Indianapolis Times, Volume 46, Number 236, Indianapolis, Marion County, 11 February 1935 — Page 9

FEB. 11, 1935

It Seems to Me HEYWOOD BROUN r I X> rrt" me of th’ most instructive features in the A Hend* rM>n report on the auto industry is its tr *;n . v a to the existence of espionage and a r .Itu : blacklist. The labor spy is not anew dev<: ptr. r. ;r. American industry large and small. Many n earch investigators have with him in t. > past and yet somehow his presence is forg /.ten or gla- ed over by certain theorists. Wa L.ppmann in a recent article wrote, “the g rr: : .1:. its efforts to guarantee labor's right

to organize, invented the device of holding elections among the workers. From the point of view of democratic principles nobody could complain. What could be fairer ‘r.an to let the workers themselves decide by secret ballot who should represent them in collective bargaining?’* Mr Lippmann intended his question a a rhetorical inquiry, for he went on to express the belief that the arrangement was less than fair because, “the A. F. of L., in short, ~ in favor of elections only if it knows it can win them.” In a later paragraph he states, "even where

lie) wood lit oun

the A F of L has been able to pick the elections it and( . it has not had the support of half the workers." Ht- -rr-ms willing to take the Detroit figures at thnr fa <■ value as indicating that only 10 per cent f t the auto workers are desirous of throwing in their lot with the American Federation of Labor. nan They Know Heller Xow IT may be true that union leaders were excessively ... as a boon end a protection in the task of organization. They havi ; rned better. Naturally they are ur, | now to h. vc the test made in plants where terrorism walks ev-ry minute to and fro behind the backs of the workers. The plain truth of the matter is that no tinion. except a company one, has a chance of winning a majority unless it commands the support of at lca.it three-quarters of the employes. The count may be fair enough and it may be | of the choice is so permanent and so profound that the boss will never know. But which way would you bet if you feared and had r< ison to ft ar that the man at the next machine wa employed by the plant to find out and report y ur opinion as to the setup which you supported? Then is n ver any lack of propaganda for company unions m spite of the restrictions laid down : any case in Which an employer has been punished for manifesting his personal interest in "the loyal workers.” I sat at a hearing of an industrial board in which an employer frankly t‘ tified that he had made a speech to his employes t nk. them for sticking to him and rejecting to bargain through an outside organization. And yet the employer members on that /• cided that there was no evict. t;ce of interference with the right of collective l reaming through "representatives of their own choosing.” a tt a Heroes and Martyrs / T'HE Leon Henderson committee, a government A agency. mind you, states: •The petty whims of the foreman seem to be the C‘ !/rolling influence in the lives of many of t. mobile workers. . . . There is evidence iU that if a foreman says 'do not rehire* 011 his layoff slip, this snap judgment may be taken m.al for that plant and that company and per1. ; , till, igh checking or references, final for the u/iu ry. If the foreman should write ‘agitator* on the lay. : T slip, cither as such or in code, the effect c . a.. l. would be final as far as that worker was concerned.’’ Under these circumstances it is hypocritical .iv about ‘ free'* or “secret'* elections. Before there is organization there must be organizatt n . An election is hardly an election without preliminary electioneering. In other words a union can not possibly win in a vote unless the movement is absolutely spontaneous and capable of pro--1 ier its own steam and without any diiccu n or leadership whatsoever. When you get 10 per cent voting for union affiliation you are not counting the men who wish to join the organization. Vqu are tabulating the heroes and the martyrs. The law says that every worker has a right to join an organization of his own choosing. But somebody forgot to add the necessary postscript which should read, "and you also have a swell chance cf having your head cut off In case that happens hold it firmly in your two hands and run down to Washington and find somebody to stick it on again. Just try!” •Copyright. 1335)

