Indianapolis Times, Volume 46, Number 147, Indianapolis, Marion County, 30 October 1934 — Page 13

It Seems to Me HEYWOOD BROUN r I 'HE American Indian and the American liberal eem to be members cf tribes which are vanishing. The Redskin is said to have been ravaged by firewater, but his pale pink brother suffers from the debilitating effects of milk and water. It has been said on several occasions recently that George Creel is a “courageous liberal.” That should serve to give you a rough idea about the rest. However. I have no desire to bring a blanket indictment against all liberals. Some of the charges levelled against them are wholly without warrant. One of the favorite accusations is that a liberal is a man who sits upon the fence and can not make

up his mind w hich way to jump. The liberal always knows and always jumps. Something ought to be said in favor of fence sitters. In a world sharply divided by the clash of widely divergent opinion it might be an excellent, thing to have certain skeptics in high stools. From this vantage point they might look over the heads of the crowd and make an honest effort to separate the false and true. The research man in his laboratory labors fiercely to disprove his own hypothesis. Even when he seems well on the way to conviction

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Heywood Broun

he recognizes the need to summon all competent testimony to the contrary. The scientific temperament has its place in politics and economics Just as it does in chemistry’ and physics. a a a They're Always Ready BUT the liberal in almost every case is no man of this kidney. His fatal defect is not his appraising neutrality, but his partisanship. He will leave walks and ships which are not even sinking. If you want to entice liberals down from thei*- high pretensions it only is necessary to drive a band wagon in front of their minarets and turrets. Like firemen the liberals sleep with their boots and pants on and it is a pretty sight just before the dawn of some great decision to .see each little liberal sliding down his ivory tower hell-bent to get a seat up close to the bass drum. To be sure this particular athletic feat is not known as sliding. It is called creeling. Radicals are desperately unfair in their contention that liberals are prone to sellout causes to which they have pledged fidelity. This accusation rests entirely on circumstantial evidence. It is true that the liberal who opposed all wars under whatever pretext Is likely to turn up as a second lieutenant on the western front or an official propagandist urging all patriotic Americans to watch their neighbors. And California has proved that certain stalwart fighters against political reaction and corruption somehow or other happened to stray at the last minute into the camp of Frank Merriam. But no liberal worthy of the name ever sold out. The men of the clan are honorable. They honestly can say that not one of them ever took so much as a single piece of silver. Oh no, your true liberal is no Judas. He will betray a good cause without any recompense whatsoever. Probably there is some tribal motto which says that it is better to lose your immortal soul than your amateur standing. BUB There's No Room for Doubt I AM assured that the defeat of Upton Sinclair and the election of Frank Merriam will constitute a result which is essentially a great liberal ivctory. I haven’t a doubt of it. Still I am a little puzzled at the explanation which accompanies this statement. I am informed that Sinclair must be beaten because his schemes are “unsound, unworkable and unAmerican.” But wasn’t it just the other day that I was reading that Upton Sinclair had borrowed practically his whole program from Edward Bellamy’s “Looking Backward’’ and “Equality.” Edward Bellamy was a New Englander of puritan stock and the son of a Protestant preacher. I am wondering in just what manner he failed to be American. Again I read that on election day in California Merriam managers will see to it that "the polls are scanned by a state-wide organization of veterans.” And when I match that up vith what I have read of the function of the Storm Troopers in Hitlers Germany I wonder why so many Americans believe that the possibility of Fascism here in our own land is only a phantom fear. It must be admitted ihat there is nothing unsound in the methods of Merriam. Turner Catledge, correspondent of the New York Times, has said that the methods used in the stop-Siilclair movement included. “personal abuse, religious prejudice, communistic frights, newspaper ’silent treatment,’ and alleged intimidation of those who will cast the verdict a week from today. Walter Winchell mentions Franchot Tone as the single motion mcture actor in one of the big companies, who dared to refuse the organization's demand that he contribute to the Republican campaign fund. These are sound methods and from the liberal reaction to them I judge that t ley are not considered un-American. I’m glad I quit being a liberal more than a year ago. I have a notion that you can't serve God and Merriam. (Copyright. 1934. bv The Times)

