Indianapolis Times, Indianapolis, Marion County, 11 September 1936 — Page 15

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FRIDAY, SEPT. 11, 1936

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

! !

een Pastures’ Address

By 'nilrd Press f

CHARLOTTE, N. C., Sept. | 11.—The complete. text of |

President Roosevelt's speech |

before the Democratic rally | Yesterday follows: +2 1 Green pastures! - What a memory those words call forth. In all our schooling. in every part of the land, no matter to what church we happen to belong, the Twenty-third Psalm is in all probability better known to men. women 2nd children than anv other poem the English language, And in this great lvric. what do

° We best remember?—two lines:

"He maketh green pasties: “He leadeth me beside waters.” It does not greatly matter whether that symbol of an ideal of human physical and spiritual happiness was written in its original three thousand or five thousand or 10 thousand vears ago. It might have been written as well in the Twentieth Century of the Christian era. Have you ever stopped to think that happiness is most often described in terms of the simple ways of nature rather than in the complex ways of man's fabrications? Perhaps it is because peace is necessary -to ultimate happiness, therefore, when we seek a symbol of happiness, we do not go to the rush of crowded city streets or to the hum of machinery to find .the simile, ?

me to lie down in

} +i the + still

FACED SAME PROBLEMS

The ancient psalmist did not use | the parable of the merchant's camel | train or the royal palace or the! crowded bazar. He had as we have, the problems of competing trade, of | social crowding, and I venture to | suggest that long before the Chris- | tian era the ancient civilizations of | the Fast were confronted with problems of social economics which al- | though small in point of human numbers and small in point of worldly goods, were still, by comparison, as potent in their effect and as difficult in their solution as the extraordinarily similar problems of social economics that face us in this century. Be it remembered, then, that the ancient kings and prophets reverted, just as we do teday, to the good earth and the still waters when ‘they idealized security of the body and mind. A recent writer has suggested that the present President of the United States, because of birth and training and natural proclivity, inevitably reverts to terms of land and | water in his approach to any great public problem. I fear that I must plead guilty to this ¢harge—though | I do so with the reservation that | this is in spite of the fact that dur- | ing the greater part of my life I have been in far closer contact with | the more exciting and more highly competitive: give-and-take of the profession of law, the practice of business and the exactions of public service.

PRAYERS AND HOPES

Green pastures; millions of our | for himself and let the devil take |

fellow Americans, with whom 1| have been associating in the past | fortnight, out on the Great Plains | of America, live with prayers and | hopes for the fulfillment of what those words imply. f ; Still waters; millions of other (Americans, with whom I also have | ssociated, live with prayers and | opes either that the floods may | stilled—floods that bring with.| fhem destruction and disaster to fields and flocks, to homesteads and cities—or else look for the Heavensent rains that will fill their wells. their ponds and their peaceful streams. Many years ago, I talked with a ‘ learned man about this continent—what it was like when the white man came. I asked him, “Were the Great Plains, which extended hundreds of miles upon hundreds of miles from the Rockies near to the Mississippi, always bare of trees; always the pasturage of great | waves of bison and millions of | antelop?” . “Yes,” he replied, “for many | hundreds of years before the white | man came, but it is my belief that | trees could have grown, and still | could grow on those plains, but that | they were prevented from doing so | by the constant succession of prairie | fires; some of them set by the! lightning and some of them by the | Red Men.”

STREAMS ONCE CLEAR

I asked him whether the streams of the Sofithland were always brown | . before our white ancestors moved | in. He replied. “No, in those earlier | days, during the greater part of the i year, the southern rivers were glear | streams, except in the springtime, | when they had many freshets and | floods, just as we do. When that | occurred, soil was washed from the | uplands and the mountains into the | Atlantic Ocean, but because they | were seasonal only in effect, the na- | tural accretion of new topsoil took the place of that which had run off to the sea.” If history gives a name fo the age in which we are living, I hope

