Indianapolis Times, Volume 46, Number 93, Indianapolis, Marion County, 28 August 1934 — Page 11

Arc. 28, 1934.

It-Seew io Me HEMIOD BROUN I AM not a tax expert and so I will not contend that Mayor La Guardia's proposed levy of onehalf of one per cent on gross business income of more than So 000 is the best possible way of raising the necessary money. But at the moment the mayor's position is far more logical than that of his opponents. He at least is stressing the fact that the hungry men must be fed and that it is essential for the city to provide relief for the destitute. Those who oppose

his scheme are decidedly vague in suggesting what they would put in its place. The same thing holds true in all municipalities, states and in the federal government. Personally, I am willing to listen patiently to anybody who has a better way but there is no point in wasting time on those whose attitude is nothing more than the familiar one that the question of starving to death is an individual right which should not be interrupted by a bureaucracy lest those who are about to die might lose their liberty. I find

Mr * w

Hey wood Broun

this point of view expressed in a speech by Hanford MacNider. former national commander of the American Legion and minister to Canada under President Hoover. a a a When Help Is Deserved “IJAS not the man who can not sell his service Xl at his own wage lost his liberty?” asked Colonel MacNider rhetorically over the radio. "He has lost more than that. He too often has lost his chance to keep his self-respect. He has been pauperized officially. Has not the citizen whose heritage is being undermined by the never-ending flow of public moneys into" every conceivable socialistic venture lost his liberty? He has and so have his children after him.” Oratorical queries always leave me a little puzzled because I assume that the man who propounds them v ants to give the answers himself and hardly will thank anybody who takes any of his questions as a cue. But whether it helps the gallant colonel or not I will undertake to say that no precious human heritage is lost when the government sets minimum wages which prevent a man from working at sweatshop wages under sweatshop conditions. I will add that no man 's sell-respect is shot away when direct relief is offered to keep him from starvation. How can any sane person suggest that there is anything snide and dishonorable in the state looking after the victims of economic tides which they could not possibly control. After all it is not the dispossessed but the secure who are raising the shout that the hungry must not be fed lest they lose their inalienable right to starve. mum The Poor Come First I'D like to ask a few rhetorical questions on my own account. Do ihese legalists honesty believe that the forlorn and helpless should cry out, "Please do not give me bread because I fear that apy such action would be unconstitutional?” It would be just as consistent for me to attack all the provisions which have been made to give the City of New York an adequate supply of pure drinking water. I suppose I could run up and down the public squares crying aloud that the city had no right to interfere with my right of contracting typhoid and that it was a gross violation of my liberties. Since all municipalities have accepted for many years the responsibility of keeping those within their gates from death by thirst I can not quite see how they can avoid an equal responsibility to prevent starvation. These are not fantasies. I remember very well a news story of last winter in which it was revealed that on a bitter night a man and a woman died of exposure in a Brooklyn street of comfortable brownstone houses. I have listened to the arguments of "indignant taxpayer” who says that unless his burdens are lightened he will move away from New York and the stock exchange will move away from New York and legitimate business (no crack at Wall Street intended! will move away from New York. But it seems to me that all these people are speaking out of turn. The first and most vital point in any program is that it shall suffice to make hunger and want and homelessness move away from New York. (Copyright. 1934. by The Time?)

Your Health BY l)R. MORRIS FISHBEIN

RECENTLY one of the largest circuses in the United States was incapacitated seriously, if not permanently damaged, by the detection of a large number of cases of typhoid fever among the personnel. Investigations are being made to determine just how the typhoid was spread. Presumably the disease was conveyed by someone associated with preparation of food, although some of the cases apparently occurred among workers who did not eat in the circus’ dining tent. In Maryland, last May. there was an outbreak of typhoid fever with thirty-six cases and three deaths, as compared with an annual average of five cases in May during the last ten years. Mast of these cases were traced to a benefit supper held in April, at which 800 persons were present. nan IN connection with every outbreak of food poisoning occurring in Maryland in the last several years, the direct cause usually has been preparation or storage of food by some person or persons unaccustomed to feeding large groups. Charity suppers, private banquets supplied by caterers, picnics, bridge parties, and fraternity and charity affairs have many times left in their trails such cases of food poisoning. The difficulty is. of course, inexperience in handling large quantities of material. It is one matter to mix enough batter for six or a'dozen discuits, and quite another to make up enough for several hundred. nan IT is fairly simple to prepare the meat from one chicken for a chicken salad, but if ten chickens are involved the difficulty is greatly enhanced. The meat from one chicken can be removed and put into the refrigerator in thirty minutes. The handling of the meat from ten chickens takes more time and more materials. ' Germs grow in food when it is warm and moist. It is much simpler to cool a small bowl of meat than a large one. Custards also are a permanent source of food infection. In the case of circuses which are traveling from place to place under sanitary conditions that vary from day to day. the advisability of vaccinating all employes against typhoid fever should be considered seriously.

