Indianapolis Times, Volume 47, Number 283, Indianapolis, Marion County, 4 February 1936 — Page 1

NEW SUBZERO WAVE SWEEPS DOWN ON CITY Mercury May Hit 5 Below Here Tonight, Weather Bureau Warns. SIX DEAD IN STATE Ice-Covered Streets and Highways Handicap Motorists. A diminishing gale from the Northwest today carried temperatures In Indianapolis to near zero during the day, and was expected to take them to zero or 5 below during the night. Two persons died here as a result of the cold wave. At 8 this morning it was 22, but at noon it had fallen to 12. There is to be a steady descent of the thermometer during the day, and although it will be generally fair there probably will be sudden and frequent snow flurries. Tomorrow it will remain fair and cold, again bringing the city to a threat of a coal shortage and again taxing relief agencies in their ministrations to the indigent. Ice Coats Streets, Highways Meanw'hile, ice from last night’s rain coats the side streets and makes driving extremely hazardous. Roads north are coated with thin ice, state police report, and some are practically impassible. The road to Kokomo is also ice-coated and blocked in one or more places.

The week ending Feb. 1, was a hot time in the old town (Indianapolis) so Thomas Haefling, Gamewell superintendent, told the Safety Board today. There were, during that period, he said, 160 fire alarms of which only two were false. It sets a record for the city. Most fires were of cold-weather origin and not disastrous.

Death* of six Indiana persons was attributed to the cold and ice. Several in Indianapolis have been injured and utilities were experiencing difficulties. The Indianapolis Railways had frequent tieups today as it battled thin ice. Mrs. Mae Miller. 1739 English-av, died today at City Hospital and Coroner WUliam Arbuekle was called. It is believed she died of the effects of frozen feet with which she was brought to the hospital Jan. 24. William Manual. 64. of 427 S. Ala-bama-st. died today in City Hospital of injuries received when he fell Dec. 29 on ice. Fred Hagerman, 52, of 3763 Broadway. slipped on ice in front of 640 E. Maple Road-blvd, gnd fell, breaking his left arm tod&y. Conductor Loses Arm Freeman Davis, 47. of 653 E. Ninth-st, yard conductor for the Pennsylvania Railroad, slipped last night on ice in the Union Station train shed, and fell on the tracks as a passenger train was pulling out. A wheel of the train so severely mangled his arm that it had to be amputated at St. Vincent's hospital, where his condition today is described as satisfactory. Eighty-eight-vear-old Henry Mennenbroker, 1729 Broadway, who is night watchman at a factory in Speedway City, fell on his way to work at Delaware and 17th-sts when he slipped on ice. Wires Break. Homes Darkened He proceeded downtown felt ill. called police. They took him to City Hospital, where a cut was treated. Two Indianapolis Power and Light Ca wires snapped last night, one at IIIS White-st and one at 28th and Meridian-sts, plunging many homes in darkness. For two hours and a half firemen fought a blaze in an oil house at the Republic Creosoiing Cos., Tibbs-av and Minnesota-st, early today, eventually bringing it under control with a loss of about SIOOO. Tar was ignited within the brick and concrete structure and the company Are department was handicapped because of a broken water main in the factory. No one was injured. Miss Irene Roby and Miss. Mary Griner, Clermont, were injured yesterday when their auto skidded into a truck two miles west of Speedw-ay City on Road 34. Both are in serious condition at City Hospital. William Schmidt, 72, of 108 E. 13th-st, remained in a serious condition today in St. Vincent's Hos(Turn to Page Three) POPE RESUMES DUTIES Prelate Recovers From Cold, Announces He Feels. “Splendid.” Bp United Pram VATICAN CITY. Feb. 4.—Pope Pius, recovered from a cold, resumed public audiences today and told members of his household he felt splendid." Times Index Amusements Births, Deaths 16 Books 11 Bridgt J 9 Broun *. * n Comiet 17 Editorial 12 Financial 13 Merry-Go-Round 11 Mrs. Roosevelt 8 Pe*ler 11 Radio .... 4 Serial Story 9 Sporu .. 14-15 State Deaths 2 Want Ads 16 Woman’s Pages 8-3

The Indianapolis Times FORECAST: Fair with cold wave tonight; lowest temperature zero to 5 below; tomorrow fair and continued cold.

