, perfumes and useful chemicals.

It is a well-known fact that a beam of ordinary white light can be spread out into the colors of the rainbow by the use of a prism. Now each color is a different wave length. Consequently what the prism really does is to sort out the wave lengths of lights. It occurred to. Prof. Von: Lue. that a crystal, because of its regularity of structure, would do the

same thing for a beam of X-rays. -

Many important advances were thus made, using crystals with which to analyze X-rays. Then it occurred to Sir William Bragg to reverse the process. Why not use X-rays to investigate the structure of crystals? His idea

|" proved successful.

2. ¥ = ‘ DAY, X-rays are employed Lk. in a number of ways to study molecules. In the so-called “Laue method,” a beam .of X-rays is shot

‘ through a crystal and allowed to

fall on a photographic plate. The plate, when teveloped, shows. .a

regular pattern of light and dark spots. It can be shown that these are due to the bending or diffraction of the X-rays by the atoms and molecules of the crystals, and it is possible from the pattern to calculate the positions of the molecules in the crystal and the atoms within the molecules. P In the so-called “Bragg meth0d,” a beam of X-rays is reflected from the polished surface of a crystal. A clear, sharp reflection is found to occur only when the beam strikes the crystal at certain angles. It can be shown that the reflection takes place from - the individual atoms . forming the molecules of the crystal.gAt ‘most angles there is no sharp feflection because. the beam is, scattered in

. all directions in the process of re-

flection. At a certain angle, however there is a sharp reflection. - This is because the crystal is now turned so that the atoms reflect the beam in the same direction. From this it is possibe to calculate the-posi-

tion of the atoms and the distance -between them. In 1923 I visited Sir William Bragg at his laboratory at the Royal Institution in London. His work with X-rays was then new .and novel. Today, I never visit a large metallurgical laboratory, such as those of the Aluminum Co. of America, for example, without

seeing a number of machines such as Bragg used.

Metallurgists have learned that the behavior and characteristics of alloys depend in large part

upon the -arrangement of the

molecules into crystals. Accordingly, Sir William’s discovery is more than the confirmation of an interesting theory. Today it is a useful tool. It is helping the world toward taller skyscrapers, longer bridges, faster trains, and _ stronger aircraft. "It is one more evidence of the fact that the atomic theory is ' paying useful dividends.

Next: Inside the atom.

BY SCIENCE SERVICE

EW YORK, Nov. 6—Many of the problems of astronomy are

simplified before astronomers can

declared Dr. Henry Norris Russell, Princeton University's professor of

of the five founder societi¢s of the American Institute of Physics. Prof. Russell delivered the noted Josiah Willard Gibbs lecture of the American Mathematical Society on “Model Stars.” Showing how astronomers go about simplifying ‘their intricate stellar prcblems, Prof. Russell chose a typical example. “What would happen,” he asked,

so big that they must be mentally even start to try to solve them,

astronomy, at the closing sessions

Astronomers Imagine Model Stars to Simplify Problems|

of their outer electrons, by the enormous internal pressure. The white

dwarf stars, like the companion of |

Sirius (which is about 30,000 times as dense as water) represent an approach to being final condition.

“A completely cold body, whatever

its mass, can not be larger than a certain size. This has been calcu-

lated by the East Indian physicists, |

Kothari and Majumdar, as 25,000 miles in diameter, for a mass about

“For a which still internal oo we do. data enough for an exact solution of the problem.

“to a large mass of matter left to | real

yet have A

~~ POLITICS AS SULLIVAN SEES IT

‘BY MARK SULLIVAN TJASHINGTON, Nov. -6.—The Tull significance of the Democratic victory can noj be grasped by

1932 and 1936. Sk To see the deeper meaning, it is

desirable to look at the five con-

rooms Ea OR the present year, 1936, the final figures are’ not available.

But at the time T write it is esti‘mated that 2the’ Democrats have | gained seven members of .the House. If this is correct the figure for 1936 |

‘Democrat, thought the Democrats would elect more members of the

House this year. Practically all thought that the height of. the i in

‘Democratic tide had been passed

the congressional election of 1934, which was itself remarkable, and that: this year would see the beginning of ebb. er ... R.a'e ¥ ET us now query: To what ex-

