Indianapolis Times, Volume 46, Number 158, Indianapolis, Marion County, 12 November 1934 — Page 5

NOV. 12, 193-L_

It Seems to Me HENOOD BROUN BEFORE I die I hope to see all the writing men and women of America joined together in some sort of federation. And into this group should come, also, those who read or speak words over the radio. Perhaps the requirements for admission might be as wide as God s mercy and include even those who only croon. I am thinking, of course, of an alliance of the varied and many individuals who make or break public opinion. We survive or perish to the drumbeat set by playwrights, novelists, screen authors, newspaper men and broadcasters. It does not lie now within the power of any group to regiment these divergent forces, and indeed unanimity of thought be a disaster which could only be produced by dictatorship or conflict. The last war, for instance, came perilously close to reducing

every man into the stature of a robot. America like every other nation involved, was talked and drummed and written into the war. The pen was not only mightier than the sword, but twice as pernicious. Writers of the world, unite, you have nothing to lose but the chains which bind you to conniviqp propagandists. m m a Well Poisoning Should Stop IF the molders of public opinion can bring about a war through concerted effort there ns reason to

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ffevwnod Broun

believe that they also might prevent one. I realize that not every one who puts down little words on paper is a convinced and thoroughgoing pacifist. There remain those who believe in righteous wars and defensive wars and conflict under other convenient titles. One man's patriotism is another man's poison. But I believe that every man and woman who touches public opinion through his craft can be recruited upon one simple and fundamental agreement. Even the most militaristic ought to join because this primary plank is borrowed from the very rules of war. Playwrights, novelists, newspaper men. scenarists and broadcasters should agree Shat there shall be no poisoning of the wells. The cavalry is not the most mobile arm of any military machine. Before the guns begin to roll or infantrymen are set to marching the liars walk and creep and run preparing all things for the slaughter. And in this particular depattment of warfare there is always variety. No nation conspicuously excels the rest in the possession of men who can draw the long bow when they are bidden. Great whopping lies were circulated in the United States before we joined the great war nor was there truth in the propaganda of England, France, Germany, Austria or Bulgaria. Not all of it was conscious lying. Possibly the most effective distortion of the facts came from men who were utterly sincere and convinced. Indeed the world came to such a state that writing men lived by being taken in by their fellows’ propaganda. mam Wlig Sot Get Together? t HAVE heard that truth crushed to earth will ruse 1 again—but that is a great deal less than a good enough. Truth, quite evidently, is a fellow who could do with a little help from his friends in the early rounds. . It sems to me that the job of diagnosing for a nations political and economic ills ought to be just as honorable as the practice of a physician. When a doctor puts a slide under a microscope and says, -This looks to me like typhoid.” there is no authority competent to come along and urge. ' Doctor couldn t you stretch a point and call it measles. I think that authors should be just as stalwart as doctors It is true of course that in the matter of the screen, the press and radio truth can not always be measured with scientific accuracy. But there are lies which can be detected with the naked eye without the need of any microscope. Through organization and contact it seems to that the moulders of public opinion might come to a greater realization of their own responsibilities And also of their rights. The authors have a league he dramatists and the screen writers ha\< 3 I believe newspaper men. also, have an orgamzati . I aim wondermg why these boys don't get together. iCoovrisht 1934. bv The Timr*