VOLUME 47—NUMBER 283

Here’s Picture of 01’ Man Wind in Action

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FEAR WISCONSIN MAN KIDNAPED Wealthy Truck Contractor Missing on Trip to Chicago. By United Drc-ss CHICAGO. Feb. 4 Federal agents today joined in the search for Harry H. Wells, 38, wealthy Monroe, Wis., trucking contractor, whose blood-stained automobile was found in a Chicago street last Wednesday. Department of Justice operatives joined in the investigation when Wells’ family revealed he had received extortion letters and had been in fear of his life for months. He w'as last seen when he came to Chicago last Tuesday, supposedly with S6OO to b 2 paid to extortionists. The kidnap theory was strengthened by the statement of Mrs. James Woods, manager of. an apartment hotel in Sheridan Road, which leads into Chicago from Wisconsin. She said she saw a small green car, similar to Wells’, curbed by a larger car near the hotel last Tuesday night. “One man jumped from the large car and ran over to the smaller automobile.” Mrs. Woods related. “He climbed in and both cars then drove away." Blackmailed. Is Report A key case bearing the name “Harry H. Wells” was found in front of the hotel the next day, buc vas not turned over to police until yesterday. Police believe Wells dropped the keys to leave a clew to his disappearance. At Monroe, Miss Mary Wells, an aunt of the missing man. said that Wells recently borrowed SI2OO from her to pay “blackmail men.”

COMMISSION OPENS HEARING ON UTILITY 75 Huntington Citizens Are Ready to Testify. More than 75 residents of Huntington. Ind., this afternoon were prepared to testify in the Public Service Commission hearing on the power and light utility situation in the northern Indiana city. Delayed by Icy roads, the delegation arrived shortly after noon and tii? hearing was opened in the House of Representatives. The hearing was held on the petition of the Municipal Light and Power Cos., Inc., of Huntington, an ally of the military mayor-editor Clare W. H. Bangs, to establish a second electric utility in the city. Although Mr. Bangs is not one ol the incorporators of the new utility, it was represented at today’s hearing by Claude Cline, city attorney. A favorable decision by the commission on the petition probably would give Mr. Bangs and his aids a permanent victory in their fight against the power company. They have met almost consistent rebuffs in court battles. The proposed utility alleges in its petition that the power company is serving Huntington inadequately. It also cites a 1913 election in which citizens voted to extend the municipal plant into the commercial field. FIXING WAR SCARES DRIVERS. POLICE SAY Only Seven Stickers Handed Out Yesterday After Drive. City police distributed only seven traffic stickers yesterday. This compares with 62 distributed Jan. 18, before the anti-fixing war was declared: 86 Jan. 19; 83. Jan. 20. and similar numbers for the remainder of the month. Police say people are scared of the sticker war jtnd are behaving, and that’s why they could only find cars for seven yesterday. 19 Drown as Ship Sinks CORKIENTES, Argentine, Feb. 4. —Nineteen persons drowned when the ’ passenger ship Vargas Gomez sank today.

—Photo by Car C*!terman. Times Staff Photographer. So you can’t take a picture of wind, eh? Well, here is a. portrait of a 32-mile-an-nour gale as it zipped past Meridian and Washingtonsts, the crossroads of America, on its way—well, wherever wind goes when it goes. The four persons you see are crossing against the wind and are having some trouble.

Laboratory Crime Truck Is Sought by Morrissey Chief Makes Appeal for Necessary Funds to Safety Board: Motorcycle Bids Are Rejected. The police department soon is to have a truck-mounted crime laboratory that will go immediately to the scenes of crimes where the crew in charge will take measurements, fingerprints and ballistics data. This was revealed today when the i

