Indianapolis Times, Volume 47, Number 284, Indianapolis, Marion County, 5 February 1936 — Page 11
Tt Seems to Me HEM BROUN WASHINGTON Feb. 5. John S. McGroarty 'D i, of Tujunga. Cal., is the leader of the Townsend blor in the House. He thinks that the Seventy-fifth Congress will see a much greater number of confrerces of his own economic persuasion. And yet Rep. McGroarty told a small group of newspaper men that he was fighting appropriations for the Indian Bureau, "because I don't want to see that damn bunch of parlor Socialists have any spending money.”
And so I am going back to New York to collect my scattered wits. It is a mad political world in which Costigan and Glass are Democrats and Hastings and Norris Delong to the Republican Party. Such curious alliances prepare one for the fact that “share our wealth clubs” are lining up behind Gene Talmadge, who wants to abolish the income tax. To be sure, it is accepted that politics make strange bedfellows, but it surprises me to find so many of these romantic episodes flattening out into enduring happy marriages.
.
Heywood Broun
Although Mr. McGroarty seems disposed to send the Indians back where they came from, the noble Red Men furnished most of the color in the House for a second afternoon. Scott, Young. Maverick and Marcantonio seized upon the aborigines as a tomahawk with which to brain the Liberty League. tt tt tt Other ‘Subversive' Influences NOT so very long ago a rider was attached to an appropriation for education in the District of Columbia which provided that Communists should not, be "taught" in the schools of Washington. Using this as a precedent, some of the House Progressives put, on quite an act in straight-face, arguing that there ought to be a provision to keep pupils in the Indian schools ffrom learning anything about the principles espoused by John W. Davis and his follower, Alfred E. Smith. Over at Constitution Hall the United Mine Workers’ convention did not quite live up to the excitement of Thursday's session, at which John L. Lewis made one of the finest speeches of his career in hurling defiance at the craft union leadership of the A. F. of L. I missed the address through sheer stupidity. People familiar with the affairs of the mine workers had assured me that no important business would come up in the afternoon session, so I wandered over to the House. I should have known better, because all through the morning and the early part of the later session Lewis was pacing steadily up and down the platform chewing on an unlighted cigar and obviously doing his roadwork for a great effort. tt n a Miners Writing History JUST now more history is being written by the miners than by the Senators or Representatives. Jr.o move which is likely to have far-reaching con.' cquences. both economically and politically, is the decision of the union to put Lewis regularly on the air as “the voice of labor” to preach industrial organization to the unorganized. It has been pointed out that the radio will enable millions of people to learn about methods of organization without exposing themselves to any kind of company checkup. Indeed, it is possible that John L. Lewis may be able to go to the next A. F. of L. convention and say. “I have here a list of 2,000,000 men and women who want to be organized along industrial lines as soon as they get word to go. Are you going to say it or shall I?” iCopyright, 1936) Big Business Pines for NRA Powers BY RAYMOND CLAPPER WASHINGTON. Feb. s.—Probably none of the New Deal experiments has been so completely discredited as NRA. By the time the Supreme Court arrived on the scene, it was already dead. The body was cold long before the nine honorary pallbearers threw it into the grave. NRA was a victim of too much delegation of power and unwise administration of that power. Yet. something significant is going on here. In spite of the fact that the Supreme Court said mining.’ manufacturing and agriculture
were lo’ A activities, important business groups do not seem to feel that way about it. They are here asking the Supreme Court to ease up the anti-trust laws so that they can do some of the things NRA encouraged them to do. Except of course in this instance they would not allow the public—through the government—to have a hand in fixing those regulations. In other words, business groups which during the troubled life of NRA were protesting that the laws of supply and demand
v.ere too sacred to be touched by human hands, are now proposing that they be permitted themselves to tamper with those laws. There's nothing wrong or impious about that. It's just curious that when the government tampers with those laws it is outrageous but is perfectly sound when business men themselves propose interfering. a a a THE Sugar Institute has been pleading before the Supreme Court to ailow sugar companies to get, together on prices. That, the sugar men feel, would he better than leaving prices to be fixed by the law of supply and demand. The Cotton Textile Institute is here arguing that textile mills be allowed to curtail their own hours, to pledge themselves to observe certain provisions of the old NRA textile code, to restrict hours of operation, and in other ways to curb the sacred laws of supply and demand. Business generally regards it as so important that production and competition be controlled that to the support of the Sugar Institute have come not only the textile manufacturers but the window glass makers, the lumber manufacturers, and the consumer goods industries committee. They all feel that, unless free competition can be checked, or as they put It, chiseling be prevented, all will suffer. nun Undoubtedly—without reference to pending case —they are right. Big business is here. Every one knows that the anti-trust law is being disregarded about as widely as was the prohibition law. It isn't preventing restraint of trade. The only problem is how. in abandoning this hypocritical pretense, the