Today s Science - |i, DAVID DIETZ

APID growth in infancy and childhood may rv shorten the life span. This is the warning flag waved in the faces of medical men. nutritional experts and child psychologists by two experimenters at Cornell university. ’ , Dr. C. M. McCav and Mary F. Crowell. carrying on experiments with white rats at the animal nutntion laboratory of Cornell university, have found that when the growth rate of the rats was slowed up, the rats lived longer. . . . “In this day when both children and animals are being fed to attain a maximum growth rate, it seems little short of heresy to present data in favor of the ancient theory that slow growth favors longevity, the two scientists say. . orv ,„ “A hundred years ago when men first became conscious of the need for the accessory’ factors which we now term vitamins, the field of nutrition was broad. Students attempted to study the requirements of both adult and growing animals Today research has tended to narrow into a channel of primary interest in the young growing animal. "The nutrition student is too busy pouring vitamins. minerals and proteins into the young and growing to be much concerned with the grown. • a a THE philosophy which dominates the field of nutrition. the two experimenters say. “assumes that a young animal which grows rapidly is the ideal for maximum health both during the growing period and during adult life.'* . . They feel, however, that no adequate check of this philosophy has ever been made. In their experiments. 106 young rats were taken at the time of weaning and divided into three groups, one containing thirty-four individuals, each of the other two. thirty-six. All three groups were given the same diet, a diet adequate in vitamins and other nutritional factors. The amount of food given one group was normal. The other two were given insufficient amounts for growth, in other words, a shortage of calories. Weights of the rats in these retarded groups were xept constant for periods ranging from one to four months. In between these stationary periods it was permitted to increase slightly. After more than twenty-eight months, these rats were allowed to mature and to eat all the food they desired. a a a \ T the end of 1.200 days only thirteen rats were Xm. still alive. All these were rats whose *owth had been retarded.. The number represented 18 per cent of the retarded groups. The mean life span for rats whose growth was tjot retarded was much below this figure of 1.200 days. For the males it was 509 days, while for the females it was 801 days. The two experimenters also report that “the hair of the animals retarded in growth remained fine and silky for many months after that of the rapidly growing animals had become coarse.* In conclusion, they /ay that “the life span of the rat is extended if the growth of the animal is retarded by inadequate intake calories and if an adequate intake of other essential nutrients is insured.”

Questions and Answers

Q—Where is the Lick observatory located? A— Mount Hamilton, California. Q—Who is the Governor of Arkansas? A—J. Marion FutrelL Q—Name the attorney-general of New York state. A —John J. Bennett. Q— Is Canada a republic? A—No. It is a self-governing dominion within the British empire.

THE NEW DEAL AT TOP SPEED

Immense Strides Taken Toward Completion of Giant Project

Thii U the flrit of ,ix dories on what President RooseTelt will see when he visits the Tennessee Taller. No. 1 social planning project of the New Deal. What artuallr has been done br eighteen months of work and spending? These stories tell top. a m m BY JOHN T. MOLTOLX Written for NEA Service (Copyright. 1934. NEA Service. Inc.) KNOXVILLE, Tenn.. Nov. 12.—When President Roosevelt comes here this midmonth, he will see the twelve-year dream of venerable Senator George W. Norris and his progressive followers beginning to take definite form. He will see the old wartime white elephant. Muscle Shoals, being transformed into a faithful work-horse, serving those who helped pay for him. He will see how already a higher standard of living has come to thousands of people of the great basin of the Tennessee river. The President, indeed, will find— THAT power and light charges have been reduced by millions of dollars, and that the end is not yet. THAT dams are fast rising, ahead of schedule, to store flood waters. improve navigation, and generate cheap electricity. THAT tremendous efforts are being made to salvage the soil from that silent thief, erosion. THAT forests are being planted. THAT the hoped-for diversification of industry has already begun. THAT, in sum total, work is well under way that should “lead logically to national planning for a complete watershed involving many states and the future lives and welfare of millions.” These were the words with which the President described the scene of the Muscle Shoals project when he suggested that congress create the Tennessee valley authority, the government organization which is doing all these things.

Now the President will see for himself what this most advanced of New Deal agencies actually has been able to do in eighteen months with the $50,000,000 or so originally given it and the additional $48,000,000 later appropriated. He will see that It has progressed a long way toward the goal. And he will see renewed evidence to support his belief that cheap eectric power is the key to improving the standard of living of the 2,000,000 people in parts of seven states that make up the Tennessee valley watershed. a a a THAT is a land rich in mineral resources. Yet those resources scarcely had been touched, because power and freight rates were too high. Most of the farm homes were lighted by kerosene lamps. The topsoil of the once productive land was fast washing into the streams, and fertilizer to restore its usefulness cost too much. Down through the heart of this potentially-rich valley flows the yellow Tennessee river. It produced no electric power to light farm homes or turn the wheel of mills or factories. It was not navigable. It only carried millions of tons of good soil to the sea. The job of the TVA was to put this river to work. Then the TVA came on the scene, in June of 1933, it found on its hands one dam in good condtion, army engineers’ plans for other dams, and $50,000,000. At the head of the TVA was—and is—the socially-minded engineer, Arthur E. Morgan. Another of the three directors is power-minded David E. Lilienthal, who wants to lose no time in delivering cheap power. The third director is agriculture-minded A. Morgan. a a a TOGETHER they mapped out a program that would result in an inter-connected power system to serve the whole valley, make the Tennessee river navigable the full 50 miles of its length, and curb destructive floods. Asa starter TVA had Wilson