Today s Scionce by DAVID DIETZ

f-vESPITE the fact that this is the Age of Steel I J mor - remains to be learned about steel than is r. a known. By turning to the study of the atomic : lira' ions within the crystals which make up : the Metals Research Labora- • tiie Carnegie Institute of Technology. Pittsbutch. are seeking to throw new light upon the fundamental problems involved. . w \bo it 60 r> r cent of the time of the laboratory 1? devoted to the subject of iron and steel. One of the researches under way is an attempt to grow unusually large crystals of iron. From these it is hi and that many phenomena which are obscure in smaller crystals will be made plain. Iron.” si vs Dr. Robert F. Mehl. director of the M R - arch Laboratory. ”has the peculiar proper.- o* eM'ting in two different forms. From room temperature up to about 1650 decrees. Fahrenheit, a pood orange heat, one of these forms, called aipha Iron. exi*ts. • Above this temperature, another form, called gamma non. exists. Gamma iron differs from alpha iron in many ways, though both are iron. It has a different density, a differtr.. electrical conductivity. In addition, the atoms are .anged in a different type of lattice in its crystals. * a u • GAMMA iron, the high-temperaturre variety, has a -face-centered cubic” lattice. The unit is again a cube with an atom at each corner. But there jjTno 1 m the center of the cube. Ins' ad there is an atom in the center of each of the jix faces of the cube. It will be seen, therefore, tiiat there are 14 atoms in the unit of the gamma iron lattice. Many metals have the face-centered cubic arrangement at ordinary temperatures. Among them are copper, aluminum, silver, gold and many other metals. K * B THE existence of these two forms of iron explains the process by which steel is hardened. Tr ' proof'S of hardening steel.” Dr. Mehl says. Df the steel to a high temp • ••.. which the gamma Iron just described is f -rmed. and then cooling it very quickly, say by quenching in cold water, so that the new alpha iron is not fo;med freely, but caught, so to speak, halfv av in the process of forming and growing. Very small crystals of alpha iron, much twisted about, are formed, and small hard panicles of a compound of iron and the carbon always present In steel are deposited in the atom rlanes, ar.d thus the process of slip is made very difficult. Quenched s hard, therefore, because the crystals can not slip easily along the atom planes.” Atom planes. It will be recalled, are the planes threuch the lattices in which the atoms lie. When a crv ’al is deformed, it is due to slippage along these atom planes. Q—Where and when was the first Presbyterian Church established in America? A—A* Jamestown. Va.. in 1611. The Rev. Alexander Whitaker was the pastor. Q— Does the former Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany still live in Doom, Holland? A—Yea.

MANUAL HIGH SCHOOL GROWS UP

Otto Stechhan’s Brave Efforts to Found Institution Recalled

sleeping giant of industry awoke in the United States in the 19th Century and its voice echoed throughout the nation. Towns and cities which once had been rural or agri cu 11 ural were aroused by the whirl of the loom and the crash of manufacturing engines. Farmers and laborers without previous training were thrust Into a newer, faster pace. The old skilled craftsman was forced out by the revolution of mass production. A few' voices cried out that the industrial age would smash unless there was some way to teach these new trades and replace clumsy hands with adept ones. Labor, which had begun to organize, was the first to realize the necessity of skill. By 1883 the movement for trade schools had swept eastward to Indianapolisand was being discussed by the school board rather indifferently, as a project which might be considered some years in the future. Near the present site of Manual Training High School a group of enterprising men founded what was knowm as Mechamcs Institute, to teach mechanical draw’ing and other allied crafts. The founders were in part a group of Germans, part of a hardy, thrifty band which came to this country with a great exodus from Germany with the revolutions of 1848 there. Active in the affairs of the Institute were D. A. Bohlen, Otto Stechhan, Dr. Guido Bell, Herman Lauter, Oscar Bauer, Joseph Gardner, Jacob Becker, Herman Lieber and Conrad Bender. 808 CO small was the school and so many were the demands upon it, that it became impossible to continue longer as a private enterprise. Mr. Stechhan, a mechanic, a manufacturer and a fighting progressive, became interested in the movement for a free trade school and threw his ardent spirit behind it. Buried in the records of the School Board is the heroic story of a long uphill fight. No one would listen to Mr. Stechhan. There were no schools of that type in the United States—it was the impractical venture of a dreamer, most people said. Undaunted by harsh criticism and even ridicule, Mr. Stechhan went to Europe for a year in 1888 to study the trade schools which had long been a tradition in Europe. A century before the pow-

