Indianapolis Times, Volume 46, Number 81, Indianapolis, Marion County, 14 August 1934 — Page 10

PAGE 10

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TUESDAY. A?;0 It 1534 ABSURD IGNORANCE |n no otner modern industrial nation could there be an unchecked controversy over the number of unemployed like that now raging between the American Federation of Labor and the United States Chamber of Commerce. Other nations learned long ago that accurate labor statistics are essential to any intelligent approach to economic and social problems. But our government has muddled along with admittedly inadequate data and it can not now say that are 10 312,000 unemployed. as the A. F. of L. contends, or 7.000,000. as the C. of C. declares, or that both are wrong and that the real number is between or above or below the two estimates. Our government knows how many cubic-second-feet of water flow down the Wabash river, how much ram falls in Nevada, approximately how much oil. coal and copper are in certain known deposits. But it does not know how many human beings here are out of work. Subtracting the 2.000 000 who are said to be unemployable—this is another guess—the A. F. of L. estimate of the number who are unemployed for economic reasons would be 8.312.000, and the C. of C. estimate 5.000 000. The discrepancy between the two estimates is 66 per cent. It is tremendously important to the government whether the 3.312,000 humans, upon whom the statisticians disagree, are or are not at work. Even if the 1.813.000 employed on government relief are subtracted from the A. F. of L. figures, the discrepancy is still almost one and a half million. Without reliable information as to the number of idle, where they reside and from what trades they may have been drawn; the government can not: Frame an adequate relief plan; Carry on an intelligent public works program; Guide the NRA in its adjustment of the hours of labor in the various industries, or the RPC in its loans to Industry; Be sure of itself in developing either a long-range or a short-range economic plan or social insurance program. Accurate unemployment information is essential to the drafting of a proper national budget, to the negotiation of advantageous reciprocity tariff treaties, to the determination of freight rates, to the distribution of the tax burden, to deciding the tempo and methods of stimulating the housing program and expanding public and private credit. Under Dr. Lubm, the bureau of labor statistics has improved its methods and slowly has been developing a more dependable system for collecting unemployment data. This progress has been made despite restricted appropriations for the bureau and the federal employment exchanges. Eventually, it is hoped, our government will be able to speak with authority on the number of jobless in each industry and each locality, from week to week. Then it will not have to depend on these guesses by private organizations. Then it can move forward with more confidence on all fronts in its drive for re-employment. JUST WHAT WE NEED THE beer and liquor business which has been quiet these last few weeks, came to the fore again yesterday with the state excise department declaring war on by-the-dnnk sales of hard liquor. Simultaneously. Indiana brewers announced reduction in the prices of keg and bottled beer. If the excise department is successful in blocking sales of whisky in beer taverns it will be discovered soon that many of the fly-by-night places which have existed meagerly will fold up. That will be a worthy result of the campaign Now there are too many hole-in-the-wall beer places which are being maintained on a booze and gambling basis, rather than on beer sales. The voluntary reduction of beer prices by the brewers will, according to Harold Feightner. executive director of the Indiana brewers’ Association, enable retailers to give a real stem of beer for a nickel. If the retailers will follow Mr. Fcightner's lead, they will find business booming for the remainder of the summer. The complaint of the beer-drmking public has been lodged against the retail cost since beer returned to the market. The brewers' move will erase much of the "heat'' on that score. If the plans of the excise department and those of the brewers are carried out. it appears that the beer and liquor situation in Indiana may turn out to be a clean indoor sport after all. BETTER THAN FAMINE IF this summer hasn't given you enough things to worry about, you always can work up a fever over the wholesale way in which Uncle Sam has been adding his nephews and niece* to the federal pay roll lately. Some sort of all-time high was reached this month when it was disclosed that more than 7.000 000 adult Americans are getting federal checks regularly. This includes practically everybody—regular government employes, members of the army and navy, people getting pensions and veterans' compensation funds, those hired for public works projects and recipients of direct relief. It breaks down about like this, according to a recent United Press tabulation: Approximately 3.600.000 people are getting emergency relief in the shape of food, money and ao on. Road work and other emergency joba account for 970.000 more. Seme 600000 art employed on other public works projects. Therl are 918.000 people drawing pensions