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DAILY WASHINGTON MERRY-GO-ROUND —By Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen —

IIfAgHINGTON, Nov. 12.—Important labor legislation to be inVV troduced at the coming congress already is being discussed in inner administration councils. The issue will present some of the knottiest political and industrial problems facing Roosevelt, and will cause some of the bitterest fighting of the session. That much discussed Section 7A—along with the entire National Industrial Recovery Act—will expire next year unless renewed. Under

the stimulus of this collective bargaining guaranty organized labor has experienced one of the greater revivals in its history. It is prepared not only to fight to the last ditch for the continuance of the statute, but will seek its extension. Labor wants the law amended so that company unionism—the deuce used by employers to counter independent labor organizations—will be legally outlawed. Senator Bob Wagner s labor disputes bill, which he offered last session, would have done this. The President, however, was not willing to go that far, so the measure, despite powerful labor pressure, was shelved. Instead was enacted the law under which the national labor relations board now functions. On the other hand, industry is just as determined. It is grimly opposed to any enactment striking at company unions. More than that, the employers want Section 7A rewritten along two lines: First, inclusion of a provision legalizing company unions; second, exclusion of the majority rule interpretation that the national labor board has read into Section 7A. Between these two hotly embattled groups stands the President. Both sides will exert every effort to win his backing. It is to avoid such a distressing tug-of-war that White House strategists already have begun formulation of an administration labor program as a middle-of-the-road plan. a * a THERE is a young lady clerk in Secretary Henry Wallace's office who knows her New Dealers. Recently a prominent Washingtonian telephoned that local baseball fans were getting up a testimonial to Babe Ruth on his retirement as an active player. He wanted to call on the secretary of agriculture to obtain his signature. “I'm sorry.” the young lady replied, “but it is impossible. The secretary is too busy today. He is dated up every moment of the time.” “Well, the President is a busy man. and he found time,” the caller pleaded. ‘That is the difference between the two men,” the girl replied, and hung up.

dam at Muscle Shoals, built by the government during the World war to make nitrates for explosives. The dam was built to produce 184,000 kilowatts of power with room for an additional 260,000 kilowatts. But the irregular flow of the river, with high water part of the year and low the other, held its prime, or year-round, power down to 30,000 kilowatts. There was a way to change that; and long before the TVA, army engineers had found it. Up through eastern Tennessee flows the Clinch river, one of the bigger tributaries of the Tennessee. Eighty miles up the Clinch from where it empties into the Tennessee the army found a site for a high power and storage dam. It was in the foothills of the Cumberland mountains, twenty-five miles north of Knoxville. The site was 390 miles by river from Wilson dam, but so much water could be stored behind a high dam at this point that, by opening the spillway gates during the dry seasons, the flow of water in the Tennessee could be maintained at a high level the year around. a a a TVA was directed in the law that created it to build its first dam there on the Clinch river, and it was named Norris dam to honor the senator from Nebraska. U. S. reclamation bureau engineers headed by John L, Savage, who designed Boulder dam, worked with TVA experts and the result was anew design that called for a dam 253 feet high, more than a quarter of a mile long, with two 50,000 kilowatt generating units in the power house. The dam will form a lake covering eighty square miles with a shore line of more than 800 miles, or approximately the same as that of Lake Michigan. The plan called for the town of Loyston to be covered with 200 feet of water, and for the flooding of thousands of farm homes, churches and cemeteries. Buying all this land and prop-

SOME of the career, diplomats are privately worried about the charge that they are more partial to the countries in which they are stationed than to the United States. This came to a head not long ago when Ted Marriner, counselor of the American embassy in Paris, was quoted in the French press as saying he understood France better than America. Now’ there are reports that

SIDE GLANCES

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“Mickey, you’re going to lose this case for papa if you don t stop shooting beans at the jury!”