-The-

DAILY WASHINGTON MERRY-GO-ROUND By Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen __

W'ASHINGTON, Feb. 11. —Consider the lowly potato. Along with bread it is the most common article of food in every home. Yet in two years of processing taxes and crop restriction it has remained unscathed. But now the potatoe’s time has come. The New Deal for potatoes is under way. In a brief period spuds will cost more. But behind the New Deal for potatoes is a story of back-stage lobbying as unique and at times as nysterious as any which has in-

trigued the Capital in many a day. Chief lobbyists are: Senator William Edgar Borah from the great potato state of Idaho. Rep. Lindsay Warren who comes from the potato growing seaboard of North Carolina. Rep. Ralph Brewster, hardhitting ex-Governor of Maine, and the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad in Maine, which hauls more potatoes than any other line in the world. BUB of these were not, at ■ first, enthusiastic lobbyists. Senator Borah is not partial to crop control. He opposed the Bankhead Act which limited the domain of King Cotton, and fought the Kerr-Smith Act which curbed tobacco. But Idaho is one of the great potato-growing states of the Union, and Senator Borah faces serious opposition when he comes up for re-election next year. So dropping temporarily his campaign against the World Court, the dean of the Senate went over to the potato conference at the Department of Agriculture. "My state.” he said, “is very much interested in potatoes. We produce a very fine potato. I am not quite familiar with the plan Mr. Warren has offered, but I can say frankly that mv state is interested in this situation.” More of this from the veteran parliamentarian, following which he went back to the Senate. B B B EVEN less enthusiastic about potato crop reduction was the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad. For it the transportation of potatoes has been a gold mine. Even during the depression it paid high dividends. Only over its tracks can the crop of Aroostook County, most concentrated potato raisins area In the world, reach a market. The railroad has lobbied vigorously aginst RFC financing of an extension line which would break this stranglehold. Asa result of this monopoly, rates between Bangor and New York are four times as high—in proportion to mileage—as the haul between New York and Idaho. This year, however, a bumper crop, plus low prices, loaded up the warehouses with 36.000.000 pounds of potatoes. Most of them were controlled ty the gov-

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By John Hawkins, Times Staff Photographer. Manual .... Trained hands and educated minds.

erful German guilds, whose principles are the basis of all labor unions, had established trade schools to continue a long line of perfect craftsmanship. Mr. Stechhan wandered all over Europe, studying and making research. He found out what the curriculum was, how each subject was taught and what the results were. Filled with enthusiasm, Mr. Stechhan returned to Indianapolis and arranged for a huge mass meeting to outline his plans for a free trade school in Indianapolis. He particularly urged the manufacturers to attend. The meeting w'as a heartbreaking disappointment. The manufacturers scoffed at the idea. They were making money. There was prosperity undreamed of before thejn. There was no pessimistic thought of the future. The public simply didn’t care for long-range planning. BUB "fl/CR. STECHHAN became more cautious, and resolved that the next time he broached his enterprise he would choose as an audience those who might be sympathetic. So, a few months later he obtained a hearing with the Central Labor Union for a mass meet-