public can be protected and be guaranteed the lower prices and the benefits of increasing mechanization which, as the Brookings Institution so clearly shows, are not being passed on to the general population. ana THERE seems to be. on ihe Supreme Court, not only two schools of economic and political tt" tight but two schools of etiquette. in Monday, Associate Justice Pierce Butler, who % re going on the bench had represented the railds as attorney in fighting ICC valuation proeedings, delivered the opinion throwing out North Jakota's valuation of the Great Northern Railroad as being $10,000,000 tbo high. On Tuesday. Associate Justice Harlan Stone did not sit during the arguments of the Sugar Institute to ease the anti-trust laws. The firm of which he was a member before going on the bench 12 years ago represents the Sugar Institute. There is no court rule about such matters. Each justice uses his own discretion. Gov. Alf Landon made his bow as a budget balancer years ago while a student at the University of Kansas. Dean Olin Templin recalls. When young Landon got into the affairs of his Phi Gamma Delta chapter there, he found the brothers were as careless as Roosevelt about running up board bills. So he put his chapter on a pay-as-you-eat basis. Z
BACHELOR PRINCE Who Became KING tt B B B B B BUB B B 8 8 8 8 Edward’s Tour of India Made Perilous by Tribal Hatred of Britain
Sun Instead of fhoors for the heir to the throne produced a erisi* In the lans of the belligerent Teahawar tribes of India. It is one of the many adventure* encountered by the future King Edward VIII as he travelled among the savage peoples of the farflung British Empire idventures recalled in today’s installment of the new King’s colorful life story. 'Copyright. 1936, by Frazier Hunt. Published by arrangement with Harper it Bros.) r Prince was 25 when he returned from his first trip to Canada and the United Staler-: He was to be 36 when he made his final visit to South America and had finished with his world travels. These 11 years were to give him a breadth of understanding and rich background of information such as only the fortunate few of any single generation are ever privileged to gain. But on that early December day in 1919 when he returned to England from his first unprecedented triumph in
North America, there were still great decisions to be made about him. Should he not get married? Should he not settle down and get on with this work of raising future heirs for the throne? It was a momentous question. In fact it was a grave state matter. He didn't mind any other part of his state duties, but when it came to marrying in order to satisfy imperial ministers or parents or some out-worn conception of continuity of throne, he flatly refused. u Fortunately there were strong allies on his side. These allies consisted of jealous and eager dominions that were calling for a sight of their bonnie Prince. So it was that he was to choose adventure rather than marriage. The day the Prince crossed the Khyber Pass he took long chances with death, because many of these tribesmen have always been bitterly opposed to ihe British rule. But he would not be denied his right to this magnificent adventure. The day before his trip across the pass he looked death squarely in the face. At Pechawar tribesmen had vowed they would attack the city at the very time that the Prince was there. At an official show in the native city there had been jeers, and the chief commissioner of the northwest frontier province, Sir John Massey, alarmed for the safety of his royal charge, transferred the Prince from the horse-drawn open carriage to a motor car and had him hurried to his residence by devious ways and back streets. The Prince brusquely asked what the trouble was. “THESE people will think I am JL a coward.” the Prince angrily replied. “You had no right to do this.” “But I am in charge of your personal safety, sir.” the chief commissioner said. “I’m entirely responsible.” “I wonst have it!” the Prince stubbornly went on. “I’m not afraid of these people. No one is ever going to call me a coward.” On the very day of his arrival in Bombay there was rioting and trouble, although the majority of the Nationalists kept to their homes with shades drawn. Unmoved, the Prince went about his business of the official greetings and responses. That night he sent a cable to his father. It showed not only his well-de-veloped sense of humor but the sort of intimate understanding there was between the royal father and his heir. It read: “Arrived safely, great trip, great reception, only four hundred killed and wounded.” a a AT a dance at Port Elizabeth during his South African tour, he happened to notice a rather forlorn little creature standing among a group of wallflowers. She was distinctly an outsider and the Prince, touched by her situation, boldly walked over to her. "Aren't you dancing tonight?" he asked, with a tug at his tie. Blushing, but overwhelmed by the compliment of his interest, the girl shook her head. “I haven’t danced yet, Y'our Royal Highness. I know very few people here.” “That’s strange.” the Prince went on. “Don't you live here?” “No. sir. You see, I’m with the little theatrical company that’s visiting here.” “Well. I can sympathize with you. You know, I'm sort of an actor myself. People are always looking at me.” Then with disarming friendliness he continued. “I say. wouldn't you like to dance?” a tt BEAMING with happiness, the lucky girl made a tiny curtsy and then gracefully swept across the floor with him. “If it will help you any in your work, you have my permission to say that you are under the patronage of the Prince of Wales," he said without hesitancy. As in the war days in France, he was happiest now when he was accepted not as the Prince but as an ordinary man. subject to
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The Indianapolis Times
Full I.°aed Wire Service of the United Pross Association.