of one kind or another. There are 911.000 federal employes, 280.000 In the CCC camps and just less than 260,000 in army, navy and marine corps. Add them all together and you get a lot of people—so many that it Is no wonder some people are getting pretty worried about it all. But the important thing m this situation is not the number of people who are on the government pay roll so much as it is the question. What would happen to them if they were off of it? It isn’t pleasant to picture the plight of the 3.600,000 on direct relief, if all government funds should be cut off suddenly. Ths government is caring for them only because no other agency can do so. It may be a bad thing to have the government supporting that many people: it would be a good deal worse to have them all starving. You can say much the same thing of the people who are at work on public works jobs, of those who are getting emergency employment relief, and of the lads in the CCC. The growth of the federal pay roll may be a dismaying phenomenon, but it has meant the difference between hope and disaster to them. It is, after all, pretty silly to complain about the way in which Uncle Sam is supporting his citizens, unless you can also show some other way in which those whom he is supporting could be cared for. TRAFFIC CONTROL T NCREASE in state traffic fatalities reflects the same condition which prevails in Indianapolis and many other large cities of the nation. Marion county already has had its share of traffic deaths this year and, despite efforts of authorities to stress the rules of safety, accidents still continue with alarming rapidity. James D. Adams, chairman of the state highway commission, asserts that a more adequate road patrol system will aid in solving the problem throughout the state. However, as Mr. Adams knows, the problem goes much deeper than that. There seems to be some turn of human nature that makes many of us more moronic when we get behind the wheel. Mr. Adams can not cure that situation, but his suggestion of patrols might reduce the speeding and reckless driving tendencies of the multitude. TORYISM STILL LIVES SIR PERCIVAL PERRY, chairman of the Ford Motor Company of London, seems to be one of those old-school Englishmen who feel that the worlds shipping and export trades belong to England by divine right and that it is somehow impious for other nations to presume to have a share in them. Speaking at a meeting of the AngloAmerican Club in London the other day, Sir Percival criticised the United States for subsidizing its shipping lines (a stunt England has employed for generations), declared that American exports should be limited to such raw materials as tobacco and cotton, and complained that it is unfair for the United States to try to keep those South American and far eastern markets which she took away from Britain during the World war. One had supposed that old-fashioned Toryism of this kind had just about died out in England. Apparently it still has a survivor or two. MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING / THOSE revelations before the congressional investigating committee at Los Angeles have a horrendous sound. First we hear of a • silver shirt” outfit which tries to buy government weapons, drills regularly, and meditates the seizure of power; then we are told of an active Communist group which is subsidized by film stars, of all people, and which used the San Francisco general strike as a mere rehearsal ot the dire things it plans to inflict on the nation a little later. And yet. somehow, it is hard to escape the feeling that a lot of good peopLe are getting more disturbed by these disclosures than they really need be. This pseudo-Nazi group seems, clearly, to be the kind of movement which can be left to the good sense of the average citizen. And the Reds? Well, according to testimony before the committee, they number about 2,000 in Los Angeles—something under one-half of 1 per cent of the population. And if you remember prohibition days, you'll recall that there's no kick at all in a solution that weak. SANITY SAVES YOUTHS FEDERAL relief agencies seem to have made genuine progress in the direction of cleaning up one of the depression's worst legacies—the presence on the highways of hundreds of thousands of homeless young tramps. Last year, according to estimates, fully naif a million youngsters were on the bum—discouraged and sullen boys and girls, always hungry and hopeless, a prolific breeding ground for vice, disease and crime. Today there are 200 camps and 350 city shelters in operation to reclaim these young people. Fully S2O 000.000 has been spent on this job. More than 200.000 roving transients are being cared for, given work, and helped back toward hope and self-respect. The youthful tramp is still a problem, of course. But a sane solution of the problem is a good deal nearer than it was a year ago. A maid for a Brockton iMass.) family turned out to be an Austrian countess and heir to a $1,000,000 estate. Moral: Don't sass your maid, for she may want to hire you some day. A New York judge reprimanded two policemen for their brutality to a dog. The cops might have been excused if the dog had been human. The man who killed Dollfuss said it was all a mistake and he was sorry. That's not living up to Nazi ideals. Nazis make no mistakes and they re glad, anyway. The weatherman reports that the drought has been broken, but we won t believe it until after all election speeches are over. A question twenty-one pages long was subm.tted to two alienists in a Detroit murder trial, to establish the defendants insanity—if the alienists didn't go mad. A survey shows more than 7.500,000 persons on Uncle Sam s pay roll, which is quite a big handicap for the Republican party.