Your Health BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN

THE colon includes the large intestine, beginning with the cecum, from which goes the appendix. and including also the three parts—the ascending, transverse and descending colon. These in turn pass off into the sigmoid and the rectum. The famous British doctor. irihur Hurst, once said. “The sins of the colon are its diseases, but I sometimes wonder if it is not more sinned against than sinning, for what with attacks from above with purgatives, attacks from below with enemas, and frontal attacks by the surgeon, its sorrows are numerous and real.” Functions of the colon include digestion of fibrous material, absorption of water, secretion of mucus, and formation and carrying away from the body of waste material from the digestive tract. Persons differ in the rate at which material passes through the colon. In animals the cecum and the ascending colon are a reservoir in which food may be held for long periods. In man. however, food is not held for such long periods and is moved on fairly -apidly to excretion once it gets into the colon. a a a THERE are. however, cases in which the colon is more irritable than normally and others in which it is less irritable. In those cases in which it is more irritable, food passes out very rapidly, with the symptom of diarrhea. Such diarrheas may arise purely from emotion, but are. of course, also associated with irritation of the colon by germs of various kinds and bv such parasites as amebae. There are also cases in which the nervous system is disorganised, causing contraction of the colon and resulting in a lessened activity and a form of constipation known as spastic constipation. In cases in which there is lessened activity and irritability of the colon, it may be sluggish and fail to act. These are called cases of atonic constipation. The colon is also affected by diseases in other parts of the abdomen, such as disturbances of the gallbladder and of the appendix. mam FX)D faddists of various kinds have attempted to control activities of the colon by peculiar diets. Persons who deliberately starve themselves to become thin, living largely on fruit and salads, fail to provide the colon with the proper amount of bulky material to stimulate its activity. Asa result, it fails to act properly. In other cases the colon is fed such materials as bran and a great deal of roughage. These throw a burden on many colons which they can not carry and as a result irritability develops.' The worst cases are those in which persons become disturbed by the frequency of the activity of the bowels and urge themselves too much with strong cathartic*.

Full E**d Wire Rerrlre of the United Press Association

THE NEW DEAL’S CRUCIAL TEST

State Rights Play Major Role in Court Battle Over Program

Thi* it the second of a *erie of article* by Rodney Dutcher, telling of the New Deal problem* of tremendou* importance to the nation’* tocial and economic life which will be brought for final deeiaion before the Untied States supreme court. aan BY RODNEY DUTCHER (Copyright. 1934. XEA Service. Inc.) WASHINGTON, Oct. 30.—When lawyers get to questioning the validity of the New Deal, they reach into the Constitution for brickbats and start hurling sections, articles, clauses, amendments, and even an occasional preamble—as if hoping that at least one missile will strike its mark. Government attorneys also pick up everything in the Constitution that isn't nailed down and heave it right back, often using exactly the same tomatoes, but with a different twist. Finally, the supreme court grabs one of the heftier flatirons and, wuth the utmost dignity, clouts the government or its adversary into submission. If you aren’t sure of beating a federal control measure under the “commerce clause,” trot out “due process,” "improper delegation of power” and “eminent domain” alqpg with it at the same time. If you're a government lawyer and can’t be sure of making it stick under that same commerce clause, give the judges additional stiff doses of “general welfare clause” and “emergency powers.” Perhaps you’re wondering what this is all about and how it is bound up with the New Deal test cases which have arrived at or are headed tow’ard the supreme court. Well— First, you have to remember that the Constitution reserves to the states powers not specifically granted to the federal government. It had taken a lot of stretching of those specific grants to cover all the federal government was doing even before Roosevelt came along and there’s nothing to show that they won’t survive a lot more stretching. Congress is empowered to “regulate commerce among the states.” This has been interpreted to mean interstate commerce as distinguished from intrastate commerce. Enormously important cases have hinged—and still hinge—on the question of what to do when intrastate commerce gets gummed up with interstate commerce, as it nearly always does.

T> ECOVERY acts, notably NIRA and AAA, are based primarily on the commerce clause, with argument: That they are designed to increase the flow of interstate commerce—such an increase being more or less synonymous with business recovery. The health of “commerce among the states” depends on the condition of business in general. Since congress is empowered to protect interstate commerce, it should be empowered to control any detriment to interstate commerce, from whatever source. Blit the commerce clause also has been invoked against the New Deal in most cases now before the courts, against NRA code wage scales, production limitation and price fixing, as well as against enforcement of collective bargaining and fair practice provisions, and against AAA's processing taxes and milk license system. The oil man seeking to enjoin Secretary Ickes from restricting their production cite decisions indicating their business is a purely intrastate matter, and railroads trying to bust the new railroad pension law base their plea partly on the claim that It extends to

-The DAILY WASHINGTON MERRY-GO-ROUND By Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen

WASHINGTON, Oct. 30.—The most common comment of visitors who have conferred with the President during the last few weeks is the seriousness of his mien. They report that while his laugh is as hearty as ever and his lamous smile has lost none of its magic, he smiles and laughs much less frequently than he did last spring. . . . Increased gravity also has been apparent to newsmen at the President’s

semi-weekly press conferences, where he does not banter and jest as much as he used to. . . . The securities exchange commission is taking no chances with the type of men it is appointing as investigators. Out of 8.000 applications filed with it for such positions, the commission chose 700 of the best for examination, and after they had been put through a series of exhaustive tests, fifteen were appointed. . . . Nebraska's hot senatorial battles is a real old-fashioned political tussle. Edward R. Burke, the Democratic nominee, and Robert G. Simmons, his Republican opponent, are touring the state in a series of joint debates, with large crowds turning out to witness the rhetorical encounters. a a a EMIL HURJA, Jim Farley's political Man Friday, quietly has sent word to department heads to ease up in making appointments from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Hurja, who keeps a card index record of every appointment made, no matter how lowly, found these three states have far exceeded their "quota.” He is out to see that other states, particularly in the far west, receive greater representation on the pay roll . . . The senate must be expecting trouble next session. It has established a first aid clinic in its office building, manned by a doctor and several nurses . . . There is one Republican house member whom many administration leaders will welcome back to Washington next session despite her attacks against the New Deal. She is San Francisco's congresswoman. Mrs. Florence Kahn, whose ready wit, long service, and ability have made her a great favorite in administration circles. a a a THE fact was largely overlooked, but in his St. Paul postoffice dedication speech. Post-master-General Jim Farley sat hard on hopes for a postage cut at the next session of congress. Said Jim: "I am strongly of the opinion that the present 3-eent rate of postage should be retained, otherwise our postal revenues will be decreased approximately $75,000,000.". . . Politics makes strange bed-fellows. Robert F. Wagner Jr., son of New York's liberal Democratic senator, and John Q. Tilson Jr., son of Connecticut's former Tory-Republican house leader,, are stumping New England together on behalf of the natioial law reform movement of the Yale Legislative Society. One of the leading platforms of the movement is drastic revision of the pure food and drug act . . . Since 1928. when congress authorized the granting of military awards for acts of heroism in the World war, the war and navy departments have bestowed mart than 66,000

The Indianapolis Times

employes not engaged in interstate commerce. aaa Federal judge reeves in Kansas City has just held that PWA money can’t be lent or granted to states and towns because the federal government has no jurisdiction over intrastate business. The supreme and other courts h?~ shown an increasing tendency not to be too fussy about this commerce clause, especially when an effect of intrastate on interstates is shown. The supreme court has often held that intrastate commerce can be controlled in order to regulate interstate commerce when the two are sufficiently intermingled to require it. You find it deciding that “the flow of commerce has little connection with boundaries” and that “commerce is a unit and does not regard state lines.” A lower court in Nebraska, ruling in an NRA lumber code case, went so far as to say that when a lumber company used interstate facilities to gets its lumber for resale locally and advertised in newspapers with interstate circulation, it came clearly under the regulatory power of congress.

decorations, with hundreds more still to be granted. a a a COLORADO'S gubernato rial race is one contest causing national Democratic leaders no great loss of sleep. . . . Both Edwin C. Johnson, the Democratic incumbent, and Nate C. Warren, his Republican opponent, are touring the state assuring the voters they are prepared to give ‘‘full support” to the President. . . . Watchful FERA Administrator Harry Hopkins maintains a constant secret check on state and local relief agencies receiving federal funds. His investigators, many of them former newspaper men, constantly visit all relief offices, . . . Back at his desk after a four-months’ sojourn in California as a member of the President’s longshoreman's strike mediation board, brisk Assistant Labor Secretary Ed McGrady was greeted by his colleagues with the salutation: "How’s the native son?” . . . The American Bankers’ Association is apparently of the opinion that its members could use a httle more art. As each delegate registered at the Washington convention last waek, he received an admission card to the Capital's famous Corcoran Art Gallery. (Copyright. 1934 by United Feature Syndicate, Inc.) professoTattacks HARVARD’S PRESIDENT Character Sacrificed for Study, Asserts Critic. By United Press CAMBRIDGE, Mass., Oct. 30. The regime of Dr. James B. Conant, youthful president of Harvard. was attacked as “a mere glorification of scholarship” at the expense of character in an article in the current issue of the Harvard Critic. The article, purporting to voice tho opinion of "we rebels and protestants among the younger men.” was WTitten by Dr. Alton Hurd Chase, instructor in Greek and Latin and tutor in the division of ancient languages since 1928. 6 PERISH IN FLAMES OF SQUATTER'S HOME Millworker, His Four Children and Unknown Woman Are Victims. By United Pres* EAST LIVERPOOL, 0.. Oct. 30 - Six persons were burned to death today when fire of undetermined origin destroyed a two-room home on what police described as "squatterland” in the drv* run district here. The dead: Ralph Lane, 38. a millworker: an unidentified woman about 40, and Lane's four children, two girls and two boys, ranging from 8 to 16 years in aga.