Questions and Answers

Q —Why does the period of greatest heat on the earth come some time after the summer solstice when the sun is farthest north? A—The effects of heat are cumulative. Just as it takes time for the ocean waters to become wanned, and they retain their heat long after the sun has started on its southward journey, so the oceans of air on the earth's surface have to be w armed, and reach their maximum heat content not at the time of the summer solstice, but afterward in July or August. The air belt and the oceans retain the cumulated heat of the sun and give it off later, ar.d so we usually have the hottest weather some time after the summer solstice. Q —How Does Secretary Ickes of the interior department pronounce his name? A—'Tk-ez.'’ The I is shbrt as in it. Q —ls Will Rogers, the humorist, part Indian? What is his full name? A—He is part Cherokee Indian. ’His full Is William Penn Adair Rogers.

$750,000,000 FOR DROUGHT BALM

Better Farming System Visioned to Rise Out of Disaster

Thli it the lt of *rlea of for on tho mammoth rampaitn whirh the federal yovernment it condartlnt for relief from the dUaatroni dreucht. Wid.OOO to be apent In the widespread drite. BY RODNEY DUTCHER , Time* Staff Writer (Copyright. 1934. 14EA Service. Inc. l WASHINGTON Aug. 28 —The big brown dust clouds from the great drought area carry a handsome silver lining, if you want to believe the administration. Or they just mark the experimental farm program as a tragic fiasco, if you take the word of the opposition. Friends and enemies of agricultural adjustment merely seem to be yelling a little louder. Neither side has taken many converts from the other. The AAA is generally pleased with the results of the drought as they affect its program. And flexible agricultural adjustment, allowing either curtailment or expansion of crops as may seem expedient, will almost certainly go on unless farmers have a violent revulsion of feeling. Some of the confusirn incident to emergency organisation has been eliminated by a more definite setup, just announced, by which all agencies of the department of agriculture working on drought problems are brought under one committee. ana THIS new group is known as the drought plans committee, including all old and new units organized in the department and the AAA. C. W. Warburton, agricultural extension director, has been named chairman. The AAA has switched from an attack on surpluses to an effort of relief and conservation because the big surpluses, in general, are wiped out. Its reduction program speeded up by a year or two, it now plots a planned agriculture in which farmers can operate profitably. It sees itself as the ideal mechanism for a long-time program which will balance supply with demand and develop a better system of farming. It must answer—and it has the biggest chorus of answerers ever gathered under one roof—the catcalls of politicians and the howls of consumers who will be soaked by higher food costs. Some of the winter-spring food prices will represent no more than the higher farm prices which AAA sought, but others will go far higher than that. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, Secretary Wallace, and everybody else is worried by the possible political effect among city voters. Critics are hopefully suggesting that drought may be as tough on the AAA as good weather was on the farm board. But the farmer’s attitude will be decisive as to future farm programs. You can't dodge the fact that the various reduction programs have had the enthusiastic support of large majorities and history indicates that the farmers eventually get about what they want from Washington. About 3,000,000 farmers have become "members” of the AAA programs and the idea here is to maintain contractual relationships with them and not let huge oversupplies pile up. Although many farmers' have been badly hurt by the drought, total farm income for the 1934-35 crop year probably will be higher as a result of high prices, benefit payments—amounting to $500,000,000 this year—government cattle purchases, federal relief, and income from FERA work projects. Even drought-stricken farmers receive payments from untilled land.

