Indianapolis Times, Volume 46, Number 148, Indianapolis, Marion County, 31 October 1934 — Page 9
It Seems to Me HEM BROUN CERTAIN leaders of public thought seem to feel that American character and stamina will decay if there is any further reduction in working hours. They are not even too well pleased with present curtailments. These proponents of the ant and the busy bee believe that man will be unable to handle his new found leisure. Some months ago I listened to the complaftts of a newspaper editor who argued that the five-day week was a failure because reporters always were hanging around the city room on their extra day off. I am quite ready to accept the factual accuracy of his finding, but I think that the editor missed its inner significance. The bus man of tradition has chosen for himself one excellent sort of holiday.
Personally I know of few things which are more fun than to wander down to the paper by which you are employed, on the afternoons when you have no work to do. I like to sit on the desk of some rewrite man who is typing away for dear life in the effort to catch an edition and interrupt him now and then by asking. “Have you get a match and a cigaret ?’• .% friend informs me that he saw two Staten Island ferrvboat captains spending an idle Sunday with a pal, who was on duty in the pilot house. Each time the working member of the trio ram° into the ship his vaca-
Ifevwood Broun
tioninsr companions would shako heads sadly and say. That was a rotton landing.” And that sounds to me like an extremely pleasant afternoon. tt tt tt Paint for Leisure BUT in the course of time it may be well for men and women to find new activities for recreation which have no connection with their workaday jobs. I think the world would be better off if everybody spent some part of his leisure in painting. America contains hosts of amateur poets, tenors and actors but the Sunday painters are still an insignificant army. I suggest painting not only because it is great fun, but also on the ground that it has a therapeutic value. Although adequate statistics are lacking, I am convinced that very few painters ever suffer nervous breakdowns. The explanation is easy. More than any other art painting releases all unconscious urges The lines of type, or the lines of your hand for that matter, reveal very little, but take up brush or pencil and mar a piece of canvas and your true Inwardness has been set down. Possibly great technicians can lie. but the amateur makes a confession with every brush stroke. When the picture is completed he can survey it and with a little study ascertain precisely what is wrong with his ego, his unconscious and subterranean machinery. Only yesterday I stood in front of an early Broun with a moderately friendly art critic. “Well.” he said, “that picture has good intentions.” I blanched a little, for he had put the story of my whole life in a single sentence. A few feet farther down the gallery wall a friend of mine was exhibiting the portrait of a lady who was quite evidently a friend. She was pictured as reclining next a radiator. “What do you make of that?” the critic inquired. “Wish fulfillment,” I replied. “The artist would have his friend a little warmer.” a tt a A Lost Tradition XF a liberated America uses leisure for mass painting it merely will be returning to a native tradition which has been lost. When I bought a farmhouse in Connecticut several years ago I got the furniture and two oil paintings. They harked back to an earlier period One was a portrait of a cross-eyed child and the other a still life containing two of the deadest egg plants I ever have seen. I asked the banner as to their origin and he told me that when he was a lad it was not uncommon for wandering painters to drop in and ask for lodging for the night. In return for bed and board and breakfast the artist would do either a landscape or a portrait. If he got a second piece of pie he would throw in a still life. The idea fascinated me. It still does. Last summer I seriously considered the project of travelling from New York to California and back on my easel. I was discouraged by a friend. He said, “I’ll lay you SSO to five that you can t paint your way from here to Pelham Manor.” And so I gave it up. Next summer I may risk the trip but I will use my knowledge of both the histrionic and graphic arts. Tt will be my endeavor to get from New York to Bridgeport supporting myself by landscapes and lectures. To be on the safe side l' probably will take a trained bear and my own dice. (Copyright. 1934. by The Times)
Today s Science BY DAVID DIETZ