Safety Board considered purchasing a panel truck for the department and Chief Morrissey explained that he was ready to establish this modern crime combatant. On the truck, he said, will be fingerprinting machines and cameras, air measuring devices, and a supply of mulage. Mulage is used by police to make death masks of persons who have come to violent or mysterious ends,. The chief said that there now are seven men in the department capable of taking fingerprints and of making the scientific measurements and computing ballistics data, and that a crew always will be in readiness to make emergency trips on the traveling laboratory. Step Toward Modernization He said he believed it will aid greatly in speeding crime solutions, and that it is a definite step toward modernization of the department. The board rejected bids on 15 motorcycles on the grounds they were excessive, and said it would study prices paid by police departments in other cities before deciding what to do. Chief Morrissey recommended installation of traffic lights on Mich-igan-st at the following crossings: Delaware. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Capitol, Senate and Indiana. The board accepted t,he recommendation ■ and indicated they would be installed when there was money available. Detective Is Demoted Detective Sergeant Emmett J. McCormick was demoted to first class patrolman for attempting to conceal an accident in which his police car figured when he was on duty. The board retired Chauffeur Charles McCarty of the Fire Department because of illness and raised Charles F. Graul, first class private, to the rank of chauffeur, effective Feb. 11. SENATE VOTES TO REPEAL FARM ACTS Bankhead Cotton, Tobacco, Potato Laws Affected. By United Pres* WASHINGTON. Feb. 4.—The Senate, acting on a recommendation by President Roosevelt, today voted to repeal the Bankhead cotton control act, the Kerr-Smith tobacco act and the potato act, all of which had been rendered virtually impotent by the Supreme Court AAA decision. The action came when Chairman Ellison D. Smith of the Senate Agriculture Committee asked an immediate vote on a resolution repealing the laws. There was no record vote. The new farm bill will be taken up later this week., HEAVY BUYING MARKS TRADE IN RAIL ISSUES Many Reach New High Levels of Year; List Is Active. By l nited Pee** NEW YORK. Feb. 4.—Heavy buying developed in railroad shares on the stock market this afternoon, sending many into new high ground for the year. The railroad buying came after the entire list had been working irregularly higher. Trading turned active and tickers were behind the market. Industrial shares continued to work irregularly higher despite a loss in General Motors. Utilities turned more active and higher, featured by General Gas issues.

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1936

5 STATE OFFICIALS TOSS NATS IN RING Joint Statement Announces Their Candidacies. Five. elective state officials of Lhe McNutt administration today issued a joint statement announcing their candidacies for re-election in 1936. All seek nominations subject to the Democratic state convention in June. They are August A. Mueller, Indianapolis, Secretary of State; Peter Hein. Gary, State Treasurer; Laurence Sullivan, Princeton, State Auditor; Floyd I. McMurray, Lebanon, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Mrs. Emma May. Terre Haute, Supreme and Appellate Court reporter. Their joint declarations to retain five of the nine offices over which the convention has control supplemented a lengthy statement praising both the Roosevelt and McNutt policies and urging a continuance of the New' Deal.

ITALIANS HINT SNEAK WITH LEAGUE ON OIL Say Embargo Likely Would Cause Split. Bn United Pres* Ds, '<SVA, Feb. 4.—ltalian circles indicated today that Italy would be likely to leave the League of Nations if it imposed an oil embargo in penalty for her war on Ethiopia. Italians v/atched closely the work of experts of League oil producing nations studying the technical problems connected with an embargo. The Italians argue that an oil embargo would prove useless because Italy has sufficient supplies to continue its war. but they say its application would be a gesture of hostility which probably would cause a break. SYNTHETIC RADIUM IS DEVELOPED BY SCIENCE Amount Obtained Is Small, Report Reveals; Identity Certain. (Copyright. 1936, by Science Service) BERKELEY, Cal., Feb. 4.—Man at last has been able to make a radio-active substance that occurs in nature. By powerful bombardments of a common substance there has been created synthetically in the radiation laboratory of the University of California here a form of radium. This first synthetic production of any naturally occurring radio-ac-tive substance is the accomplishment of Dr. J. J. Livingood, research associate. The substance which he has created for the first time by arti(Turn to Page Three) ARGUMENTS IN STEVE CASE ARE POSTPONED Supreme Court Grants Delay on Petition La Potre Judge. Oral arguments before the Indiana Supreme Court in the habeas corpus case of D. C, Stephenson, imprisoned klan leader, were postponed today on petition of Circuit Judge Wirt C. Worden. La Porte. They were to have been held tomorrow. No date was set.