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

Progress made on Norris dam in the Clinch river, in Tennessee, is strikingly shown in this picture, with penstocks in place and the second coffer dam being built. This in mmouth project, costing more than 534,000,000, is twenty-five miles northwest of Knoxville, Tenn., and is one of the most important links in the Tennessee valley authority program.

erty and building new highways, railroad tracks and bridges to replace those covered by the lake will cost almost as much as the dam itself. The total cost of the project now is estimated at $28,286.000. Work on the Norris dam began a little more than a year ago. Now it is more than a third complete and should be finished early in 1936. a a a TVA engineers estimate that Norris and Wilson dams together will produce 200,000 kilowatts of power the year around. Norris dam will serve in two other ways. By holding back the water during the rainy season it will greatly reduce flood waters below the dam, and by feeding water into the streams below the dam during the dry season it will aid navigation. Norris dam hardly was under way when President Roosevelt asked the TVA to build what was known in the army engineers’ survey as dam No. 3, fifteen and one-half miles above Wilson dam. Aimy engineers were already well along on building navigation locks there when the job was turned over to ' the TVA. The TVA named this Wheeler dam in honor of General Joseph Wheeler, a Confederate general and a commander of the U. S.

John White, amiable counselor of the American eifibassy in Berlin, has Nazi sympathies. Not long ago Douglas Miller, American commercial attache, drew up a report on German’s economic condition for the use of Richard Washburn Child, then studying European conditions for Secretary Hull. Miller’s picture of Germany's economic future was dark. The report went to White. When it reached Child, parts of it had been rewritten or eliminated entirely. BENEFIT SOCIETY WILL OBSERVE ANNIVERSARY St. Francis De eSales Group 30 Years Old This Week. The St. Francis De Sales Benefit Society will observe its thirtieth anniversary at 8 Wednesday night at 2192 Avondale place. A musical presentation and a program by the police accident prevention bureau under Sergeant Harry Smith will be a feature. Albert S. Voight is entertainment chairman.

By George Clark

forces in the Spanish-American war. This dam will be only sixtyeight feet high, but nearly a mile and a quarter long. It will form a lake of approximately 100 square miles; its power plant will be large enough to house eight 32,000 kilowatt generating units, but only one will be installed at the outset. Whereas Norris dam is being built mainly to meet seasonal variations in the flow of the river, Wheeler dam is being built chiefly to meet daily variations in thf demand for power. Wheeler also is scheduled for completion in 1236. a a a NEXT in line for construction is Pickwick dam, some eighty miles below Wilson. Pickwick will be the same type of dam as Wheeler, only larger. It will be 7,710 feet long—almost a mile and a half—and 103 feet high. It will have the largest single lift locks in the world—the mechanism by -which a vessel will be raised or lowered from the river level to the lake level or vice versa. The lock gates will be seventy-five feet high—Compared with fifty-four feet, the highest at Panama. Pickwick, which will cost about $32,000,000, will be built without a power plant, but this may be added later.

THE NATIONAL ROUNDUP a a a a a a By Ruth Finney

WASHINGTON, Nov. 12.—State utility commissioners are meeting here today with as many questions for the administration as the bankers had. In the last year regulation has undergone sweeping changes. More are in prospect. The commissioners still are exploring their new powers and are curious about the new duties in prospect.

Four New Deal officials will address them and answer their questions. Joseph B. Eastman, federal co-ordinator of transportation, and Chairman William E. Lee of the interstate commerce commission, will discuss railroads and busses. Chairman Frank R.. McNinch of the federal power commission will talk about electric utilities, and Chairman E. O. Sykes of the communications commission, about telephone and telegraph utilities. This year’s convention of the National Association of Railroad and Utilities Commissioners is probably the most important the organization ever has had. The commissioners feel they are on trial before the bar of the New Deal and in danger of being relegated to the scrap heap if they can not produce as acceptable results, from the point of view of the public, as yardstick regulation. Congress and the courts have given them new powers; utility companies are anxious to make regulation a success to avoid unknown ills; and now the state commissioners want to know just what the man in the White House requires of them. a a a TWO years ago when he was campaigning for election. President Roosevelt charged that “through lack of vigilance in state capitals and in the national government we have allowed many utility companies to get around the common laws, to capitalize themselves without regard to actual investment made in property, to pyramid capital through holding companies and without restraint of law to sell billions of dollars of securities which the public has been falsely led into believing were properly supervised by the government itself.” He laid down the further principle that commissions must play a “positive and active part in protection cf the people against private greed,” a conception in contrast with that of commissions which attempt to maintain a judicial attitude. Since Roosevelt has taken office, the Johnson bill, freeing state commissions from review of their decisions by the federal district courts, has become law. Supreme court decisions have greatly liberalized the basis of valuing properties for the purpose of fixing rates of return.