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the ordinary rules and regulations. On this first trip “down under” he was put through the entire ritual of the Royal Order of the Equatorial Bath—a privilege and a necessity for all those who cross the equator for the first time on a British man-of-war. Darkness was dropping down on the great battle cruiser, when apparently from the sea itself a challenge rang out: “Ship ahoy! What is the name of this ship?” “His Brittanic Majesty’s ship Renown, bound to New Zealand with the Prince of Wales on board!” the skipper solemnly answered. “Our greeting to His Royal Highness. But we must ask him to report at our court.” tt tt tt THE skipper megaphoned his question: “By what right do you challenge us in the open sea?” “By the powers vested in me as King of the Seas. I am Neptune, monarch of the deep. “It has come to our knowledge that you have on board certain longshoremen and novices who have not as yet been enrolled as Sons of the Seas. We hereby warn you to have them ready to be presented tomorrow, and if their qualifications are satisfactory they will be passed through
Washington Merry-Go-Round BY’ DREW PEARSON and ROBERT S. ALLEN
WASHINGTON, Feb. s.—Behind the uncertainty that has marked the Administration's course on the forthcoming tax program is a brain-twisting riddle that only the United States Supreme Court can answer. It is a billion dollar enigma. During the two and a half years’ existence of the late AAA, this amount was collected in processing taxes—almost entirely from the pockets of consumers—and went into the pockets of farmers in the form of crop benefit payments. This billion dollars is in an entirely different category from the $200,000,000 recently ordered returned to processors by the Supreme Court. The $200,000,000 had not been passed on to the growers. It was held in escrow pending the court's decision on the AAA. Its return will be a bad blow to the President’s budget plans and will necessitate raising of new funds to make up the loss, but it is a tangible and concrete problem. The billion dollar dilemma, however, is not. In preparing rate schedules for the new tax bill, Administration master minds don’t know what to do; whether to figure on means of paying the billion or to disregard the huge potential liability. Inner council legalists differ widely as to the government’s accountability. Some believe, on the basis of the Supreme Court's order that the $200,000,000 be returned, that the government must eventually refund the billion. Others dispute this. But on one thing all are agreed—that only the nine justices can settle the question. B B B Disastrous Delay MEANWHILE the Administration can not delay much longer in bringing out a tax plan. The new farm bill’ has been started on its way through Congress and steps must be taken to finance it. Also, provision must be made to raise the $200,000,000 still owing farmers under the AAA. Inside word is that the tax plan will sidestep the billion dollar riddle and call only for funds to pay for the new farm program, plus the unpaid $200,000,000 debt. This will come to a total of about $800,000,000. While ducking the question of providing for a possible refund of the billion dollars, the Administration will not let the issue go wholly untouched. The plan is to write into the new tax bill language that will undertake to validate the disputed sum. Whether such retroactive legislation will withstand court scrutiny no one knows. But, as one presidential adviser observed: “There is no harm in trying. The government can’t lose all the time.”