INFLATION DRIVE DEFEAT LOOMS Collapse of Move at This Session Predicted by Capital Insiders. • Copyright. 1936. by United Press) WASHINGTON, Feb. 4.—Political insiders were confident today that the House currency inflation campaign will collapse at this session, either before Senate opposition or a presidential veto. Currency inflation is almost impossible this year without President Roosevelt’s assent. There is no assurance that an inflation bill can be defeated in the House. The last bulwark would be a veto and the necessity for a twothirds Senate majority to override. Practical politics do not believe the inflationists can raise the votes in 1936, although all hands expect currency inflation uproar until Congress adjourns. The new Federal Reserve Board which took office this week is to make a “courtesy call” today on Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. The occasion offers opportunity for discussion of fiscal conditions and inflation possibilities. Mr. Morgenthau is reported to have discussed the matter in detail with Mr. Roosevelt. The board has large but untested power to control credit inflation. It would be powerless to cope with currency inflation imposed by Congress. Cedit Inflation More Likely So long as Mr. Roosevelt opposes printing press money, credit inflation is much more likely to be the form of expansion to be experienced in this country. Credit inflation would involve flow of a vast volume of potential bank credit into trade channels. It is a process more gradual than currency inflation but subject to quick and possibly dangerous acceleration. The Coolidge boom which culminated in 1929 was based principally on credit inflation. In that instance there was a notable diversion of commercial bank credit into stock market speculation. Merger of farm bloc and bonus bloc inflation groups in the House may muster a majority this session for the Frazier-Lemke bill to refinance farm mortgages or a bill to start the presses to pay the veterans. Together these projects would require more than $5,000,000,000 of new money. There now are 215 signatures on a House petition to force a Frazier-Lemke vote. The required number is 218.

Some Feet Shed a tear for Hoosier crows! About one tear will be enough the way things are going. because when the Department of Conservation balanced its crow' books today it found there are 8015 few'er than there were Jan. 1. Nobody knows why the Conservation Department is mad at crows, but it is, and it has 77 of its clubs out gunning for them. When a man kills a crow, he cuts off the feet. Thes. he takes to a game warden, by whom they are certified and counted. After that they can have the feet back, if they want them for a special reason. This is going to go on until May, with the high clubs awarded prizes every month, if the crows hold out. There is no accurate information available about how many live crows there are in the state, except that there aren’t so many as there were. This month the P> jka Valley Fish and Game Association, Winslow, Ind., won first prize of $25 with 7224 feet. (You divide by two this time, we’re tired.) The Bargersville Gun Club won S2O with 2832 feet; the Dugger Fish and Game Club. sls with 2390; the Randolph County Fish and Game Association, $lO with 1848 feet, and Fountaine City Fish and Game Club, $5 with 1038 feet.

STRIKE CRIPPLES PEKIN; A F. OF L SPLIT WIDENS; CLAIM CHILD LABOR GAIN

‘lndustrial Unionists’ Gain Strength at Miners’ Convention. GREEN LOSES APPEAL Federation President Gets Cold Reception; Open Break Near. BY FRED W. PERKINS Times Special Writer WASHINGTON, Feb. 4. John L. Lewis and his naif million “industrial unionists” of the United Mine Workers today seemed in stronger position than ever to remodel American organized labor “within the A. F. of L.” When Federation President William Green pleaded in vain to the assembled miners yesterday that they take no step endangering their stay in their “father’s house,” the miners turned him down cold. Onthe surface, it looked like an open break. But prophets of an early schism in the Federation, with the powerful Mine Workers either withdrawing or being expelled from the fra* ternity, were confronted by these facts: All the evidence shows that the Mine Workers appreciate the dangers of a divided labor movement. Group Continues Work Mr. Lewis’ committee for industrial organization, which the A. F. of L. executive council wants dissolved. holds to its announced purpose of organizing mass-production and unorganized industries “in affiliation with, the A. F. of L.” The A. F. of L. executive council can not expel the mine workers unless so authorized by a two-thirds vote of the Federation’s convention. The last A. F. of L. convention showed a voting strength of 18,000 craft unionists to 11,000 industrial unionists. That is less than twothirds. And before next fall’s convention the industrial unionists are expected to gain strength. In other words, the belligerent Lewis—backed by the largest labor union in the world, and seven other unions formed along industrial lines —can continue indefinitely his campaign to make the Federation more representative of its potential membership of more than 30 million wage earners, rather than the three million it now musters. Steel Workers Sought Six weeks ago, representatives of 30,000 workers in radio manufacturing. already organized into A. F. of L. locals under the direct jurisdiction of the central body, met in Pittsburgh and petitioned for an industrial charter. The executive council has now refused this petition, and has voted to turn these workers over to the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, a craft union. The radio workers will give their answer at a convention opening here Saturday. But they have already voted against affiliation with any existing craft union. There are symptdtns of the movement toward industrial unionism in other fields. The steel industry, which has proved an uncrackable nut for the A. F. of L„ is foremost in the mind of the Lewis school of labor thought. Internal Fight Flares A bitter controversy over autonomy broke out in the mine workers convention today. Threatening to lead to fist fights until President Lewis swung the delegates into line. The 1700 delegates, who yester- i day shouted their approval of Lew- j is’ campaign for industrial type unions even at the price of a split! in American Federation of Labor ranks, returned this morning to hotly contested issues which have caused serious controversy in their own ranks. The bitterest fight centers around whether certain union districts shall be granted autonomy. The convention hall quickly filled with a roar of shouts as the delegates argued. Before Lewis could calm the delegates, one fist fight broke out.