Liberal Viewpoint - BY UR. HARRY ELMER BARNES

THE order of the President nationalizing silver and calling in the existing stock at 50.1 cents an ounce should not be misunderstood in its bearing upon our monetary system. It is the culmination of earlier developments in the Roosevelt administration and no remonitization of silver in the sense of establishing a bimetallic standard. The United States legally operated on a bimetallic standard from the days of Washington to those of McKinley, but in practice it usually was on a single standard because of the difficulty of maintaining a coinage ratio which tallied with the market values of these two precious metals. If one of them was relatively more valuable at the mint than in the market, it went into money. For example, the first ratio—that of 1792 overvalued silver in the coinage ratio and silver drove gold from circulation. Then, in 1834, gold at the mint was made more valuable thari silver in relation to their market ratios and silver disappeared slowly but surely. The silver interests made strenuous efforts to keep silver in circulation through such favorable legislation as the Coinage Act of 1853, the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 and the Sherman Act of 1890, but their attempts met with little success. Os the $215,000,000 of silver coined under the Bland-Allison Act during twelve years, only $50,000,000 was in circulation in 1890. a a a THE next great effort to rehabilitate silver came in the campaign of 1896, when the proposal was made by Bryan and the silverites to coin silver at the ratio of 16 to 1, though the market ratio was about 30 to 1. If this program had succeeded it would have meant that silver would have driven gold from circulation and a considerable inflation would have resulted. It failed and the gold standard was adopted in 1900. The subsequent efforts of the silver interests have been divided between attempts to get silver remonitized—that is, to restore the bimetallic standard—and drives for more extensive coinage of silver as token money. The latter, even if it does not remonitize silver, means a greater demand for silver and, hence, relatively higher prices for mined silver. The depression brought renewed efforts to increase silver coinage. Senators Thomas, Pittman and Wheeler have led in this battle. Failing to achieve anything under Hoover, they won at least a paper victory early in the Roosevelt administration when the Thomas bill was signed authorizing the receipt of war debt payments in silver and allowing the President to coin silver money in generous amounts at his own discretion. a a a BUT this did not suit the silver interests. They kept up the battle as a part of the inflation drive of the fall and winter of 1933. A first victory was the executive silver purchase order of Dec. 21, 1933, providing for the purchase of 24.142,000 ounces annually at 64 ’2 cents an ounce and the coinage of half of this. Much more expensive was the Silver Purchase Act of June 19, 1934, which allowed the President to purchase up to 1.000,000.000 ounces of silver at not to exceed 50 cents an ounce. It is in partial fullfiilment of this act that the President has nationalized American silver. It had reached a market quotation of 49.5 an ounce at 11 o’clock on Aug. 9 and the government acted immediately to call in silver at 50.01 cents. This will help the silver interests, even though the fixing of the price by the government will prevent the great silver boom and speculation that many silverites had hoped for. In 1932 an ounce of silver was worth only 28.2 cents in gold. It is somewhat less than the 58.2 cents an ounce that silver sold for in 1928 before the depression hit us.