ernment through the Farm Credit Administration. Farmers in Aroostook County wanted the government to give them their crop. But S. M. Garwood of the FCA looked the situation over and proclaimed that he was not running a relief agency. ‘‘lf the railroads and the warehouses will cut rates, the government will bear its share,” he finally proposed. Whereupon the railroad suddenly became as enthusiastic about crop reduction as Senator Borah. b u u MOST effective potato lobbyists. however, are Reps. Warren and Brewster. The former wanted to introduce a crop-regu-lation bill the first day of Congress. However, the AAA hung back. There were two reasons for its reluctance. First, regulation of the potato crop will be tremendously complicated. Potatoes are not grown on large farms. There are 3.000,000 growers with an average acreage of less than one. Everybody has potatoes in his own back yard. Second, the AAA wanted to put across a subtle deal. “Get your congressman to pass the amendments to our AAA,” they told potato farmers, “and we'll put through your potato program.” However, it looks as if legislation would not wait for this. Potato prices are too low for the farmer even to pay costs. His fertilizer is up 50 per cent, and kept up by ‘‘posted” prices under the NRA code. So his crop is taken away from him by his “financier” the minute he harvests it. Potato crop control will te modeled after the Tobacco Act — each state allotted a fixed crop, and each grower given an allotment within the state. Those who exceed their allotment must pay a tax of half a cent a pound. This the housewife, in the end, will pay. (Copyright. 1934. br United Ftura Syndicate. Inc.) CITY DOCTORS TO MEET Physicians to Hold Symposium on Tuberculosis. Indianapolis physicians will hear a symposium on tuberculosis by members of the Trudeau Society at the meeting of the Indianapolis Medical Society at 8:15 Tuesday light.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

ing of labor delegates. There he met enthusiasm. His confidence restored, Mr. Stechhan told how the free trade school would bring recognition for the mechanic, the artisan and the laborer. He criticised the “factory system” for giving the apprentice no opportunity for a comprehensive view of his whole work. “If we can have perfectly trained, intelligent mechanics all over the country, we can conquer the world,” Mr. Stechhan told the laboring group. A resolution was adopted petitioning the T ndiar,a General Assembly to permit the school board to levy a tax to construct anew, industrial school in Indianapolis. Steel Age, great industrial magazine, sent a reporter to the meeting and spoke enthusiastically of the project. John Frenzel, school board president, approved of the idea and worked with Mr. Stechhan. 808 FINALLY the bill was introduced into the Indiana House of Representatives by Rep. James D. Curtis Feb. 19, 1891, and became known as House Bill 611. The Marion County legislators were generally favorable to labor and backed the bill. Political pressure had to be used

‘Y’ FELLOWSHIP CLUB TO PRESENT COMEDY “Look Who’s Here” to Be Given Tomorrow Night. The West Side “Y” Fellowship and Adventure Club will sponsor a play, “Look Who’s Here,” in the auditorium of School No. 75, 14th-st and Bellevieu-pl, tomorrow night at 7:30. Shirley Duvall and Charles Eberly will have the leading roles in the three-act comedy, which will be staged by the Duvall players. Other players are Ednamae Bertram, Charles Norcross, Avalee Levingstone and Bobby Burres. Jack Duvall will direct. LOCAL GREET AMELIA NAMED Walker W’inslow to Head Reception Group on Feb. 29 Visit. The reception committee for Mrs. Amelia Earhart Putnam, world's leading woman flier, when she arrives in Indianapolis Feb. 29, will be headed by Walker W. Winslow, president of the Indiana chapter, National Aeronautical Association, Mrs. Putnam will speak at 8 that night in Caleb Mills Hall, Shortrideg High School, under the auspices of the World Travel-Study Club, Inc.