ROOSEVELT VETOES DUTY REFUND BILL Holds Measure Is Unfair to Consumer. By United Preen WASHINGTON. . Feb. 4.—President Roosevelt today vetoed a Senate measure providing for the refunding of certain countervailing customs duties collected upon logs imported from British Columbia. “It is reasonable to assume that in most, if not ail, cases,” the President wrote, “the duty was passed on by the importer to the ultimate consumer. “There appears to be no reason for making a refund to the importer without requiring, him to show that he himself absorbed the duty”

Knti , r**d * Seronfl-Clasu Matter at Poatofflce, Indianapolis. Ind.

STATE FIGURES REVEAL UPTURN AFTER NRA BAN Industrial Board Claims Increase Since Court Outlawed Act. BY JAMES DOSS Child labor is oh the increase in Indiana since the United States Supreme Court tossed NRA into the legislative scrap heap. Figures obtained from the women's and childrens division of the State Industrial Board show that vacation and holiday employment of minors 14 to 16 took an upturn coincident with NRA collapse, air though the Indiana increase is not as marked as it has been elsewhere in the United States. Figures from June 1 to Dec. 31, 1935, showed a total of 881 children employed in various types of laDor, as against a 615 total in the same period of 1934 when NRA codes were in full effect. The increase was most marked in the industrial cities of Indianapolis. South Bend. East Chicago, Hammond, Fort Wayne. Terre Haute and Evansville. Fort Wayne Leads Indianapolis gained only nine during the last seven months of 1935 from its 100 total in the same period of 1934. The largest increase was at Fort Wayne, where the jump was from 69 to 107. There were 1616 children 14 to 16 employed in June of 1933, when NRa was enacted. Indianapolis led with a total of 162, in sharp contrast to only two for Terre Haute in the range through the seven industrial cities named above. This 1616 decreased throughout the life of NRA, figures reveal, although the total prevailed for the remainder of 1933, presumably because of the delay in making the codes effective. The classification by cities for the comparable seven-month periods when NRA was in full effect and after it was held unconstitutional is as follows June 1 to Dec. 31, 1934 Indianapolis 100 South Bend . 10 East Chicago 8 Hammond 47 Fort Wayne 69 Terre Haute 7 Evansville 27 Total 268 Remainder of state including special permits 347 Grand total 615 June 1 to Dec. 31, 1935 Indianapolis 109 South Bend 11 Hammond 59 East Chicago 8 Fort Wayne 107 Terre Haute 21 Evansville 21 Total 336 Remainder of state including special permits 545 Grand total 881 Reports to the Federal Labor Department show a huge increase in the United States and have brought on an added demand for adoption of the constitutional amendment to permit Congress to regulate the employment of persons under 18. No Chance This Year There is. however, no chance for adoption of the child labor amendment this year, because not enough state Legislatures are meeting. Twenty-four states, including Indiana. have approved the amendment. Twelve more are necessary for ratification. Latest reports to the Labor Department, covering six states and 102 cities in other states, show that only 7000 regular employment certificates were issued through the whole of 1934. In the same places, 11.000 certificates were issued in the seven months following Supreme Court outlawry of NRA. One per cent of the 7000 in NRA days went to work in factories and 4 per cent in stores. However, 12 per cent of the 11,000 j who took jobs after abolition of codes went to work in factories and 17 per cent in stores. U. S. POPULATION GAINS 4 PER CENT SINCE 1930 Nation Ranks Fourth in Size of Countries of World. By United Free* WASHINGTON, Feb. 4. The population of the United States, increasing less than a million a year, touched the 127.521,000 mark in 1935, which continued this nation fourth among the countries of the world. The United States’ gain since the last census in 1930 was estimated by the Bureau of Census at 4,746.000 persons, or an increase of almost 4 per cent, as of July 1, 1935.