These are symptoms of approaching | middle age, or as it is known to doctors, | the Menopause: > i “Many women suffer acutely for months | and even vears. Yet much of this suffer. ing may be avoided, for doctors have dis- | covered that these symptoms are generally | eaused by the lack of a ceriain important | hormone or giand regulator in the ss stem. | And they are prescribing this hormone | with .amazing success i This identical hormone. together with | other heipful ingredients, is now avalapie | in pleasant tablets under the name of | Zo-2k (Orange x1. These are sold and ; fed by Hook's Dependable Drug | res and Haag Chain Drug Stores who | will refund your money in full if you do | not feel 1007 better after taking Zo-ak | as directed label, Zo- :

Perhaps, |°

it will call this the era of rebuilding—for it is my firm conviction ‘that unless we, in our generation, start to rebuild, the Americans of a century hence will have lost the greater part of their natural and national heritage. It is because in these latter years I have spent so great a part of my life in this Southland, and because

I have come to know its fine people, | | its brave history, its many problems,

that I speak not as a stranger to you who are gathered here from the seven states.

SEEN FORESTS DENUDED

'1 have seen the denuding of your forests; 1 have the washing away of your topsoil; I have struggled through the red clay roads in the springtime. I have taken part in your splendid efforts to save your forests, to terrace your lands, to harness your streams and to push hard-surfaced roads into every county in every state. I have even assumed the amazing role of a columnist fqr a Georgia newspaper that I might write powerful pieces against burning over the farm woodlots and in favor of the cow, hog and hen program. May I add that it is because of ‘practical experience on my own farm that many years before I was inaugurated President I came to the conclusion that cotton, as it stood then, was essentially a speculative crop and that the planter of cotton, because he had nothing to say about the price he would receive, could never tell when he put the seed in the ground whether he would make a big profit by selling his crop for 25 cents a pound or go broke by selling his crop for 5 cents a pound,

seen

It is perhaps a bit of history |

hitherto unrecorded that in the

month of March, 1933, I said this |

to Secretary of Agriculture Wallace: “In respect to cotton, I have a

definite objective: The cotton farmer has been cursed for a generation | by the fact of insecurity. The price |

for his crop has run up the scale and down the 'scale and up the scale and down the scale again. In re-

duction has been so great that 13 | nope on a farm to attain security | million bales overhang the market. | :

He will starve on 5-cent cotton— the South will starve on cotton—and just as long as this ap-

that will éven bring him out whole.

GOAL 12-CENT COTTON

5-cent |

Text of President Roosevelt's ‘Gr

‘get only 5 cents a pound for his crop could not be in a position) properly to fertilize his land, or to terrace it, or to rotaté his crops, or to keep a cow or a few head of cattle, or to plant a little orchard, or to cultivate a garden— . in other words, fo work out for himself and his family a wellrounded, reasonably secure life that would tide him over a lean year of drought.

The same thing held true, thought, in the case of the farmer whose principal crop was tobacco or whose principal crop was peaches or whose principal crop was corn. In other words, he could not go ahead to the next step in the prevention of soil erosiolr throughout the South, to the transfer of thin pastures into forests and of submarginal plowed land into pastures and trees, and the use of many modern methods to stop soil erosin and to prevent floods until and unless the farmers of the Southland were able to make a reasonably decent living out of their main crops.

TAKING SECOND STEPS

Today, because of better prices for farm commodities, we are actually and actively engaged in taking these { second steps. Not “only have we aroused a public understanding and iapproval of the need of ending soil | erosion’ and water run-off, but we | have enabled the public, through a practical prosperity, to begin to pay {their debts, to paint their houses, to buy farm tools and automobiles, to rsend more boys and girls through {school and college, to put: some { money in the bank and, incidentally, | to know for the first time that the | money in the bank is safe, So much for the green pastures | and the still waters in their more literal physical terms. Those ancient words apply, however, with equal force to men and women and children. Your life and mine, though we work in the mill or in the office or in the store, can still be a life in green pastures and beside still waters. { No man or woman, no family, can | hope in any part of the country to |