Wilson dam, built first, created a lake to Wheeler dam, eighteen miles upstream, making that part of the stream navigable. Wheeler, in forming a lake eighty miles long, will extend deep water to Gur.tersville. Both these dams will improve navigation upstream. Norris, however, will have the opposite effect. It will reverse the usual stream flow by holding back water in rainy seasons and pouring it out in dry. a a a DOWNTREAM from Wheeler and Wilson will be Pickwick. And between Wilson and Pickwick is Colbert Shoals, a bad stretch which really controls the navigable depth of the river. In dry season only light draft boats can get past the shoals. Pickwick dam will do the trick. It will back up water to Wilson dam, covering the shoals, making making the river navigable from Guntersville to the mouth, 358 miles. A dam at Guntersville, which may follow soon, would back up the water to Chattanooga, making all of the Tennessee river navigable except the stretch from Knoxville to Chattanooga. NEXT: Already TVA has brought electricity to thousands who never had it; cheapened it to thousands of former users.

NEW weapons are being forged for their use. The federal power commission is at work on a comparative study of all electric power rates and expects to make this information available for guidance of state officials within a few months. It also is preparing a comprehensive report on holding companies, and legislation to provide for regulation by the federal government of those interstate transactions which state authority can not reach probably will be enacted this winter. The federal communications commission has asked the §tate regulatory bodies to suggest what help the federal government can give them in regard to telephone and telegraph utilities. Federal control of railroad holding companies already has been provided by the New Deal and regulation of completing forms of competition is in prospect for this winter. The utility commissioners hope to learn from Coordinator Eastman details of two reports he is preparing, one having to do with bus and water carrier regulation, the other with subsidies for all <orms of transportation. WAR MOTHERS TO HOLD ARMISTICE CEREMONY County Chapter Meets Tomorrow in Columbia Club. A special Armistice day program will be given by the American War Mothers Marion county chapter at their meeting at 1:30 tomorrow at the Columbia Club. Mrs. E. J. Strobel, Americanization chairman, will preside. Mrs. J. F. Kutchback is chapter president. W. C. T. U. TO CONDUCT INSTITUTE WEDNESDAY The Rev. R. L. Kendall Will Address Members. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Washington chapter, will hold an all day institute Wednesday beginning at 10, at the home of Mrs. Charles E. Mazey, 55 North Sheffield avenue. The Rev. R. L. Kendall, West Washington Street Methodist Episcopal church pastor, will be the principal speaker.

Fair Enough HRUIfR rm are points m the sporting etlucs of United A States Senator Huev P. Long which do not agree with the ideals of Harvard or A. A. Stagg. Senator Long has assumed control of the football team of Louisiana State university as an instrument of political ballyhoo. He recruits and hires players in pursuit of a determination, arrived at several years ago, to win a national football championship for Louisiana State, no matter how. The football expeditions of the state university ara becoming political rallies on the order of the convention barbecue or clambake, but

much more exciting and popular. The varsity band, equipped by Huey with public money, is Huey Long's band, the student body is his cheering section, the team is his football team, and the university itself belongs to Huey Long, although he himself happens to be an alumnus* of Tulane. in New Orleans, which is the favorite enemy of Louisiana State. If Senator Long has any time for regrets in the enthusiastic rush of his career, he probably feels a little sorry that he went to Tulane