SIDE GLANCES By George Clark

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“Wilford, please put this bum away quickly so we can catch that early train home.”

to have the bill reported favorably. Labor, to a man, fought for it. The bill passed the House and was sent to the Senate. The bill did not get to the Senate until the closing days of the Assembly. Each Senator was demanding that his own pet bill be passed. There were 500 or bills before the body. Once more Mr. Stechhan and his supporters faced failure. The day before closing Senator Thompson of Marion County was prevailed upon to sponsor the bill. There were so many bills that each Senator was limited to one which could be considered before the Assembly closed. Senator Thompson's name was so far down on the list that the last day would pass without reaching him. The Marion County delegation appealed to W. W. Spencer, father of Prosecutor Herbert M. Spencer, for help. He was then county attorney. Mr. Spencer persuaded Senator Fulk of Munroe and Brown Counties to put the bill up for action. Senator Fulk was friendly but said that his own constituents were clamoring for the passage of bills favorable to them. At the last minute Senator Fulk proposed the bill and it was passed with only one dissenting vote, March 7, 1891.

I COVER THE WORLD B B B ° B B By William Philip Simms

WASHINGTON, Feb. 11.—The proposed Senatorial probe of the church-state conflict across the Rio Grande threatens not only to embroil the United States with Mexico, but to nullify President Roosevelt’s “good neighbor” policy all the way from Texas to Tierra Del Fuego. Senator Borah, who fought America’s entry into the World Court on the ground it might get us into trouble abroad, has announced he will call up his resolution for an investigation of religious persecution

in Mexico before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. That Mexico resents “meddling” in her domestic affairs, is plainly indicated. Hardly had the news spread that the Idahoan would ask for an investigation than the Mexican embassy issued an immediate denial of the charges, saying the Senator was acting on partial or incomplete information. Then, close on the heels of the denial, the Mexican minister of foreign affairs issued a “white book,” giving the whole history of “the conflict between the civil power and the clergy,” the work of Atty. Gen. Emilio Portes Gil. BUB A COPY of this book is in the hands of the writer. The hastiest of perusals makes it clear that should the Senate authorize

THE site chosen for the school was bounded by Merrill and Meridian-sts and Madison-av. The purchase price was $40,000. old stately mansions, the homes of such prominent Indiana families as the Merrills and the Ketchams. lined all sides of the tract. In the winter of 1894 actual construction began. The tragedy of Otto Stechhan's life was that others, once the project w r as under way, grabbed for the fame and glory. No seeker of honors, his visionary courage was forgotten until July 8, 1925. On that date, a short time after Mr. Stechhan had died at the age of 71 in Pasadena, Cal., the school board adopted a lengthy and eloquent eulogy of Mr. Stechhan. The eulogy sharply criticised history which had so disregarded the guiding spirit behind the founding of Manual Training High School. The building was finished early in 1895 at a cost of $160,256.46Equipment cost $30,100.60, which brought the entire cost to $230,359.06. The school w'as named the Industrial Training School. Curiously enough the name had to be changed to Manual Training High School, because the public had the peculiar idea that an industrial training school was a penal institution. Manual was the first high school in the country to be a free industrial school. B B B AT first it was difficult to determine the exact nature of the school and to discover how' a trade school and an ordinary school could be run co-ordinate-ly. Charles E. Emmerich, beloved first principal, shortly after the opening date, Feb. 18, 1895, declared that the purpose of the school was to combine the “discipline of the mind and the hand.” The subjects taught were English, wood-working, Latin, geometry, mechanical drawing, physics, bookkeeping, penmanship, freehand drawing, chemistry, civil government, sewing, cooking, algebra, stenography, library, German and iron and steel forging. The school had 526 pupils, 278 girls and 248 boys, the initial semester. There were 22 on the faculty. From all pver the United States and even from Europe, teachers came to Manual to view the new' and exciting experiment. 'Hie school superintendents of New York, Boston and Chicago are among the names registered in the guest book that first momentous year. George M. Fellows, University of Chicago educator, commented: “My own impression is that Industrial Training School has established the proper relation between an industrial and secondary school. Manual training is not a fad, but is so combined with other lines as to put into practice the best educational theories of the present day ” Mr. Stechhan's dream was an actual success.