£25 Hh Funk

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. diana. The Liberian

Matter PAGE 13

Town By ANTON SCHERRER

JT just happens that at the moment I know a lot more about Everett McCoy's copy, of the first (1857) directory of Indianapolis, and if you persevere you'll know all I know, At any rate, you'll know about the breath-taking advertisement of Charles Mayer, No. 29 W. Washington-st, which occupies the whole of Page 118. Mr. Mayer introduces himself in 36-point rococco type as a “Dealer in Fancy Goods and Groceries,” and then, lest 3 there be any doubt, goes on to explain: “Willow Cabs, Hobby Horses, Sleighs, Velocipedes, ncy Cabs, Shopping, Knitting, Sewing, Traveling, Work, Fruit; Cloth, Office and Market Baskets; Hampers, Bird's Nests; Rocking and Nursing Children, High and Low, Rattan Chairs; India Rubber Joods such as Balls, Babies, Toys, Rattles, Redding, Back, Side and Puft Combs; Hair, Shaving, Tooth, Whisker, Flésh, Cloth, Blacking, Counter, Window, Horse, Whitewash, Scrubbing and Crumb Brushes.” I pause for breath but Mr. Mayer didn’t. “Silk, Hair, Hemp and Sea-Grass Fish Lines, of any length and size; Yankee Doodles; Salmon, Kirby, Limerick, and Flatted and Bowed Fish Hooks; Floats; Multiplying. Reels; Cane Fish Poles; Cane Pipe Stems; Musical Instruments, | such: as Musical Boxes. Accordions, Harmonicas, Vio= lins, Flutes, Fifes, Guitars, Banjos and Tamborines; Italian Violin, Guitar and Banjo Strings.” That isn’t the half of it: “Steel Pens, Faber's Pen= cils, Port Monaies; Wallets; Perfumery, such as Farine and other Colognes, Spaps, Extracts, Pomades and Oils; Fine Ivory Tooth, English, Horn Redding, Back, Side and Puff Combs.” (Tchk! Tchk! He said that once before.) ° |

Mr. Scherrer

. 8 =u More and More |

UT to proceed. “Needles, Pins, Looking Glasses, Beads, Masks, Marbles, Fire Crackers, Torpedoes, Fire Works of the best manufacture; American and German Pistols; Game Bags, Powder Flasks, Shot Pouches, Pocket Compagnons,, Jewelry, Snuff Boxes, Cigar Cases, Smoke Pipes, Cigar Holders, Work Boxes, Cabas, Back-gammon Boards, Chessmen, Dominos, Night Tapers, Skates, Magic Lanterns; Toys, an endless variety.” Mr. Mayer is approaching the end but is still a long way off: “Fancy Goods, Japanned Ware; Ladies’ Fancy Caskets, a very large Stock and always of the Latest Importation; Pocket and Table Cutlery, Razors and Scissors of the best makers; Bird Cages; Wooden Ware, such as Cedar Tubs, Buckets, Cherups, Faucets, Bowls, Buter Prints; David Lande reth’s Celebrated Garden Seeds; Stone and Yellow Ware.” |

And Still More A ND then without a sign of a modulation; “Gros ceries, ' Producg, Confectioneries, Pickles, Pre= serves, W. R. Pine Apples and Imported Cheese; Fresh Peaches and Tomatoes in Cans; German and Havana Cigars; Virginia Tobacco; Olive Oil; Sardines; Rock and Cough Candy; al Spt” Raisins, Figs, Dates,

2 2 =

Nuts, Prunes, Citrons, Split Peas, Lentils, Juniper Berries, Hemp, Canary, Caraway, Coriander, Fennel, Anise Seed; Sage, Oatmeal, Sago, Pear] Barley, Farina,

. Millet, Cocoa and Chgcolate.”

Mr. Mayer leaves the impression that he could ‘have gone on lke-thig forever, but it was the end of

. his paid page. As a matter of fact, Mr. Mayer had ‘to stop to make Zoom ker

for the news that Henry Heine was a shoema living at “A. Knodle's resi, in Judge Stephen’s add: Stephens-st.”

Hoosier | Yesterdays

T= Indiana Colonization Society was organized at Indianapolis Nov. 4, 1829, as an aid to the free Negroes living in the state. Like so many of its . contemporary benevolent societies, it was state-wide in scope, being compased of small local subordinate societies in the various counties. » It collected, .chiefly through the churches, money to pay the expense of sending free Negroes to Liberia. The society’s agent reported that he had a band of 80 liberated slaves re to go to Liberia at the time of the second anniver meeting. Leading state offie cials were connected with this organization, which en joyed a long and worthy career. . However, by 1852 the society had in large measure been disbanded and the interests of the enterprise were placed at the dis] 1 of the state. In that same year, the General Assembly passed an act, “providing for the. colonization of Negroes and mulattoes and. their descendants, and appropriating $5000 therefore, constituting a State Board of Colonization, declaring the duties of said board and of the state treasurer and county treasurers in relation thereto.” : . Among other specifications, the act provided that the “State Board of Colonization was authorized to give to each Negro SEER shall be entitled

to the benefits of this act, who shall emigrate to - Africa, when they shall need aid for said purpose, the sum of $50 out of the state colonization fund, and said board shall determine the right of applicants, giving The preferente to whole families when they shall dee sire it.” | TT The Governor was given full powers to correspond with officials of the Liberian Republic. There was, in fact, an extended correspondance, for the State Colonization Board during a period of years, sought to purchase a tract of land at Grand Cape Mount, in Liberia, on which to settle Negro emigrants from Ine : government, although co-operate ing in the general movement, refused to let the state buy land or have j ction within Liberian terrie torial limits.—By F.M

W atch Your Health

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Am 4 Medical Assn. Journal

breathing to continue, alkalis, such as potash, lye,

tube tend to neutralize strong alkalis, s are treated by the physician acid solutions. To protect the t unces of clive