instead of the state university, because Tulane is slightly toplofty and nice and maintains a superior social attitute toward State. a tt a He Can Write a Diploma N£.vh,k has been a social success with his fellow alumni of Tulane and is spiritually a State man. Being very resourceful he could write himself a State university diploma and thus become a bona fide alumnus, and will do so if he thinks of it. Captain Biff Jones, U. S. A., who coached at the United States Military' Academy in the days of Red Cagle and Harry Wilson, is at present detailed to Louisiana State for miltary duty and holds, in addition, the portfolio of head coach. The position, with the combined pay of his rank and his football job, is one of the best of its kind in the country, but it has its embarrassments. Captain Jones has the conventional ethics of the respectable army officer and football coach and it grieves him to find that people credit reports of recruiting. proselyting and pay in connection with his team. But whenever Captain Jones places his hand solemnly over his heart and vows that Louisiana State is ethically sanitary, Senator Long takes a few nibbles of beverage, falls to boasting of his football team and blabs the particulars. It then becomes a question whether Captain Jones knows any more than is good for his peace of mind or Senator Long is a fictioneer. The senator tells, for example, of going out after new players and bringing them in and of planting them on the pay roll of the state highway department which is the graft roll of the state government. Nobody ever knows how many people are carried on the rolls of the highway department, or how much they get, or what, if anything, they do for their pay. Huey, himself, recently offered $7 a head of his own money to all-comers among the students of the State university to pay their way to Nashville and march and cheer in connection with a football game which became a Huey Long political demonstration. His pay, as United States senator, is only SIO,OOO a year. a a a You Can't Stop Him 'T'HE senator has promised that if Abe Mickal, one of his star players, makes good for him this season, he will make him a state senator, at least, and probably Lieutenant-Governor. This sounds fantastic, but that is the more reason to expect it to happen. The fact that Mickal comes from" Mississippi and is ineligible for public office in Louisiana is unimportant. Huey could call a special session of the legislature and pass a law. The only reason for the exercise of restraint in his methods exists in the code which the general run of schools observe, or pretend to observe, in football. If Huey becomes too candid about the recruiting and hiring of his players, the other schools which his team would have to lick in order to win the championship on which he has set his heart, might refuse to play Louisiana State. However, the ruse of masking football men as state employes is anew one and it might be hard for another school to snub Huey’s team for professionalism in a time when so many other people are drawing their living from some branch of the government. He argues that football players have rights and that, anyway, it were unAmerican and unsporting to regard a worthy young athlete as a pro merely because he goes in for public service, however nominal that service might be. Huey is the first statesman, with the gall or originality to take over a state university, complete with football team, band, cheerleaders, traditions and all as a political circus. He knows nothing' about football and avoids technical discussions which would reveal his ignorance, but likes to mingle with the players, march in parades and holler and he sometimes threatens to order Biff Jones off the bench, chase him up into the stands and run the team himself. Os course that is not likely to happen and Huey never says anything of the kind in the presence of Captain Jones. It is just Huey’s way of talking and he is a great hand at picking his spots. (Copyright. 1934. by United Feature Syndicate. Inc.)

Your Health

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN

Bright’s disease is a condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to excrete fluid and waste matter from the body. Obviously the main thing that a person can do In such cases, is to aid the kidney by giving it less work to do. At the same time, however, the body should be provided with enough nutritive material to take care of its demands for energy and growth. It is also possible to eliminate toxic materials from the excretions, so that progress of the inflammation or disorders of the kidney will stop and give the tissues a chance to recover. A person with chronic Bright’s disease, or inflammation of the kidneys, should try to get rid of infections in the tonsils, the teeth and other portions of the body. He should make certain that elimination of waste products through the bowel takes place regularly. In addition, he should have a diet which will balance the amount of food needed with the ability of the kidneys to get rid of waste material. a a a 'T'HE human body has more kidney tissue, liver tissue and lung tissue than are regularly needed for its functions. Because of this great reserve power to cut the diet down greatly in the early stages of Bright’s disease. Meat or fish once a day. avoidance of extra salt on food, and limitation of fluids to two quarts a day is about all that is necessary. However, even when the diet is cut down greatly one must always try to get enough protein for rebuilding broken down tissue and enough calories to take care of the body weight. If eventually the kidneys break down so much that signs of uremia appear, the treatment is. exceedingly difficult. a a a VOMITING may cause the loss of chlorides and other materials that are necessary. Under these circumstances a competent doctor will be able to treat the patient according to the symptoms that develop. Persons with chronic kidney disease usually suffer in the quality of their blood. It Is exceedingly important, therefore, to keep the blood up to standard by feeding liver, kidneys and iron in small amounts. When too much fluid accumulates, as it does in late stages of chronic Bright’s disease, It may be necessary to get it out by tapping and by the use of methods that have been developed for draining fluid out of the legs.

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Westbrook Pegler