UNCLE SAM. as he looks over the world mineral situation, has every reason to throw his chest out and hold his head high. For if mineral power means world power today, he is the world s most powerful personage. The United States today is the worlds largest producer of minerals, and the worlds largest consumer of minerals. In each case, the figure for the United States is about 40 per cent of the total for the world. In addition, the United States is the worlds greatest producer of energy through the burning of coal, oil and natural gas and through the utilization of water power. In this respect, it has surpassed Great Britain since the beginning of the present century. In the middle decades of the nineteenth century, Great Britain produced three times as much energy as the United States. Today, the United States is producing three times as much energy as Great Britain. „ . .. , This, as Professor C. K. Lieth of the University of Wisconsin points out. is a much more reasonable explanation of the rise of the United States to the position of world dominance once held by Great Britain than the common assumption that it was the World war which turned the tables. m tt a TODAY the United States produces one-half of the world's energy, which is just another way of saying that it does half of the world s work. The United States possesses about one-half of the world s coal reserves. The world’s supply of coal, according to the International Geographical Congress, is about seven and one-half trillion tons. The United States possesses about three trillion tons. The United States, according to some authorities, has enough coal to last for 2.000 years, whereas Great Britain has only enough for the next 600 years. The possession of coal will become increasingly important as the world runs out of oil and it is necessary to turn to such processes as the hydrogeneration of coal for the manufacture of gasoline and other oils. The United States produces about 69 per cent of the world's supply of oil and 98 per cent of its natural gas. B tt tt Approximately one-half of the world's copper industry is located in the United States. In 1929. this country’ supplied 47 per cent of the world's mine production. 52 per cent of the smelter production, and 70 per cent of the refinery production. In addition. American capital controlled the production of two-thirds of the Canadian output of copper and nine-tenths of that in Chile. It also controlled two-thirds of the Mexican output and practically all of that of Peru. One-third of the world's lead industry is located in the United States. In addition. American capital controls most of the lead production in Mexico, so that in 1929. American interests produced about onehalf of the world's supply. Questions and Answers Q—Who wTote the ode ‘ On the Death of & Favourite Cat"? A—Thomas Gray.
Fnll LetoeiJ Wire Service of the United Press Association
THE NEW DEAL’S CRUCIAL TEST
High Court's Verdicts Spur Hope for Final Stamp of Approval
Thi* it the third of a series of four articles by Rodney Dutcher on the momentous questions of the New Deal that will come before the United States Supreme Court at its current session. a a a BY RODNEY DUTCHER (Copyright. 1934. NEA Service. Inc.) II TASHINGTON, Oct. 31.—What the United States supreme court * ▼ did in the cases of Mr. Blaisdell of Minnesota and Mr. Nebbia of New York made glad the hearts of government lawyers who must defend the New Deal’s constitutionality. You’ll find them quoting from those decisions in many of their briefs. The court socked its old friend “due process” right in the eyebeing careful, however, not to kick it out the window'. “Due process” may yet be used to whack some New Deal measures on the head, but that’s rather doubtful now and certainly it won’t ever be the corporation lawyer’s darling it used to be. No “person,” says the Fifth amendment, shall be “deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” The fourteenth amendment places a similar prohibition on the states. “Due process” became anything five justices chose to make it. In 1886 the court decided that corporations w'ere “persons.” Although congress or a legislature might have passed them by large majorities—which w'ould seem “due process of law” to most of us —the court, kayoed no end of state welfare measures, tax laws, price regulation and utility valuation statutes, labor laws, and all sorts of
industrial and social legislation. Invoking “due process,” it favored wealth and property by invalidating federal gift and stock dividend taxes, and in both the Baltimore and OFallon rate valuation decisions. a tt a THE Brandeis-Stone-Cardozo-Roberts-Hughes “liberal majority” already has begun to stick pins in “due process,” however, when Mr. Blaisdell and Mr. Nebbia came along, paving the way for New Deal cases under new federal laws. Blaisdell had borrowed $3,000 on a mortgage in 1926 from a building and loan association. He had defaulted and been foreclosed when the Minnesota legislature passed a law extending redemption periods. A court order extended Blaisdell’s redemption period two years and was upheld by the state supreme court, which said Blaisdell could stay if he paid S4O a month rent. The association contended the law r violated the due process, contract and equal protection clauses of the Constitution—due process because it arbitrarily withheld from the purchaser possession of his property. The supreme court previously had held such laws unconstitutional. It now turned a liberal somersault, holding in a five-to-four decision that states might suspend enforcement of contracts in an emergency and postpone property claims.