the investigation it will likely precipitate Uncle Sam into a Mexican hornet’s nest. The Mexicans are in deadly earnest. Senator Walsh of Massachusetts supports Senator Borah. He says he knows of 10 Senators who will vote for the resolution. He predicts prompt passage. He charges conditions in Mexico are worse than the Nazi persecution of the Jews. Senator Borah insists his object is merely to get at the truth. “I want to make it clear,” he said, “that in offering the resolution I had no preconceived ideas on the justification of the charges. “The contention is being made that fearful persecutions are constantly being carried on against American citizens in Mexico. I have no opinion on the merits of the contentions. If the facts don’t bear them out, very well. If they do, we’ll have to find out what can be done about it.” BBS jV/TEXICO takes no such dispassionate view. The “White Book” categorically denies that persecutions exist, but it just as emphatically indicates that a finish fight is on to eradicate alleged “abuses” by religious institutions. And this fight, it further indicates, is purely a domestic affair. Whichever is in the right, church or state, neutrals here observe, any “meddling” at Washington can only injure both sides. The Mexican government holds such “investigations” are not only entirely out of place, but encourage revolt in Mexico. Repressive measures will naturally tend to increase and the church may find itself in greater difficulties still. Meanwhile, every Latin American republic, from Cuba to Cape Horn, will be watching to see whether President Roosevelt will make good his pledge of noninterference in their affairs. SCOTTISH RITE PLAYERS TO PRESENT MUSICALE Sketch Based on Betsy Ross Story to :5e Offered Feb. 22. The Scottish Rite Consistory Players will present a dramatic musical sketch, ‘ The Dawn of Freedom,” the story of George Washington and Betsy Ross, Feb 22 at 8:15 in the cathedra’. A cast of 44 has been announced by Horace Mitchell, director, and Arnold F. Spencer, musical director, will be assisted by Dale W. Young at the organ.

Fair Enough BM fEGlffi 'T'HE two principal methods of curing addiction to A drink, as your correspondent has heard from expatients. are the cold turkey treatment and the saturation course. In the first, the subject is abruptly separated from his source of supply and kept under glass until the appetite is subdued. In the other, the attendants greet the guest with a stout noggin of his favorite

beverage the instant he enters the retreat and continue to crowd drams into him until his system can tolerate no more. After that, however, in order to make the subject thoroughly sick of his weakness, the management of the cure squirts it over him with a hose, so to speak. There is a flavor of whisky in his oatmeal in the morning and a haunting suggestion of whisky in everything that is served him at his other meals. The .barber bathes his face in whiskyscented toilet water after his morning shave, there is a dash of whisky in his bath, he always finds a de-

canter within arm s reach and the very bed clothes in which he sleeps are faintly damp and violently fragrant of whisky which has been sprayed over them with an atomizer. B B B A Spiritual Dislike Develops IN time, under this treatment, the patient develops a great physical and spiritual dislike for whisky and is deemed to be cured for a while. It appears that the United States, haring given the cold turkey treatment a naif-hearted and poorly administered trial, is now trying saturation. As one who drank his part during the long rebellion against the cold turkey treatment prescribed by the Anti-Saloon League your correspondent can hardly be accused of prohibitionism. Nevertheless, there are times under repeal when the liquor industry seems determined to create a revulsion in those whose persistent and high principled lawlessness in the face of the Eighteenth Amendment, more than anything that the liquor industry did, finally brought about repeal. Already, your correspondent, whose feelings toward liquor normally are of the kindliest, begins to taste whisky in the grapefruit and smell it on the dog. This may be due to the preservation in the legalized saloons, bars, grills, and taverns under repeal of the co-ed system of barroom camaraderie which developed in the speakeasies during prohibition. B B B Every Place Has It FOR the convenience of the lady trade, liquor nowadays is being served not only in the corner locations of the old-fashioned saloon but in the bakery lunch, the dairy lunch, the lunch wagon and the tearoom. The ladies would seem to be implicated, too, although not necessarily with conscious guilt, in the current campaign of the clothing interests to prescribe certain definite drinking costumes for males, such as the cocktail jacket and the champagne coat. Your correspondent has seen no mention of the beer apron or the Scotch kilt as the official uniiorm for certain drinking occasions but that could be just an oversight. Cocktails and champagne have been drunk with successful results by men dressed in ordinary working clothes, but the movement to prescribe correct costumes might involve so much kit that a man going out for a quiet round of pubcrawling would have to carry a trunk. Do you suppose there is still a little place somewhere, where a man could get a couple of poached egg 0 and a glass of milk without having to qualify on six old-fashioneds and lick a couple of sophomores? (Copyricht, 1935, by United Feature Syndicate. Inc.)