The

DAILY WASHINGTON

MERRY-GO-ROUND By Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen WASHINGTON. Aug. 28.—Washington authorities nurse deep concern over what is happening in Louisiana. They are not worried about the comic opera feud between Kingfish Huey and Mayor Walmsley. The dynamite keg they have had their eyes on is wholly unnoticed. Confidential reports received from government agents indicate it is infinitely more ominous than the widely publicized political hullabaloo. The situation that has the federal officials alarmed is the breakdown of state and local unemployment relief, and the resultant spread of organized militancy among the desperate workless.

Unemployment aid in the state is around $4 a month. And pitifully small as that is. it is supplied almost entirely by the federal government. On Aug. 1, when FERA funds were cut, 15.000 so-called “unemployables’’ were (flopped from the rolls, left literally to starve. When the legislature appropriated $lO,000 for their succor, Governor O. K. Alien, acting under Huey's orders, killed the bill by pocket veto. In New Orleans conditions are even worse than in the parishes. It is the only large city in the entire country which has not supplied one cent for unemployment relief. These desperate conditions have given rise to a “united 'front movement” among the jobless, radicals, and union labor. an n PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT’S next speech may contain a merry jingte with a moral. He got the idea while conferring with Harvey Couch. The big hard-working Arkansan had called on the President to request that his long-pending resignation from the RFC be accepted. The two men got talking about subsistence farms. Couch, a “back-to-the-land” enthusiast, told the President how thousands of idle in his state were supplying themselves with food by truck gardens and little farms. To add point, he recited a homely verse. The President was tickled. “Harvey,” he said, "let me w-rite that down. I’ll use it in my next speech.” Here is what he wrote: “A garden and a sow, A smokehouse and a cow. Twenty-four hens and a rooster, And you’ll have more than you used ter.”

mi!

Praying for rain were these two families In the drought-stricken area of the southwest. Withered crops, sun-blackened acres, parched, sleepless nights, all combined to make the catastrophic drought long to be remembered —bitterly remembered.

FARM lands will be about as good as ever when normal moisture returns. In some areas the top soil has blown around and it w'ill be hard if not impossible to get it back. This sandy soil, if it blows around much next spring, will cut tender plants such as corn ahd spoil planted seed. But officials who have been in the drought area estimate the top soil situation is serious in not more than one farm out of a hundred. You hear little talk here now of transferring farmers from one area to another in wholesale lots. AAA was decidedly sympathetic to earlier implications by Director of Reclamation El wood Mead and Assistant Relief Administrator Lawrence Westbrook that wholesale migration w r as necessary because large expanses were doomed to become a desert. People who take their first look at some drought areas are likely to think, mistakenly, that the game is up. Nevertheless, there are areas—in the Dakotas and Montana —which should never have been tilled and where year-to-year successful farming is impossible. Long-range AAA plans envisage retirement of such areas from commercial production. 9 9 9 JUST to refresh your memory, congress last year ordered the AAA to restore farm purchasing power. Vast surpluses of wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, cattle and other commodities were the one big obstacle in the way, keeping prices down. The first reduction program was on cotton, and it was expanded this year. Cotton, with a record low crop of 9.200,000 bales and about 15 per cent of the reduction due to drought, still is not a “shortage” crop. There will be a supply of 18,000,000 or 19.000.000 bales, but cotton will be down very near the “normal carryover,” and Assistant AAA Administrator Howard T. Tolley, chief of the program planning section, says it's fair to say AAA has “come out even” on cotton. The wheat crop is a little below 500,000,000 bushels, thanks to a planned 15 per cent reduction program and the drought. There’s a carryover of about 290.000.000 bushels and a normal domestic

-F thrice-married senator from North Carolina, is one of those remarkable fishermen who never disappoints. Several of the senator’s friends from the bureau of fisheries were discussing the piscatorial art, when Bob made the boast: “Well, you boys just don’t know how to fish. I can go down to the river and in one afternoon bring back enough striped bass for a banquet.” Now the striped bass is the epitome of Potomac river and Chesapeake bay sport. Attaining a size of fifty to sixty pounds and living to great age, it acquires a wily intelligence unsurpassesd, even by the famous rainbow and brook trout. Because of its unexcelled flavor, it is in high demand, and commercial fishermen long ago depleted the Chesapeake supply. So bureau of fisheries experts hooted. They took Reynolds up. Off he went next day to the lower Potomac. That night he returned to Washington with four beauties —weighing up to fifteen pounds. Mouths agape, the bureau skeptics took off their hats to "Fighting Bob.” But if they had only known the truth! Facts were the senator had trolled all day without landing a fish. But when he went ashore, another party was coming in with nearly a dozen. With a twinkle in his eye, Reynolds told of his plight. The more fortunate fishermen took compassion on him. They made him a present of the four beauties. All the way home he chuckled, for he hadn’t promised to catch the fish. He had only promised to “bring back enough in one afternoon for a banquet.” (Copyright. 1934. bv United Feature Syndicate, Inc.)