INDIANAPOLIS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 30, 1934

:• >:, ' :: "

Decisions affecting the New Deal which may ch ange the entire economic and social course of the country during the next generation may be handed down in this building within the next year. It is thfe $10,000,000 home of the United States supreme court, on which construction is nearly finished, and into which members of the nation’s tribunal will move as soon as work is completed.

Government lawyers cry “emergency” louder in some cases than in others, but in all court arguments now being made that line of defense is subordinated. For their contention is that congress would have had a right to pass the New Deal measures even had there been no emergency. The emergency argument is stressed just in case the courts find themselves unable to rule far vorably on any other grounds. Sometimes this works and sometimes it doesn’t. a a a THE supreme court, however, has upheld the emergency state laws which have come before it—notably in the Minnesota moratorium and New York milk cases, of which more later. Chief Justice Hughes says an emergency doesn’t create powers, but may furnish occasion for exercise of special powers. Although a supreme court seventy years ago was asserting that “emergency creates the very strongest reason for supporting the Constitution in its full vigor” —a citation often used by private

PUBLIC DEBT SHOWS DECREASE IH STATE 1932-33 Figures Are Lowest Since 1924. Public indebtedness in Indiana is at the lowest figure since 1924, according to a compilation of the debts of all governmental units by the state board of accounts. The figures established by the accounts board are for 1932-33. Current figures will not be available for a year, but it is estimated the amount will be even lower. The combined debt of all governmental units in the state for the 1932-33 period amounted to $181,161.628.93, a decrease of $9,536,491.03, or 4.9 per cent, according to the report. The per capita debt load in the state is $55.94, according to the report. Civil cities showed the largest indebtedness with a figure of $46,315,859.62, of which $45,748,638.87 was bonded debt. Smith Instructs Assistants Instruction week for deputy collectors and auditors of the Indiana internal revenue district opened yesterday in the federal building. The teachers were Will H. Smith, revenue collector, and John Fess. Washington, revenue bureau representative.

SIDE GLANCES

S fTP? 1

"Oh.l doo*t like it either—but wait ’till I tell you how little ljaaidifor it”

lawyers against the New Deal today, Chief Justice White upheld the wartime Adamson law, which declared an emergency and fixed railroad wages. Judge Joseph W. Cox, denying an injunction against Ickes’ oil orders, said that “in times of emergency the Constitution is subject to the laws of necessity.” a a a MEANING of the Constitution’s “general welfare” clause never has been decided by the supreme court, strangely enough, but those words are being used to jusifiy New Deal legislation. Congress is empowered to “lay and collect taxes taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and the general welfare of the United States. . . Argument centers on whether r-is is a broad grant to pass any laws necessary for the public welfare or just a limitation of the taxing power. It also is argued that every government possesses the inherent power of self-preservation and

THE NATIONAL ROUNDUP n a a ana By Ruth Finney

WASHINGTON, Oct. 30.—Immediately after the election, Presiden Roosevelt will announce what he plans to do about unemploymen and relief during the winter, according to present indications.

The first sharp weather of the season has emphasized the problem. So have figures announced by the American Federation of Labor, showing that for the first time in 1934 unemployment is higher than in the corresponding month of the year before. The federation estimates that 10,951,000 persons are jobless, of which 2,229,000 are on government emergency pay rolls, the others on no pay rolls.