THE NATIONAL ROUNDUP a a tt a a a By Ruth Finney
WASHINGTON, Oct. 31.—For Democratic members of the new house of representatives, next Tuesday’s election is the start, not the end, of electioneering. A dozen or so of them aspire to be Speaker of the house. As soon as the returns show' who their Democratic colleagues are for the coming session. they will roll up their sleeves and really begin campaigning. The rest of the Democrats w'ill ——
be in the position of the electorate, subject to cajolery, argument and intrigue from now until the end of December when a party caucus will decide on a Speaker and a majority floor leader. Southern members, certain of election after their state primaries. already are being lined up. A third of the house Democrats come from the south, but most of the candidates for Speaker are from the south too, and there is no immediate prospect that this section will vote as a unit for any one. In the present congress eighty of the Democrats come from the middle west and northwest, thirtytwo from the far west, twelve from New England, forty-one from border states, and forty-six from middle Atlantic states. All the districts have their candidates, and every candidate is pledging as much support as posfor trading purposes if nothing else. a a a GAUNT, good-natured Joe Byrns of Tennessee, majority floor leader at the last session, has a head start by virtue of that position. Both John Garner and Henry Rainey stepped to the Speaker's rostrum from the position of leader. But he has handicaps, also. Several fumbles at the last session obviously annoyed the administration. although stories that Byrns would be • promoted'’ to some appointive office were denied. Also his record on water power is not in accord with administration policies. On fourteen test votes selected by the National Popular Government League, covering a long period of years, Byrns voted on the private power company side eleven times. When the Norris Muscle Shoals bill of 1930 was pending in the house, Byrns voted for the Reece substitute and declared he ‘ never had been in favor of the federal government entering into business in competition with its citizens.” Byrns was Speaker of the Tennessee legislature thirty-five years ago. He has bren in congress since 1909. part of the time as chairman of the important appropriations committee. Sam Rayburn of Texas also has had practice as a presiding officer. He was Speaker of the Texas house of representatives until he came to congress in 1913. He makes no speeches but he gets things done. As chairman of the interstate commerce committee, the administration relied on him to handle much of its important recovery legislation in the house. He is on terms of close friendship with the President. a a a BUT a Texan already presides over the senate and Texans head six major house committees. And although he pushed through securities and stock market legislation, railroad labor and railroad pension bills and the commyfiicauons act, Rayburn refused to push
The Indianapolis Times
MR. Nebbia was a Rochester grocer who violated an order of a milk control board, created under state law, w'hich fixed the retail milk price at 9 cents a quart. Mr. Nebbia sold two quarts and a loaf of bread for 18 cents. His lawyers, when he was prosecuted, said this price-fixing w'as unconstitutional and violated "due process” by depriving Mr. Nebbia of his liberty to sell at any price he pleased. The state argued that actuation which threatened existence of the dairy industry justified fixing of prices to farmers and consumers in the public interest. The supreme court, upholding the state law', uttered these words which are considered significant from the standpoint of NIRA, AAA and other New Deal measures: “The fifth amendment in the field of federal activity and the fourteenth amendment as respects state action do not prohibit governmental regulation for the public welfare. . . . Equally fundamental with the private right is that, of the public to regulate it in the common interest. “So far as the requirement of due process is concerned and in the absence of other constitutional restrictions, a state is free to adopt whatever economic policy may reasonably be deemed to promote public welfare and to enforce that policy by legislation adapted to its purpose. The courts are without authority either to declare such policy, or,