Capital Capers BY GEORGE ABELL

THE state department is depleted these days and American diplomacy is taking a rest from the international troubles which have lately made its job an arduous one. Only State Secretary Cordell Hull and one or two assistants remain consistently at work in the old rococo building with its gingerbread facade and its ancient cannon pointed menacingly at some imaginary enemy. Even Secretary Hull is taking week-ends off, and shortly he and Mrs. Hull will take a real vacation at a quiet Virginia camp—a vacation which every one concedes is more than merited. Secretary Hull, more than any other cabinet officer, has suffered uncomplainingly the tribulations of a Washington summer. Undersecretary of State Phillips, who not long ago took himself gaily away to the luxury of his beautiful home in Beverley Farms, Mass., is now fishing languidly in the cool depths of Lobster Lake, Me. Meanwhile, his office is being air-cooled, so he won't suffer from the heat even when he returns. Francis B. Sayre, assistant secretary of state (and son-in-law' of the late Woodrow Wilson), is summering in Helsingfors, Finland. His next stop is Leningrad. Russia. He writes precise, cold letters about his voyage. Assistant Secretary Wilbur Carr is on the high seas en route to Ireland to study electric power and gaze in other than romantic fashion at the celebrated river Shannon. a a * AMIABLE, twinkling Judge R. Walton Moore is keeping company at the state department with the other lone assistant secretary of state. Sumner Welles. Both Welles and Moore are extremely busy. They retire, exhausted, to spend week-ends in the surrounding countryside —Sumner at his magnificent estate at Oxon Hill, Md„ and Judge Moore to his Virginia estate, where thick grows the mint for mint juleps. Energetic Thomas Hewes, special assistant to ; the secretary of state, is energetically fishing off Newfoundland and having (according to reports reaching his friends here) a glorious time. Stanley Hornbeck. chief of the division of far eastern affairs, has been out west, and recently returned. Jovial Michael McDermott, chief of current information, just motored back from Massachusetts with information that New England has the finest swimming pool along the Atlantic coast—a natural pool formed by the ocean at Salem. Mass., (just across from Mac’s native town of Peabody—please pronounce “Pibuddy’'). a a a YOUNG Vinton Chapin, assistant to Undersecretary Phillips, is holidaying in Maine, as is Jay Pierrepont Moffat, chief of western European affairs—delight of Bar Harborites who take four lumps of sugar in their afternoon tea. Jimmy Dunn, chief of protocol, officiated, morning-coated and correct, at funeral ceremonies here for President Von Hindenburg of Germany. Afterward he departed to relax for a few days in Newport. Pink-cheeked Dick Southgate, another protocol officer, returns reluctantly from the north shore to accompany the body of Paul May, deceased Belgian ambassador, to Europe, as a special representative of Secretary Hull. Still a third ceremonial one—to wit, the timid but resourceful Jeff Patterson—goes soon to Breslau, Germany, to become United States consul there. Incidentally, friends expect that Jeff now will build a schloss on the Rhine. Wherever he goes, he builds—always according to the mode of the country he's in. For instance, he was stationed in Peking. He remodeled an ancient Chinese temple and lived in it. In South America he did the same with a venerable Spanish casa. Then, returning to America, he constructed a Colonial home in Colonial Maryland, which boasts, furthermore, one of the few hanging stairways in this part of the country. Herbert Feis. talented and tousle-haired economic adviser of the department, is still in Europe encaging in a series of economic conferences. Nobody has heard from him. and nobody seems to know (at least, at the department) just when he is getting back to the capital.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

(Times readers are invited to express their views in these columns. Make your letters short, so all can have a chance. Limit them to 250 words or less.) ana DEPLORES DROUGHT OF NEEDED CREDIT Bv Skeotic. The American people have had a severe drought for five years in respect to the medium of exchange as a means of making effective demands for the goods and services they could produce, but which in our modern day require money to consumer. Money on bank books or in vaults is as worthless as the huge two bil-lion-dollar federal reserve system surplus which does not permit its use to carry on production and consumption. Money in the banks that does not flow’ into the channels of trade is as useless as fertilizer sprinkled on the treetops instead of on the soil. We have called this money drought a depression. We could have had everything we desired for our use and comfort if w r e had not let our financiers develop a suppression of money. This policy of creating an artificial shortage of money is an atrocity that exceeds any war atrocity. The strange thing is w f e do not recognize those who commit these social crimes or the means employed to keep millions of people in destitution and the wheels of industry paralyzed. As production increases the volume of real money must increase in proportion to permit the demand lor the goods to become effective. The goods are worthless unless they reach the consumer. Pay envelopes must be able to talk turkey to the producer. We brought the bread liners into our national picture by freezing purchasing pow'er at the top of the j social ladder. Relief doles are not j purchasing power nor will they' start the consumer pow r er line into i normal production. a a a LAUDS FORESIGHT OF RUSSIAN FARMERS By Observer. The administration is confronted with a gigantic problem in the west and middle west by the devastation wrought by drought. The drought reached around the world, searing China, Russia, middle Europe and America. The Russians anticipated the drought and prepared six-foot trenches around their farms last fail to hold the snow which fell on their ground to get moisture below instead of letting it go to the rivers and out to the sea. Their crops had practically no rain since planting time, but the moisture from below has fed the crops so that the yield will be even larger than last year. Yet some would call the Russians •dumb.” Contrast that with the disaster on our own soil. A little “dumbness” like that might have saved our own crops and disaster to a million of farm homes in the west. a a a RESENTS CRITICISM OF CWA WAGES Bt a. b. g. I can't help but feel a deep par.g at the unappreciative attitude of the CWA worker whose letter appeared | in the Message Center on Aug. 10. jHe "sees no difference under the New T Deal.” He quotes “prices of several commodities of a year ago together with his CWA wages and compares it with today. With food prices higher and CWA wages Jower, he figures he has quite a labor grievance. He says sarcastically that “It sure is a grand and glorious New Deal, and the President wants to know if we re better off now than a year ago. We've had the same thing