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

K? sij, II RAINFALL IN THE U. S.. MAY 1 TO AUG. 7, 1931 I tjy sty J JtfK JR 1 1 Below 50% normal. m .jfK mSO to 100% normal. |||||& ' II Mead M Above normal. ®

W idespread extent of the disastrous drought is shown by this rain map, the long dry period in May and June bringing ruin to spring wheat; that of July covering a great area through south central states; and that of early August taking heavy toll in the Illinois-lowa corn belt. Active in the work of combating effects of the drought in the government's great campaign are Dr, Efivood Mead, United States reclamation director, and Howard T. Tolley, AAA assistant administrator.

consumption of 625,000,000, so that if there's a 160,000.000-bushel carryover—about normal Tolley points out, we'll again be “coming out even.” n n n BETWEEN slaughter of little pigs, the big corn-hog program, and FERA’s absorption of many tons of pork, Tolley says, the number of hogs coming to market next year will be “about right” if there’s enough feed for them. But that feed situation is admittedly very tight, because the corn supply is down from a normal 2.500,000,000 bushels to 1,500,000,000. And if it weren’t for the great feed shortage, the cattle problem might have worked out all right. It’s at this point by the way, where AAA—bent on a reduction program—tied right into the drought situation in a spectacular, effective way. The Jones-Connally act authorized a cattle adjustment program and $150,000,000 to finance it. Came the drought and the AAA stopped trying to figure out a contract program, taking much of that money to buy cattle from drought farms for presentation to FERA, which cans them for relief food. The cattle population had been growing until it reached an alltime righ of 65,000,000 last January. The government's present plan to buy up eight or ten million animals would have about solved the situation if the feed shortage weren’t making it far more acute in the opposite direction—that of fewer and far skinnier animals. n n n Rebuilding of the live stock supply will be one of the 1935 adjustment problems. So will the danger of a huge oversupply of feed grains next year, thanks to the reduction of live stock. Something will soon be done toward carrying out Wallace’s “ever-normal granary” plan for storing grain surpluses. These would be taken off the market by the government, as collateral against federal loans to farmers. The AAA could sell or add to its stocks from year to year and

SIDE GLANCES

“Well, I'll tell you what I’d do if my wife talked to me like that.”

month to month, stabilizing supplies and prices and still insuring sufficient supplies to guard against any unexpected shortages. Meanwhile, AAA recognizes and tries to guard against the danger that the drought relief program will develop a state of mind where any farmer will turn to Washing-

THE NATIONAL ROUNDUP man m am By Ruth Finney

WASHINGTON, Aug. 23.—Shipping men stopped seeing hobgoblins today and began to speculate on the possibility of securing direct subsidies from the next congress. President Roosevelt’s unqualified statement that the American merchant marine will be maintained dispelled fears caused by his order for an investigation of ocean mail subsidies and by Secretary Wallace’s recent discussion of the extent to w-hich foreign trade might be increased if Americans shipped largely on foreign boats.

For a week a flood of statements were issued in answer to Secretary Wallace’s letter on uneconomic aspects of the shipping industry. Henry Harriman, president of the United States Chamber of Commerce, pointed out that only about 30 or 40 per cent of our exports and imports have been carried in American bottoms in the last decade. R. J. Baker, president of the American Steamship Owners’ Association, called attention to the fact that when foreign carriers suddenly stopped coming to this country at the outbreak of the war, “the products of our factories and fields piled up for miles behind our piers—were dumped along the tracks, there to rust and rot while we attempted to build a merchant marine almost overnight.” President Roosevelt made this same point in listing reasons why a merchant marine is necessary. nan NONE of the business men, however, touched on his third point. A merchant marine is needed as insurance against excessive shipping rates, said the Presi-