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 1936
BY FRAZIER HUNT
. —... —.,
Intent, waiting for the tiger to break cover, sits the Prince (left) in the front of a howdah on an elephant at Nepal, India, during one of his numerous big game hunts. At right he is shown teeing off at Walton Heath in a match for the Parliament cup.
the hands of our court and duly enrolled.” The following morning there was a fanfare of trumpets, and then down the deck from the forecastle came Neptune and his wife in a fanciful carriage decked with signal flags and bunting. Below a platform was a canvas tank with four or five feet of water in it. On the edge were poised two chairs, rigged so that they could be tipped and the victim forced to do a back somersault into the tank. B B WITH boisterous solemnity Neptune called out the name of the Prince of Wales. He
King Cotton OSCAR JOHNSTON has just been put in the position of controlling more cotton than any other man in the world’s history. In the government pool there are 1,500,000 bales. Under the control of the Commodity Credit Corp. there are 4,500,000 bales. For some time, Oscar Johnston has been manager of the cotton pool. More recently, due to illness of Commodity Credit’s President Lynn P. Talley, Johnston has become president of that corporation as well. Thus the total number of bales under his thumb is 6,000,000. The other day an excited cotton broker, hearing that the government was going to dispose of some of its cotton, called Johnston on the phone. “What I want to know.” he said, “is this: Is there much danger that these two government agencies, each trying to sell cotton, will interfere with one another?” The manager of both agencies assured him they would not. tt tt B Sol Bloom SOL BLOOM, New York's iconoclastic Congressman, would like to rewrite the school books and throw out four cherished “myths” of American history. 1. That Paul Revere made his famous ride from Boston to Concord and Lexington. Sol says he didn’t do it, and couldn’t have done it, and nobody supposed he did it until Longfellow, with poetic license, “invented” the tale.
Smith's Ridicule of AAA Paradox, Says Rich berg
By Scripps-Hotcard yeicspaper AUianct WASHINGTON. Feb. s.—Al Smitn’s ridicule of the AAA in his Liberty League speech was not at all reminiscent of the farm policy which he advocated while campaigning for the presidency in 1928, says Donald R. Richberg. In 1928, Mr. Richberg recalls, Candidate Smith said: “Under the protective system of this country we have interfered with the laws of supply and demand for the protection of industry and labor. "The trouble with agriculture is basic and fundamental, and it can not be cured by the application of remedies that do not go to the very root of the disease. Gov. Lowden, Senator Norris and the leaders of agriculture generally throughout the country are of one mir.d—that the solution lies in a proper control of the ex-
was led to one of the chairs, where Neptune’s barber, wielding a broad paintbrush and a bucket of soapsuds, lathered his face and then with a foot-long razor shaved him. Thereupon with a great cheer the Prince was dumped into the tank, where the murderous-look-ing bears seized him and gave him three hearty duckings. The Prince crawled out of the tank and then applauded while the uninitiated of his staff and the landlubbers of the crew were given the works. On his latter voyages he himself was to be Neptune’s barber and manage the bucket of lather and the rator. His official visit to South Africa
2. That George Washington was born on Feb. 22, 1732. Sol says Washington was born Feb. 11, 1732, and that when the change was made from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1752, Washington lost his rightful birth date. 3. That Washington personally met Betsy Ross and asked her to make a "flag for the new Union. Sol says, “No one can show me any proof that these two ever met.” 4. That Washington threw a dollar across the Potomac River. Sol says, “It’s a physical impossibility. He would have had to throw four times farther than Babe Ruth ever batted a ball.” b b b Pour It on Him VIRGINIA’S Rep. Clifton A. Woodrum was making a fiery attack on A1 Smith’s Liberty League speech. Suddenly he was interrupted by a loud blow of the gavel. “The gentleman's time has expired,” roared North Carolina’s bald Rep. Bob Doughton, at that moment presiding. “Will the gentleman yield me another five minutes?” begged Woodrum of Acting Floor Leader Edward Taylor, 77-year-old Coloradan. “I yield the gentleman 10 additional minutes.” “The gentleman from Virginia,” boomed Doughton firmly, “is recognized for 15 additional minutes.” Both Republicans and Democrats joined in the laughter. (.Copyright, 1936. by United Feature Syndicate. Inc.)