the administration’s measure to strengthen its control over oil. William B. Bankhead of Alabama, who now heads the powerful rules committee of the house, I is the third serious contender for the speakership. He is another quiet and efficient worker. In his seventeen years in the house he has made himself so proficient in its rules and precedents that few i members can handle that unruly j body so well. Like Byrns and Rayburn he is a lawyer, but he wanted to be an actor, and his i daughter, Tallulah Bankhead, fulfilled the ambition. James M. Mead of New York is labor's choice for the job. with Robert Crosser of Ohio a close second. John J. O’Connor of New York, with somewhat liberal record, is a brother of President Roosevelt’s former law partner, Basil O'Connor. John E. Rankin of Mississippi has a power record that tallies ! with administration policy but he is a leader of bonus and inflationary sentiment. Clifton A. Woodrum of Virginia is another close friend of the President and to some extent a spokesman for him on appropriations. Any one of these men may become majority floor leader if not Speaker. SON PROTESTS TERMS OF C. E. COFFIN WILL Charges Bulk of Estate Left to Other Relatives, Church. Objection to probating the will of the late Charles Emmet Coffin by which he disposed of a $200,000 estate, today was on file in Marion probate court. Clarence E. Coffin, a son of the civic leader and business man who died Oct. 15. charged that his father was of unsound mind when the will was made and that it was made under duress and undue influence and was the result of fraud. The complain sets out that the plaintiff and his sister, Mrs. Carolyn Coffin Bradley, are the only lawful heirs and that they are entitled to share equally in the estate. The will, Mr. Coffin alleges, distributes most of the estate to other relatives and the Meridian Street Methodist Episcopal church of Indianapolis. to his exclusion. 0. E. S. MEETING IS SET Degrees to Be Conferred at Officers' Advanced Session. Naomi chapter. No. 131, Order of Eastern Star, will hold an officers’ advance meeting and conferring of degrees Friday night at the Masonic temple. Illinois and North streets. Mrs. Gertrude M. Gray is worthy matron and William R. Gray is worthy patron of the chapter.
INDIANAPOLIS, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1934
, ~, ,
Decisions which will have a vital bearing on success or failure of the New Deal may be handed down in this stately room within the next year. It is the chamber of the United States supreme court justices in Washington, part of the imposing building which is nearing completion.
when it is declared by the legislative arm, to override it. . . . If a legislature ‘decides conditions or practices in an industry make unrestricted competition an inadequate safeguard of the consumer’s interest, produce waste harmful to the public or portend the destruction of the industry itself, appropriate statutes passed in an honest effort to correct the threatened consequences may not be set aside’.” a a ANTI-NEW DEAL lawyers argue that the Minnesota and Nebbia decisions apply only to state police powers reserved from the federal government and to emergency legislation. But in addition to the sweeping new' dicta cited above, the Nebbia opinion gave an important redefinition of “due process” by stating that it “demands only that the law shall not be unreasonable,
CITIZEN-SCHOOL SLATE INDORSED
Harry Hendricksen, Former County G. 0. P. Head, Urges Support. Voters were urged today to unite in support of the CITIZENS’ SCHOOL COMMITTEE ticket by Harry C. Hendrickson, Republican county chairman from 1918 to 1922. “The CITIZENS’ SCHOOL COMMITTEE has made a bona fide effort to draft five high-type citizens as candidates for the office, and has presented Mrs. Mary D. Ridge, Carl J. Wilde, John F. White, Earl Buchanan and Alan W. Boyd,” Mr. Hendrickson said. ‘‘All five hav? been active in civic affairs. They are qualified to render the community a real service in handling our schools. “All members of both parties should unite in backing this ticket in the interest of their own children and pocketbooks. That is one point on which all can stand together, regardless of party affiliation, and that is the spirit providing the separate ballot." Card Party Scheduled The drill team of Marion council, No. 738. Security Benefit Association, will hold a card and bunco party at 8 tonight at Castle hall. 230 East Ohio street. The party is open to the public.