The President announced his CWA program Nov. 8 last year. This year he equally has broad emergency powers, and if he should postpone action until consulting congress, more than half the winter would be gone. According to all the hints that have been dropped, this year’s program will concentrate on constrution of permanent, socially-useful projects. CWA work was makeshift and some of it was criticised as a waste of time and money. In the last year FERA, under administrator Harry Hopkins, has surveyed the country and listed useful projects that can be undertaken at once in every community. He believes he could get 3.500,000 men to work within two weeks. a a a Emergency work projects, now employing 1,383,000, may be continued. These projects were selected with considerable care after CWA was disbanded. Civilian conservation

By George Clark

that the constitutional obligation to guarantee every state a republican form of government comprehends the power to enact and execute laws necessary to preserve the institutions of government. This one also can be argued both ways—and some private lawyers are telling the courts the New Deal is violating the guarantee. a a a SO much for the legal basis of the recovery laws. The laws probably will stand up under supreme court scrutiny, but it will be a miracle if everything that has been done under them is declared valid. The question whether the statutes are being carried out properly under their own terms and the question whether congress was too indefinite in passing out huge grants of power to the executive branch are among the most important issues before the court. NEXT—“Due process” and what the court did to it in the Minnesota and Nebbia cases.

camps, where 307,000 young men are at work, will be continued. Approximately 540.000 persons are employed on public works projects. Government plans for financing the program and its wage and hour policies for the workers it will employ are waited with equal interest. When CWA was launched, a thir-ty-hour week for manual laborers and a thirty-nine hour week for white collar workers were established. Unskilled wage rates ranged from 40 to 50 cents, skilled wages from $1 to $1.20 an hom. The average weekly wage was $14.72. Industry complained bitterly because many workers received more than the minimum fixed in NRA codes. Later CWA wages were cut by reducing the maximum work week from thirty to twenty-four hours. Under emergency work relief, average earnings are $10.26 a week and many workers are employed only part of each month. The new Roosevelt program contemplates spending between five and seven billion dollars, according to present indications. There have been hints that this money may be obtained by selling small bonds direct to the public. So far $3,606,143,690 actually has been spent on public works and relief projects of all kinds. This is less than the total appropriated. a a a THIS is the way the money has gone: Civil Works Administration cost $813,730,390, and the Civilian Conservation Corps, $448,836,781 to date. FERA has spent $.1,154,367,454 for direct relief and various work projects. Its alter ego, federal surplus relief corporation, has spent $57,026,599 buying food to distribute to the needy. Drought relief has cost $41,032.141. Public works administration has spent 51,066,466.694. On emergency housing $1,528,193 has been spent; on subsistence homesteads, $3,243,679. The federal housing administration has spent $9,911,759. A million acres of submarginal land has been purchased from families unable to make a living on it. Four or five times as much more will be bought. Out of FERA's funds, $26,860,000 has been spent caring for transients. Projects having to do with education have received $31,450,000. The winter’s employment program, taken in connection with the program for social insurance, probably will look toward bringing the work of the relief administration to a definite end. Its life expires May 12. A temporary extension may have to be arranged if marked recovery in private industry has not occurred by then, but President Roosevelt has declared, with increasing emphasis, his determination to eliminate unemployment and the need for a permanent dole of any sort.

Second Section

Entered a* Sereed-Clmi* Matter at PostofTiea. Indlanapolla. Ind.

Fair Enough WESTBROOK PE6LER SAN FRANCISCO, Cal., Oct. 30. —Looking back a few years to the day of the pernicious realtor and climate-monger of Los Angeles and vicinity, it is hard to realize that the time actually has arrived when some of the best minds of that community prefer to minimize the charm of the scenery and

the weather. The unfortunate fact is that the realtors and climate salesmen overspoke themselves in their long campaign to advertise the attractions of their county. Always enthusiastic, with a tendency toward the superlative. they now have in their midst the deepest and biggest depression in the country. The citizens of the northern part of California, who have little in common with the inmates of Los Angeles, now are referring to the booster country as the poor house of the United States, There are about one million un-