FINAL’ HOME PRICE THREE CENTS

General Walkout of 3000 Paralyzes Illinois Industrial Town. NEW YORK FACES CRISIS 20,000 Building Service Workers Ready to Quit Skyscraper Jobs. Bt United Presa Strikes and other labor troubles impeded business in many parts of the world today. The more important development* included: PEKIN, lll.—General strike in sympathy with distillery workers, hampers industrial city. NEW YORK—Strike rail awaited by 20,00(1 elevator operators and other service employes In ' 120© skyscrapers and factories: 20,000 millinery workers called out. LONDON—Strike of 8200 market employes leaves London and surrounding territory without meat. SANTIAGO, Chile Troops railed out to stop sabotage by striking railroad workers. By United Preen PEKIN. 111., Feb. 4.—Union labor called a general strike in this industrial town of 16.000 today and the sheriff hastily called for troops. “I fear violence,” Sheriff Ralph Goar told the United Press. "There are 600 men outside the American Distilling Cos. and 90 strikers inside. “I'm keeping the 90 inside and have wired Gov. Horner to send troops at once. I have only 35 deputies, including guards at the plant.’* The distillery strike, in progress two weeks, precipitated the general strike called today by the trades assembly. - Troops were held in readiness in nearby towns but state officials awaited word from the National Guard observer at Pekin before sending troops. Mayor Fears Tie IJp ’ Union leaders asserted 3QOO to 4000 workers would refuse to work until distillery workers obtained seniority rights and a closed shop. They claimed the town would bo “closed tighter than a drum.” This opinion was shared by Mayor W. E. Shurman, who said “this is going to tie up the whole town.” Barbers, bakers, movie operators, farmers and factory laborers wero reported on strike. First reports indicated the union estimate of men on strike was over-optimistic. Most of the big factories reported men at work as usual. The Pekin Leather Works reported a “passive resistance” strike of 150 men, who reported for work but stood idle at their benches. Many Re.port for Work Workers at the Quaker Oats. Corn Products and Standard Brands plants have a 24-hour notice clause in their contracts and reported for work as usual. The management expected no trouble but other sources said the men would not work tomorrow'. Mayor Shurman called a meeting of city councillors and union officials in hope of settling the distillery strikes—key to the general walkout. Police arrested seven men and one woman, including a man claiming to be a deputy sheriff who waa found in a car with a paroled convict and a small arsenal of assorted weapons. The others arrested wero pickets. Taverns Are Closed Taverns and liquor stores wero closed at the request of city authorities. Streets were filled with loiterers. despite bitter cold and snow. The blizzard compelled unionists to give up a planned protest parade. Masses of strikers, stamping their feet and thrashing their arms to keep from freezing, pressed against the gates of the distillery. During the night the front porch of George Jibben, a special deputy, was dynamited to bits. Jibben and has family were uninjured. Building Strike Near By Ignited Preen NEW YORK, Feb. 4.—Twenty thousand millinery workers walked (Turn to Page Three) NIGHT’S WORK BRINGS BANDIT LITTLE LOOT Five Filling Stations Entered by On* Man, Police Believe. One of th? more industrious members of the underworld spent the entire night breaking into five filling stations. For his trouble he collected one disconnected telepnune, a peanut machine, a marble game, $5 in cash and some cigarets and chewing gum. He also may have picked up a few she tgun slugs, since Joe Wilson, manager of a station at 5420 Key-stoie-av, fired four times in hia direction. Stations entered were at 2301 W. 16th-st, 3747 English-av, 5420 Key-stone-av, 455 8. Emerson-av and 3tl S. Emerson-av. Police said all this work probably was done by the same man. since the method of entrance was identical in each case.