SIDE GLANCES
LiWftowwciiw t
"Edgar, howjnuch of this steak can you get h ? j
arbitrary, or capricious and that the means selected shall have a real and substantial relation to the object sought to be attained.” Now' come to the supreme court lawyers for Norman C. Norman of New York, who say—among other things—that he was deprived of property without “due process” when Roosevelt devaluated the dollar and he w'as paid only $22.50 in currency as interest on his SI,OOO B. & O. railroad bond instead of in gold coin as promised. Norman demands the gold or its equivalent, $38.10. He says nothing in the Constitution empowers congress to break contracts. If the Roosevelt devaluation order or the law authorizing it were held unconstitutional, the cost to the government, railroads, and many other business institutions would run up over $100,000,000,000. Such a decision seems unthinkable. The New York state courts
-The DAILY WASHINGTON MERRY-GO-ROUND By Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen
WASHINGTON, Oct. 31.—Ever since the New Deal took up residence in Washington, Pennsylvania's gangling Governor Gifford Pinchot has been a frequent White House caller. On several occasions the Governor and his dynamic, titian-haired wife have been dinner guests of the President and Mrs. Roosevelt. Each occasion was, of course, duly noted in the Pennsylvania press —and the political value w'as not lost on either the Governor or Mrs. Pinchot. But since their recent bolt to the bitterly anti-administration Sen-
ator David A. Reed, in Pennsylvania's hot senatorial contest, the White House seems to have withdrawn its welcome for the Pinchots. A few days ago the Governor telegraphed the President excitedly that armed conflict impendeu between two rival unions in the anthracite coal region. He urged immediate federal intervention. If Pinchot expected a responding White House flurry, he was disappointed. The telegram was referred to the national labor relations board, which after an inquiry, found no cause for government action. a a a TWO ladies of the cabinet one a member, one the wife of a member, are camera shy. Frances Perkins, secretary of labor, objects strenuously to being photographed. With a mobile expression of face which photographers say would make her a remarkable subject, Madame Perk-
By George Clark
told Norman he must accept the $22.50 in currency. b a a THE Amazon Petroleum Corporation and the Panama Refining Company of Texas, associated with other oil companies in separate suits, are appealing from federal court refusals to restrain Secretary Ickes from enforcing oil production control regulations issued under NIRA. They charge violation of the fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, and tenth amendments, claiming both NIRA and acts under it are unconstitutional. Alleging illegal delegation of power, violation of the commerce clause and confiscation, they say there's nothing in NIRA —the act—which regulates production, and then ring in "due process.” “Due process” pops up again, along with the issue of separation of state and federal powers, in suits brought under Section 7-A. the labor section, of NIRA. One suit brought on those grounds in Richmond to set aside a National Labor Relations Board order for a collective bargaining election will come before Federal Judge John J. Parker, whose appointment to the supreme court the senate refused to confirm. a a a NO collective bargaining case is likely to be decided by the supreme court, however, before congress enacts some permanent collective bargaining legislation at its next session. The Weirton steel case, in w'hich the government seeks an Injunction to allow an election to be held, can hardly reach the court before next spring. The government is still only preparing its case against the Houde Engineering Corporation, defying an order on collective bargaining. Before its recess next June, how'ever. the court is likely to hand down an important collective bargaining decision which w r ill strengthen or weaken whatever laws congress passes in the meantime. “Due process” is also invoked in the court test of the FrazierLemke farm bankruptcy act, on the ground that it violates the creditor’s constitutional rights. Federal Judge Chestnut at Baltimore has upheld that contention in a decision declaring the act “subversive of the most fundamental principles of the social contract.” Next—Are congress and the New Deal guilty of unconstitutional usurpation of power?