portable surplus with the cost imposed on the crop benefited. “I have pledged myself to name a non-partisan commission of farm leaders and students of the problem to work out these details.” Mr. Richberg commented: ‘The principles and purposes of agricultural relief advocated by Gov. Smith in 1928 were put in effect by President Roosevelt in 1933. They have been supported by the farm leaders upon whom Gov. Smith promised to rely. They are opposed now as always by those Republican leaders, of whom Gov. Smith said in 1928, ‘I charge that they violated their platform promises, that they deceived the farmer, that they did nothing whatever to contribute in the slightest degree to relieve the distress or promote the welfare of the farmers of this country.’”
is one of the most thrilling and certainly one of the most important. Excepting only India, the political and racial problems that he faced were far greater than in any of his other visits. The first night at a banquet at Parliament House he had poured oil on the troubled waters, and then had brought the sturdy old burghers to their feet in a wild round of cheers when he had addressed them in their native tongue, saying: “Gentlemen, I am very happy to meet you tonight, and I thank you for your warm welcome.” tt it it EVEN the native tribes, the old fighting Zulus of West Afri,ca with whom the British had fought for almost two generations, were to sense the friendliness and decency of this extraordinary young man. On one occasion the royal dais was placed in the center of a sloping valley, with forty thousand native warriors massed on the hillside. The addresses finished, the Prince in his clear strong voice made his reply. When the translator had finished, from forty thousand throats burst forth the fervent acclamation: “Bayete! Bayete! BAYETE!” Their spears, raised high over their heads, glistened in the warm sun. A single chair was brought out and, with chiefs squatting at his feet, the Prince took his seat. Immediately in front lay a great stretch of open grassland. On the slope beyond stood the warriors in leopard skins and great headdresses, with a picked band wearing black plumes and carrying oval Zulu shields and a sheaf of throwing assagais and other spears. Crouching low, they would leap high in the air, shaking their shields and waving their weapons. It was the death dance of the Zulus. Now the death chant was over, and then came the barbaric and fearsome blood chant, with the shrill voices of women rising above the cries of the warriors. The front rank broke and three chiefs in crimson headdress, with great plumed anklets and bracelets, danced to the center and led a blood-curdling charge. u u n HARDLY more than a yard from the Prince, it ended. Breaking into two columns, it disclosed the advancing ranks of women—tall, deep-chested black natives scantily attired. Siowly their lithe bodies began to quiver to the w r ild rhythm. Little by little the speed increased, and then, their voices gaining volume and momentum, they reached the wild abandon and delirium of this Dance of the Women. Few men ever have witnessed such pagan grandeur and such stirring, even threatening barbaric outburst of stored-up passion. It was the outpouring of a strong and emotional people, set on fire by memories of war and dreams of love. It encompassed the very life and death of virile natives who for a thousand years had kept in leash few of their desires. It was the high mark of all the numberless, colorful ceremonies, fantastic gatherings, strange and weird ritu ils and displays that the Prince was to witness in these years of tiavel. TOMORROW—ThriIIs and spills that kept an empire on edge . . . kicked in the face . . . bones broken . . . substituting planes for horses.
By J. Carver Pusey
Second Section
Entered as Second Matter at Icvd'aMpoH*. Ind.