By George Clark

ton for help in any kind of affliction. Congressmen and others have sought to hav" various counties hurt by hailstorms or hurricanes designated as “emergency drought counties.” But AAA has firmly turned them dowrn, insisting it can deal only with a “national phenomenon.” THE END.

dent; to guard against the danger that foreign competitors might squeeze American shippers having no other means of transporting their goods. This is much the same principle on which the President has advocated public operation of utilities where satisfactory service can not be secured elsewhere. It might be extended to protect American exporters and importers against excessive rates on American ships if the shipping investigation indicates this is desirable. Direct subsidies from the government probably would carry with them considerable regulatory power. SCHOOL 60 PRINCIPAL TO DIRECT FAIR SHOW Exhibit to Feature Latest Conveniences in Education. Mrs. Mary Ray, principal of School 60, has been named bv D. T. Weir, assistant school superintendent, to direct activities of the modern model schoolroom at the Indiana state fair. The exhibit will feature the latest school conveniences such as a radio and a moving picture. Teachers named to assist Mrs. Ray are Miss Edith Robertson, No. 60; Miss Wallace Montague, No. 77; Miss Elizabeth Nulls, No. 70, and Miss Isabella Eddy, No. 66. ALLEGED SLAYER IS HELD TO GRAND JURY Suspect Waives Examination on Charge of Murder. Norman Short, 22, of 827 Olive street, alleged slayer of his father-in-law, Adolph Squires, 44, of 259 Hendricks place, waived examination in municipal court yesterday and was held for the grand jury on a murder charge. Short is alleged to have stabbed Mr. Squires last Wednesday when Mr. Squires protested against Short’s treatment of his wife. CHURCH TO HOLD FETE Samaritan Baptists to Hold Block Party Friday, Saturday. The Samaritan Baptist church, 706 West North street, will have a block party from 6 p. m. to midnight Friday and Saturday on Blackford street, between Indiana avenue and West North street. Music will be provided by the Y. M. C. A. band. The Rev. J. P. L. Highbaugh is pastor of the church; Mrs. Garnett Cook, party chairman.

Indianapolis Tomorrow

Kiwanis Club, luncheon, Columbia Club. Twelfth District Legion, luncheon. Board of Trade. Lions Club, luncheon, Washington. Purdue Alumni, luncheon, Sever in.

Fdir Enough noliw HUEY LONG has been compared to Adolf Hitler but. to give the Kingflsh his dues, it must be admitted that he quits imitating and begins to roll his own ideas when it comes to motives. His methods are painful. butin everything that I have read about Hitler it is conceded that his only purpose is to help his country. There is no such nonsense as that in Huey Long's scheme. The dictatorship of the Kingflsh in Louisiana strictly is predatory and his political staff is com-

posed entirely of sympathetic spirits who can be counted upon to give the heartiest co-opera-tion at all times. Much of this following comes from the underworld of New Orleans and the adjoining parishes of St. Bernard and Jefferson, in which the gambling industry is an important source of graft. For the moment. Huey has closed the gambling houses in New Orleans, proper, and it may seem odd that a man who cracks down on the gambling business can command the support of underworld characters. But the explanation is that the New Orleans underworld