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DON’T SELL AMERICA SHORTS!

Favors ‘Consumers Service ’ Legislation

By a Capitalist. All the pologists in the world for capitalism can not save that system unless the system makes good in delivering to all classes of people an abundant living. If capitalism intends to perpetuate a scarcity of goods and to withhold even the simple conveniences from the millions of unemployed and those people who are forced to take small wages, then capitalists will be forced finally to fight for their own economic lives. Riches for a few and poverty for the workers means a final death struggle for capitalism. This inevitable. Can capitalism really be made to function so that a rich living will be possible for all producers? That is yet to be proved. Certainly it can not be aone with the existing formula in the present day practice of capitalism. Our present conception of production of goods is on the basis of “producers’ profit,” rather than on ‘‘consumers’ service.” The wrecking of consumer interest means the ultimate destruction of producer profit. The sole justification of any social order is its service to human life. When this service fails, the system must go. If this system denies to the consumer the means to take off the market the goods created or that can be created, then a change in the system must be made. If the credits in the form of money, necessary to obtain the

every year since I can remember so what’s the difference, etc.” Under the “Old Deal,” I could enlighten him. He would be sitting down on charity as he probably was before the CWA was organized. He works now for wages enough for the necessities of life. By being given the opportunity to earn a living, he keeps up the morale of the real American, whereas he loses self-respect when he is given charity. With some of these men, however, nothing is left to lose, I regret to say, and they have a chronic grief with life in general, even though given a chance to support their families at the expense of the government and tax-paying public. By this time he probably looks on his CWA work as a career. I’ve no doubt that if the wages were higher, several such types of men would do so. CWA work is for emergency relief, and not a lifetime job. The hours are short enough to permit the workers to seek other employment in their spare time. Needless to say, (juite a few CWA workers today are making a higher scale, per hour, practically the same wages, more leisure and more steady employment than on some of the “old shuffle” jobs they used to get. Now. aren't you? The times have been indeed critical. and to the man or men who have been responsible for your livelihood since CWA should be given all your thanks and commendations and receive above all your kind appreciation and loyal support. If I were you. fellow, I would actually pray that President Roosevelt and every official of the CWA should fail to see such a letter and learn that one so unappreciative was among those who were being eiven the opportunity that you have. You are biting the hand that feeds you. a a a CHARGES HOTEL IGNORES NRA By An Observer. I have been reading your paper for a great many years and I enjoy it; especially your editorials and [ your broadmindedness in all things. I don't want to implicate any one or any employe. It lias been a year