Fair Enough KM IHR T ONDON, Feb. s.—The tendency of many Americans to dress up in cab starters' costumes and march In parades weighted down by golden epaulets and burnished helmets is looked upon by our English friends with tolerant amusement. They do this sort of thing very well in the old world, and nowhere as well as in London. But the United States broke away from England a long time ago and in doing so expressed a strong dislike for the gaudy trappings of royalty and rank, a preference which has since been
reiterated with diminishing vehemence by various sockless statesmen. William Jennings Bryan belonged to this general type. For although he did wear socks, he often went without his coat. Smith Brookhart of lowa, pointedly shunned ihe contemptible smoking jacket or tuxedo, and Texas once sent up to Congress a sterling patriot known as “Cyclone" Davis, who boasted that, he wore no man's collar, not even his own. Nevertheless, as every Chamber
of Commerce has discovered in bidding for conventions. there is a large element of Americans who retain an irresistible desire to harness themselves into buckle and belt armor and sash at least once a year and go swinging down seme wide main street to the music of the band and the plaudits of the crowd. The English contend that these uniforms are meaningless, because they have no origin in antiquity and are ridiculous, because they betray in the average American the stubborn survival of the love of pomp and circumstance which the American spirit pretends to despise. tt n Every Button Has a Meaning TN England the King's champion, for example, holds an office which has descended from a time when the King carried a personal bodyguard to do his fighting. Every button, strap and tassel refers back to some definite occasion. So it gives them some refined amusement to consider the grandiose titles of certain grand exalted potentates or supreme imperial klockards of our fraternal life. They marvel at moving pictures of the American Legion on parade in their full dress uniforms and like to inquire where this one acquired the white breeches or that one the gold helmet. The British army once upon a time wore gaudy apparel to the wars and has maintained the forms for ceremonial appearances, whereas the Legion wore khaki. But if the Legion wishes to be historically correct this would be possible because the Smithsonian Institute in Washington contains a great array of musty’ and somewhat moth-eaten specimens of old American Army costumes which once were regulation dress for active service. There are tall patent leather hats, surmounted by cockades, which were intended to frighten the Mexicans by suggesting an army of giants, and there are bibs and fancy work of no little beauty, all of which once saw service under fire. tt tt B See What Pershing Missed r F' HE weakness for chicken feathers and garish A colors and high-soundyrg pities might be more profitably appeased than repressed and thus compelled to express itself in equipment and honors which are unofficial and therefore meaningless. If. for example. Gen. Pershing were an English officer he would be the Earl of Missouri. G. C. G., G. C. M„ D. S. O. and a field marshal entitled to a wooden baton studded with four stars. Gen. Bullard would also be a marshal and Lord Bullard and a Knight of the Bath no less, James Farley would be Sir James and Mr. Mellon of Pittsourgh, Sir Andrew at least. If it is actually in our character to yearn for such dressing the thing should be done right The grand exalted ruler of the Elks may be something fine. to his brother Elks, but his honor diminishes outside the lodge, and in England, where they honor their croix rouge pursuivant, the grand exalted ruler might be held up to polite but bitter ridicule.
A Liberal Viewpoint BY. DR. HARRY ELMER BARNES
'THE New York Times regrets that President ± Roosevelt was not sweeter and softer with our financial, business and political reactionaries. It holds that he missed a great opportunity to conciliate his enemies by gracious gestures in his address to Congress. "Here, apparently, was a sufficient basis for a large-minded and sympathetic treatment of home conditions along the lines of his letter to Mr. Roy W. Howard, in which he said the program of reform was now completed, and that all effort hereafter would be concentrated on recovery, while business would be given a needed breathing-spell. Unfortunately. the President did not make use of this fine opportunity. “It would have been easy for him to have acted the part of a magnanimous victor.” Just how the Times can see Mr. Roosevelt in the role of a “victor” is not so easy to discern. The real fight has just begun. With the Supreme Court tearing the New Deal to pieces and the business reactionaries very literally “ganging up” on the Administration. this woyld be no time for the President to delude himself into an easy psychology of triumph. If he is to leave any permanent impress for good upon the American economic and political scene he will haye to fight as never before.
Times Books
r T'HE plight of the exile from Nazi Germany probably will continue to furnish a good springboard for high-diving novelists for years to come. It provides a made-to-order setting for the romancer: exile, devotion to duty, the separation of lovers, and a neat overtone of suffering for a lost cause—your novel is half-written before you start. The newest venture in this field is “Journey Into Freedom,' - by Klaus Mann. (Knopf; $2.50*. This book tells about a young German girl who gets out or Germany one jump ahead of the Storm Troopers and takes refuge with a girl friend in Finland. She has been a Communist, and her coworkers have fled to Paris; she plans to join them there, and gnaw away at the foundations of Nazi rule, as soon as she has caught her breath. a a a OUT before this happens, she falls in love with the brother of her girl friend; and, the next thing she knows, she is off with him on an idyllic motor trip to the shores of the Arctic, leaving her friends in Paris to get along as best they can. Among these friends, by the way, is her former sweetheart, a devout Marxist, whom her sudden yen for the new Finnish lover has caused her to forget. All goes well until the discarded sweetheart returns to Germany on a secret mission, is caught, and gets shot. Our young exile gets this news while basking under the thin rays of the midmght sun, and is jarred out of her idyll. The love affair ends, and she hurries back to Paris, to rejoin her friends and resume the job of fighting Hitler. It aIL makes a rather appealing book. tßy Bruce Catton.r
Westbrook Pegler