ins continues to avoid what she calls vain posing. In despair, camera men contrived to set up a camera in a room in which she was to deliver a radio address. As they were about to shoot, she discovered the ruse and scowled. The resulting picture was unfair to her, but it is the only recent picture available. Even more successful in eluding the lens is May Cecilia Waterbury Cummings, wife of Attorney-Gen-eral Homer Stille Cummings. One of the most delightful ladies of the cabinet, she is determined to keep herself out of print. She has, photographers complain, a sixth sense in detecting their approach, always thrusts a fan or a program over her face when they take her by surprise. Strangest player in the game is the attorney-general himself, who conspires with the cameramen in their efforts to steal a shot. He has been known to tip them off in setting a trap for her, always dodges when she tries to duck behind him. So the panel of cabinet wives being prepared by a local photographer is likely to be minus Mrs. Cummings. a a a TUCKED away in the first “call report’* just issued by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation are three separate and inconspicuous items, which, when brought together, throw an illuminating spotlight on the reason for muttering in banking quarters against recent treasury policies. In the FDIC statement are these three figures: Total dep05it5—535,813,594,000. U. S. government securities—s9,7o7,976,ooo. Secrities guaranteed by the government—ss93,s24,ooo. What these figures mean is this: That out of $35,813,594,000 in deposits, the 13,896 member banks of the FDIC. comprising 90 per cent of the financial institutions of the country, have $10,301,500,000 <the combination of U. S. securities and guaranteed securitiesi or approximately 26 per cent of their assets invested in government bonds. Add to this the more than $2,500.000.000 held by the twelve Federal Reserve banks, and you have about half of the government's $27,000,000,000 in securities held by the bankers. This explains why: (1) The bankers are so touchy about charges that they are not co-operating with the administration, and Ass per cent difference on $13,000,000.000 runs into big money, especially in these days when giltedge securities are few and far between. (Copyright, 1934. try United Fe tux* • Syndic* te, lac.l
Second Section
Entered a* Secend-Clasa Matter at Postofflce. Indlanapolla, Ind.
Fair Enough isnwPEtift SAN FRANCISCO. Cal.. Oct. 31.—A1l good people will rejoice to learn that the devil, who has not been feeling at all well lately, has determined to change his wavs and take up a monastic life. This is plainly apparent in the campaign utterances of prominent Republican statesmen in California as the contest between Governor Frank Merriam. the old horseshoe pitcher, and Mahatma Upton Sinclair draws to a close. It will be understood, of course, that the public remarks of Governor
Merriam have little, if any, bearing on the situation. Mr. Merriam is merely a steady man who has been selected by the old guard Republicans of California to perform the perfunctory duties of the governorship. He is a very sure hand at snipping the ribbons at the dedication of anew bridge or highway and you could search the wide world over for his equal at standing before an audience of parent-teach-ers and laying down the proposition that education is a wonderful thing. For the sort of duties which are required of a Republican
Governor in California. Mr. Merriam is a genius. He will hold still without hitching, mind his owti business and do as he is told. His temperament and that which might be referred to as his intelligence are such that he does not even realize his status in the situation. tt a b The Campaign Is Haywire FOR example, if you were to ask him who is Governor of California today he would reply, “I am.” He really thinks he is. The other day w'hen George Creel made a slurring reference to Governor Merriam’s medieval owners, the Governor said he didn't know' w-hat Mr. Creel was talking about. He said he didn’t have any owmers, and he actually doesn’t know he has. That is w'hy it is so interesting to hear the old guard statesmen, who will have the actual responsibility in Merriam’s next term proclaiming a determination to give California a progressive administration. Your correspondent trusts that he does not assume too much in assuming that Governor Merriam will be re-elected and the Mahatma defeated. The Mahatma’s campaign has gone decidedly haywire in the last few days and it seems pretty certain that he soon will return to his task of waiting plaintive pamphlets intended to make the people think they think. He talked himself into a beautiful belief that President Roosevelt w’ould dash to his aid with the political influence of the