Your Health _BY DR. MORRIS FISHISEIN—

ATTENTION again is focused on hiccoughs because of the case of a young woman who was subject to this disorder recently for a considerable number of days. Hiccoughs is almost the opposite of a cough. In hiccoughs, the diaphragm, which is the large muscle between the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity, is suddenly contracted. At the same time, the valve in the throat, called the glottis, which shuts off the windpipe, is suddenly closed on the air which is rapidly being inhaled. This produces the peculiar sound called hiccoughs. There are many different causes of this condition. Sometimes there is inflammation in the abdominal organs which irritates the diaphragm. Sometimes it results from a distention or swelling of the stomach as the result of too much food, or the formation of gas or the swallowing of too much air. In other cases, the condition is the result of swallowing very hot foods or drinks. B B B IN addition to these local causes, it must be remembered that the diaphragm is controlled in its movements by a nerve, and w’hcn this nerve is irritated it may stimulate contraction of the diaphragm and thereby produce repeated hiccoughs. Thus, hiccoughs appear in conditions in which there is inflammation of the brain in the region where the nerve controlling the diaphragm arises. There are also cases in which hiccoughs seem to be unassociated with anything physical and in which they are purely a nervous disorder. There are cases of hysterical hiccoughs. Because of this fact, mild forms of hiccoughs can sometimes be stopped by focusing the attention elsewhere. BUB COUGHING, sneezing, swallowing ice, vinegar or cold water, or vomiting may yield relief. Pulling out the tongue will stop the a:tack in some ca There are cases of hiccoughs stopped by ha’ the patient breathe into a paper bag and reinha ng the breath that has passed out. This breath is full of carbon dioxide. Stimulation of the breathing brought about by inhaling carbon dioxide seems to stop the hiccoughs. When hiccoughs persist to the point of exhaustion, more serious remedies must be tried. In such cases the doctor injects narcotic drugs which depress the nerve action. In the most serious cases, surgical operations may be used in which the nerve controlling the diaphragm is constricted and its contractions stopped in that manner.

Questions and Answers

Q —What was the consumption of gasoline in the United States in 1931, 1932 and 1933? A—ln 1931, 16,628.800.000 gallons; 1932, 15,497,153,000 gallons; 1933, 15,440,919,000. Q_What is a basic patent? A—lt may be defined as a patent for an invention based on anew fundamental principle—an invention upon which all other inventions in that broad field are dependent. Q —Which members of the United States Senate and House of Representatives have had the longest service? A—Representative Adolph J. Sabbath of Illinois began his present service March 4, 1907, and Senator William E. Borah of Idaho began his present service at the same time. Q —What is birdlime? A—A sticky substance prepared from the inner bark of the holly, the berries of mistletoe, or other sources. It may also be made by boiling linseed oil. It is us-d in Europe for trapping birds, and is spread on twigs, but its use in the United States is illegal. Q—What is the motto of the Order of the Garter? Who supplied it? A—"Honi roit qui may y pense” (Evil be to him who evil thinks). King Edward 111 of England supplied the motto April 23. 1349, when, according to tha somewhat doubtful story, he picked up a lady's garter from a ballroom floor.

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Westbrook Pegler