employed souls, including the dependents of unemployed bread-winners, congregated in the south. This tragic million includes a large proportion of elderly or othenvise unfit men and women from the farming sections and small towns of the middle west, particularly lowa, who found the winters too cold back home. In response to the lure of the boosters’ advertisements, they sold their farms and little stores and packed themselves off to a fabulous land of sunshine and easy money to live the rest of their days on small incomes or the proceeds of diminutive business enterprises. out: His Hopes Are High f | A HE crash wiped them out. along with many younger immigrants who still are fit and desperate for work. It was from this part of California that Mahatma Upton Sinclair, the old political hypochondriac, sprang into political action. It is from the poverty-stricken outsiders now congregated in and around Los Angeles, who pulled up their roots back home, that Mahatma Sinclair expects to draw his strength in the voting for California’s next Governor. Los Angeles, which is a large territory, is so poor that one hears accounts of families from up and down the block congregating in one modest bungalow living room in the evening in order that one electric light may be made to serve them all as they pass from hand to hand the pages of one newspaper. But still the immigration of the sunshine chasers continues. The traffic is moving in on foot, on the box cars and on the thumb as well as by the conventional flivver and motorized gypsy wagon. It continues at such a rate that Mahatma Sinclair has been compelled to explain that he only was fooling when he passed a remark in Washington recently which seemed to invite half the unemployed of the entire United States to come to southern California and sleep in the balmy outdoors. For the first time since the pernicious booster lit in the land of sunshine and ala carte religion and established himself as the all-time, all-American bore, there is a disposition to repel invaders rather than seduce them. It would be all right if California had a selective immigration law whereby the immigrants could be compelled to show that they are not likely to become charges on the public treasury. I* would be of help if there was even an immigration quota law to restrict current immigration to one-tenth of the number of lowans or Nebraskans who arrived in 1928. But there are no such laws at present and there is great puzzlement as to how to prevent destitute new comers from dumping themselves into the lap of a population as destitute as themselves. aa a * Loudest of the Loud T TP to this writing, the best minds of Los Angeles h * ve shrunk from the thought of hiring a highlv skilled professional knocker to slander their country before the world as vigorously as the boasters used to boost. The desire to brag still is strong in the character of the place, so when the propaganda does go into reverse it probably will be carried on in tCrmS ' EvCn in disaster - Los Angeles may In other years, the resorts of Florida suffered considerable humiliation from the publicity which was given to their hurricanes by the realtors of Los Angeles. Not much will be said about the imperfec™nhsat\h^!°!? da SCCne this year ’ but thi hardly can be attributed to any new-born love for the realFlo f nda - ? n the contrary, the rivalry should be more intense than ever as the opposing groups endeavor to divert the oncoming migration. . to Los Angeles and take twenty years off nr U “Vo fe might . 66 a good slogan for the purpose, you ” f ° U never know when a chimney will fall on firJre co St ° f „ the country will not be amazed at dSs nf thp UC io P ropaganda issued under the ausPIC f S * the ? eadln g spirits of Los Angeles. The rest of the United States has learned to regard Los happen. “ & land ° f Ir ' iracles wh ere anything may (Copyright. 1934. by Urn ed Feature Syndicate. Inc.)

Today s Science — m DAVID DIETZ .

T^ Y gre3t mineral districts, scattered over the , face of lhe earth, produce three-fourths of tne worlds mineral supplies. These are the wellnSTi m ? dcrn civilization, the fountainheads of national greatness. They are also the storm centers war wS Sow deStructive wmds of the next world bordering the north Atlantic, particularly notJ' s d States and the nations of western Europe 7, S k ,h e r T7 m P ortant of th ese mineral district! nat is the chief reason, in the opinion of Professor K. Leith, chairman of the mineral inquiry of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, why those nations dominate the world today In his opinion, it also means that they will continue to dominate the world. Today, every nation is striving for mineral selfsufficiency. But no nation has adequate amounts of au minerals. From this fact arise many international complications and anew importance for the freedom of the seas. a a a r ET us look over the world and see where these -L/ mineral centers are. Three-fourths of the world s supply of iron ore, the chief raw material of the age of steel, comes from a handful of sources in five countries of the world. They are the Lake Superior region and the state of Alabama in the United States, northeastern France and Luxemburg, the Cleveland! Lincolnshire. Northamptonshire and Cumberland districts of England, the Kiruna district of Sweden, and the Bilbao district of northern Spain. The steel-making industry is concentrated in even fewer centers, for it depends upon adequate supplies of coking coal as well as iron ore and upon easy access to a consuming public. Ninety per cent of the world’s steel-making capacity is concentrated in three regions—the United States, northeastern England, and the Ruhr, northeastern France and nearby territory. a a a THE situation with regard to coal—without which the iron ore today is useless—is much the same. The coal reserves of the world are concentrated in even fewer hands. Three nations produce about twothirds of the world's coal supply. The grade of bituminous coal required for he steel industry and for efficient power uses comes from the eastern United States, Great Britain, and western Germany. China possesses large reserves of this type of coal, but they are as yet undeveloped. Petroleum is likewise concentrated in the hand* of a few countries, with the United States producing about 69 per cent of the worlds supply. Russia, Mexico, Venezuela, Persia, the Dutch East Indies, and Colombia—do you recognize names that have bobbef up in the diplomatic news of the last decade?

Wrsthrook Pegler