New Deal and suffered a terrible blow when Mr. Roosevelt went into reverse and advanced rapidly to the rear. He is a very naive man in some ways, and Mr. Roosevelt is very cunning. Talking with your correspondent one evening recently, Mahatma Sinclair insisted that the President w'ould help him out and he undoubtedly based his belief on one of those charmingly noncommital remarks for which the President has a happy knack. Your correspondent was presented to the President one day and came away from the encounter highly elated over a remark which he took to be a great compliment. Mr. Roosevelt said, “There isn’t another writer like you,” and your correspondent went to sleep on that feeling much cheered. But suddenly, in the middle of the night, your correspondent started awake wondering “Could that have been a dirty crack?” It is still a disturbing thought. u u u Maybe Hell Save the G. 0. P. MR. SINCLAIR, too, is eager for comfort and not dissimilar to (or from) the yearning type of female who exclaims. “Goody! Now we are engaged!” If a young man gives her a peck on the cheek. Life has been cruel to Mahatma Sinclair and right now he confronts probably the saddest event of an existence fraught wdth gripes from the day he was born. It will be Mr. Sinclair’s tragic fate to go down in the history of California as the savior of his loathed enemy, the regular Republican party. He undertook to destroy the Republican party and threw such a terrific scare into the statesmen in charge that they turned square and now will proceed to be as decent as they have to be in order to save themselves. True, this is a limited promise and your correspondent hasn’t the optimism to hope that the citizens will receive much benefit until the Republican leadership and responsibility are scared into more conscientious hands. However, that, too, is a likely possibility now, and when it does occur*’and the Republican party prospers, the man who saved the capitalistic state in California will have been Mahatma Sinclair. The Republicans even are thinking of lifting from his EPIC plan any little details which they believe will be of use to them. Still, that was the way the Mahatma got it, so perhaps he shouldn’t complain too shrilly. (Copyrißht. 1934. by United Feature Syndicate. Inc.)
Your Health
BY DR. MORRIS FISEBEIN
NOT many generations have passed since milk was a product taken from the cow by the farmer, assembled in large buckets and poured into smaller buckets, which the householder deposited on his doorstep. In those days milk was not infrequently visibly dirty. Occasionally, the collector and distributor took the trouble to pour it through an ordinary strainer or sieve; that represented the maximum amount of attention given to milk with a view to making it a safe product for human consumption. When Pasteur discovered that germs cause disease and that idea became well established, studies began to be made of the germ content of milk. It was found that milk not infrequently may serve as a medium for the spreading of tuberculosis derived from the cattle and of streptococci and other germs derived from the hands and throats of milkers or others assisting in the distribution of milk. a a a IT was even found that the milker might infect the udder of the cow with a streptococcic mfection and that this infection could then be transferred to any one who consumed the milk, resulting in rather large epidemics of streptococcic sore throat. The response to the discovery that milk could spread infection was the development of the process of pasteurization. At first, milk was pasteurized by two methods the holding method and the flash method. In one method the milk is brought to a fairly high temperature and kept at tha, temperature for a fairly long period of time. In the other method the milk is brought briefly to a high temperature and then suddenly cooled. The majority of plants pasteurize milk by the holding method, since the flash method has not been found to be uniformly safe and satisfactory. a a a INTRODUCTION of pasteurization was accompanied also by development of certified milk. Certified milk is produced from cows that are known to be healthful, having been submitted to examination and to study with the tuberculin test and other types of examination The milk is produced under the best sanitary conditions and after production is regularly by competent investigators to determine that the number of bacteria which it contains are well within the limitations of a healthful product. It is determined also that the milk can not convey the germ of tuberculosis. This milk is also watched through the process of boiling, transportation, and delivery, so that certified milk produced under the best of conditions is a moot safe and reliabl&product.
Mm
Westbrook Pegler