has been an unconquered province. It belonged to the city administration of New Orleans and the graft which is paid was paid to Huey's rivals. 9 9 9 Graft Goes to the Loyal IN 3t. Bernard and Jefferson, on the other hand, the Long machine had had control and he did not interfere with the gambling there when he invaded New Orleans. Gamblers like peace and the unfortunate proprietors of the dice and keno parlors and the handbooks in New Orleans have no strong preference in bosses. If the city administration can not protect them from ruinous interference they would be glad to be conquered by the other side. When the fight is over, no matter which side wins, they will start dealing again and, in the meanwhile, they regarded themselves as the unoffending victims of a cruel strife in which they had no part. Such is the temperament of New Orleans, with its Latin-American and continental European character, that prostitution always has been looked upon as necessary. And, of course, this is an industry which must pay graft, too. If. and when, the Long machine wins in New Orleans the graft will go to the loyal workers in the underworld who fought the good fight for the dictator. It is a prize worth a battle. According to all my reading. Adolf Hitler never has shown any tolerance for vice in any form. On the contrary, he cleaned up a very dirty situation in Berlin which was rapidly becoming a sort of German Paris or German New Orleans. Huey Long, on the other hand, when he was powerful in New Orleans, did not disturb the familiar way of things and it will be noted that his present onslaught is timed so as to produce useful political scandal against the city administration in the impending election. nan Huey Lives High HITLER is described as an abstemious man who does not drink, smoke or even eat meat. Huey, however, lives very luxuriously and has been known to get uproariously tight as, ior instance, the night when he was popped in the eye in the memorable battle of the gents room. In the back-country he sleeps in his clothes on humble cabin floors, but his town house is a mansion. There is no doubt that if the Kingflsh had the same motives that Hitler has he could be a great help to the ordinary people of Louisiana. He is a leader and a doer and there is no man in the state who is equal to him. But while he sways the unfortunate rabble with his promises to divide up the wealth of the rich, his political followers are kept in useless or strictly nominal jobs and he constantly is creating more state jobs in order to keep his wooers loyal. „„„ There is no getting at the figures on the Pay roll cost of maintaining der Kingfish's politimachine or the amounts which are stolen ine treasury indirectly in graft taken from contractors who perform work for the state and hike their bfls to compensate themselves. But the money whicH Is squandered this way is enough to help the people appreciably if it were spent for poor relief. The dictator’s whole attitude toward the state was expressed perfectly by his brother Earl one afternoon when the pair of them were ordered off the floor of the lower house of the legislature for lobbying. Huey left the chamber, but Earl ran down to the Speaker’s desk and thumbed his nose at the statesmen. Then he put his face to the microphone, pursed his lips and blew a .salute of contempt to the representatives of the people of Louisiana. (Copyright. 1934, by United Feature Syndicate. Inc.)

Today s Science

BY DAVID DIETZ

THE frozen waves of storms that lashed a sea 60.000,000 years ago are being dug out of the mountain peaks of Glacier National park by Dr. Carroll Lane Fenton, explorer, geologist, and author. The tourist who visits the park is not likely to think in terms of oceans. He is impressed by the snow-clad peaks which make up this portion of the Rocky mountains, the brilliant towers of different colored rock—green and red and gray and buff. He is impressed by the mighty glaciers, rivers of ice, that curve their way down mountain sides. He is impressed by the beautiful lakes, rimmed with the green of trees, that occupy the valleys. These mountain peaks and lakes and valleys seem to speak of eternity to the visitor. But the scientist knows that they are comparatively young as time is reckoned in the life of Mother Earth. nan SOME 60.000,000 years ago the first mountain peaks of Glacier National park began to take shape. They first appeared as low chains of hills, Dr. Fenton says. But within these mountain ranges are rocks more than ten times as old, more than 600,000,000 years old. “When these rocks formed,” Dr. Fenton says, “Montana was the site of a sea that stretched southward from the Arctic ocean, perhaps linking waters with a bay advancing from Arizona. Into that sea many rivers drained, bringing loads of sand, silt, dolomite and lime that settled into beds or strata of stone. For millions of years Arose deposits gathered, until they formed a varied series of rocks whose full thickness is 60,000 feet. “At last the basin began to rise. A tremendous force, pushing from the westward, squeezed and bent the gathered rocks. Before it, they rose in folds, Pushed farther, they crumpled and broke, movingupward and eastward at least thirty miles.” a a a DP,. FENTON first visited Glacier National park in 1927, chiefly to get rid of an attack of hay fever. He not only conquered the hay fever but became so interested in the geology of the region that he and his wife have returned year after year to carry on their studies. Studying the layers of rock, he found that some are thick, formed, of coarse pebbles and sand. These he says, were the rapid accumulations of material near the mouths of heavily laden streams. a a a FOSSIL remains of animals are few in these rock layers of the ancient sea bottom, but records of plant life are common. “At the very foot of the mountains they appear 'in gray limestones that weather to brilliant buff,” Dr. Fenton says. “When broken, some strata show irregular films of black, the remnants of sea weed. “A few feet higher fie massive beds of closely packed, oblique columns. Each colurfln is oval in section, consisting of hundreds of convex layers like saucers piled bottom side up. Though opinion dis- ' agrees, it seems certain that these were built by colonies of plants, filamentous algae, each of which deposited layers of lime in the jelly-like mass surrounding its "fibers. Thus, while alive, these plant* built rocks firmer than the muds that settled down in less populous bays.” *

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Westbrook Peg'er