[attain security in a city on starva- | cent years his total pggregate pro-

tion wages any more ‘than they can |

on starvation crop prices. I do not |

: | seeks to subsist on a yearly cash in- { come of $100. That is why most thinking people

| believe that the National Recovery| | Act, during its short term of life,

| accomplished as much for the restoi ration of prosperity through the es- | tablishment of the minimum wage, | the shortening of hours and the | elimination of child labor as any {law put on the statute books of the | Federal government in the past cen- | tury. : In the summer of 1934, the head {of one of the great mail order | houses said to me, “Do you re- | member my telling you, in 1933, {that the purchasing power of the { South has dropped to almost zero? {| Look at this report of our sales in {all the Southern states. All of our sales have increased, but those in the South have come back faster than any, and the reason is that the South at last has secured purchasing power.” Finally, you and I have come in this fourth year of definite upturn to appreciate another significant and inevitable result. We live under three kinds of government—and to all three we, as citizens, pay taxes.

Off local and state taxes, main{ly on real estate, go to the support { of local and state functions of zovernment such as schools, city and | county administrations, water sup- | ply, sewer systems, street lighting, | peace officers and state institutions.

Our Federal taxes, none of which |is on real estate, come in the form | of tobacco and similar excises and income, inheritance and corporation taxes and are spent in the running of the Federal government for national defense, pensions, forests,

parks, highways, public works and relief for the unemployed.

TAX RECEIPTS FELL

Four years ago all of us, in every part of the United States, found that, without any change in the {local or state tax schedules, the taz (receipts had fallen off to an alarming degree. The result was that countiés and municipalities and states were failing to balance their budgets or else were unable to carry

{out the ordinary and orderly functions and obligations of state and {local government. Schools were being closed or curtailed; teachers were unpaid; roads lacked repairs; the borrowing of money for permanent improvements had become impossible. With the Federal government, despite additional new forms of taxes, receipts of 22 Venue in 1932 had been cut in half. .

The value of those tangible private assets on which taxes were levied had fallen so low that even if the income had been there to pay taxes with, the sums received would have put all forms of government increasingly in the red. And even when some remnant of value remained on which to levy a tax, the taxpayer did not have the wherewithal to make the payment and was beginning to lose + the very property which was taxed.

That is why I go-back to the original thesis that. any common sense, logical governmental policy had to begin with the building up of farm and other property values,

and crop values, and the increase of

workers’ wages if that now historic corner was ever to be turned. History - records that only a few years ago farmers were not making both ends meet; workers in factories were not making both ends meet; the small business man was not making both endse meet . and the corporation was not making both ends meet. As a logical result, local governments were not making both ends meet and neither were state governments and neither was the natjonal government.

INTEREST RATES HIGH

Incidentally, as another result,

the individual who had to borrow, |

the corporation which had to borrow and the government which had to borrow—all were compelled to pay unconscionable and ruinous interest charges. i History will also" record that by the year 1936 a very much larger number of individuals are back in the black; so are most of our small business men; so are most of our corporations and so are almost all of our municipal and county and state governments.

‘History will also record that in-

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dividuals and corporations and governments are paving today a far more reasonable rate of interest than at any previous time in the history of the American republic. In the process of attaining these successful ends, individual liberties have not been removed, and inherent rights of the sovereign states have not been invaded. It was obvious, of course, because of the eco-

nomic unity of the entire country, that no group .of individuals and no individual states could, by themselves, take the action necessary to restore the purchasing power of the nation. Only the Federal government could accomplish that, 1 speak to you today a com-

PAGE 15

| monsense American men and wom ‘en. | You will agree that from the 5 ( material aspect, the nation's cone

| suming power has been rapidly res

|stored. I trust that you will likewise {agree that better conditions on the (farms, in the factories and in the

| homes of America are leading us to the spiritual figure of the psalm. ist—“Green pastures and still waters.”

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| Wage income of $400 a year jis just {as much a drag on the prosperity of

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before our eyes.”

‘And, my friends, I ask vou

in |

simple fairness, have we attained

that goal?

You: know the story

of cotton. |

You know the story of tobacco, too. | | There again your national govern- |

ment. had a goal. that the great tobacco growing states of the nation would wish to g0 back to the days of “every man

the hihdmost.” -

Again, long before I went to Washington, I was convinced that the long road that leads to green pastures and still waters had to begin with a reasonable prosper“ity. It seemed axiomatic Jo me that a cotton farmer who could

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