["/ rvholly disapprove of what you say and tui/M |_ defend to the death your right to say it.—Voltaire. J

goods, flow into the hands of a few who can not consume the goods, then a tax program of diversion of credits becomes imperative. This can be accomplished. A scarcity of goods, artificially produced, spells the doom of any order. Subsidies for the destruction of wealth only aggravate an unbalanced consumption of goods. If the pay envelopes are not filled properly by employers so that the consumers may obtain the goods produced, then it becomes the obligation of the government to subsidize the cheated consumer with government credits to make up the lack of purchasing power. Those profit credits, obtained to be hoarded by capital, must be taxed away from the stagnant pool, where they dry up consuming power and be sent down to the consumer line. Capital is entitled to all the profits it can use in increasing production, but must be denied the restriction power resulting from unused profits. This credit of "money” must be created solely by the government. All the credits necessary for expension of production must be created by the government. Production must be stepped up to its utmost for consumer use. Only through service at its peak can we save the initiative and personality generated by the capitalistic system. We do not have long to decide what to do. We must step up consumption now.

since the President signed the hotel code, and all, I think, are trying to live up to it as near as possible except one downtown hotel, where they work their employes like slaves, with long hours at starvation wages. These employes don't know what the NRA means or what it’s all about. I think it is the only place in this city that is not on the code or even trying. When the President denied the plea of a poor widow to make artificial flowers at home to support herself and two children, as it interfered with the NRA. I wonder what he would think of these parasites and “chiselers” who work their employes for starvation wages and tell them they should be glad they have a job. They have been compelled to work four and five days a month without pay for the last year and they are afraid to say anything for fear of losing their jobs. I am taking this on myself to see if something could be done. Os course, they will tell you that everything is fine and that they are doing their part, but the employes can tell you differently. lass THINKS CHIEF SHOULD KNOW GAMBLING DIVES Bv Do Tell. So Chief Mike Morrissey plans to do something about slot machines! The chief should know how to go .about it! He was head of the department’s gambling squad before he became chief. He should know where all the “jernts” are. He, it is known, visited practically every poker layout, pony parlor,' dice dump, in the city while head of the gambling squad. But that was “away back when,” and now the chief sits in his office and lets “George do it.” George or whoever he may be. isn’t doing it. Gambling bars are down and have been down since Mr. Morrissey became chief. When first taking the chief's chair, he threatened to “clean-up” the town. Big-shot gambled trembled—maybe. Sporadic raids lasted long enough to inaugurate the chief's regime and firmly implant him in his swivel chair. Then—no more raids. Now coppers loaf in the doorways

.'AUG. 14, 1934

of some of the hottest dice spots in the town. One notorious gambler has moved back to an old hangout. Police sergeants enter these gaming resorts and after giving the place the eye, walk out. But in ye olden times when the chief was on his toes and one of the city’s raiders, the spots were different —even the dice spots of the city. The mention of Morrissey’s name brought curses. His manner was described as “high-handed.” He would raid places in a spectacular fashion, willy-nilly, without regard for search and seizure. He broke up many a gambling layout merely by driving customers away from the doors. S'matter Mike—gone soft? Is the easy-chair too easy? a a a CLAIMS TRUCKS PAY FULL SHARE OF TAXES Bv Harlow Hyde. We highly appreciate the story you carried Aug. 10 on “Truck Taxation Sets New Record for 1933.” Very few of your readers realize that the trucks pay an enormous tax. They hear that a large truck pays $65 to SIOO in motor vehicle licenses, and consider that is the end of their taxation. Our highway haulers with vehicles with a five-ton capacity or more, are paying to the state of Indiana and the nation at least a I*4 cent a mile in gasoline taxes and excise taxes over and above their license fee. The highway haulers run from 50,000 to 65,000 miles a year or more. They average about five miles per gallon, and their contribution to the state is enormous. There has been so much news of a different type disseminated in the past that truck users generally will note the fairmindedness of your publication in printing such fact stories of the truck taxes, which for Indiana are estimated at over $7,815,000, out of a total of approximately $24,000,000 collected by the state from all automotive users. The trucks are only 15 per cent of the total registered motor vehicles. They pay nearly 30 per cent of all motor vehicle taxes in this state. SOUTH TALBOT STREET NEEDS LIGHTS, IS HINT Bv Mark Tempo. South Talbot street is a residential street. It begins at Morris street and continues to the Belt railroad in the daytime. At night it may as well be nonexistent. If you have a search-light or are well accustomed to finding your way about like some night crawler or cockroach it is possible you will find South Talbot street. True there are occasional lights which gleam like fireflies, much to the delight of the South Talbotters. Then, too, occasional automobiles startle the gloom with bright shafts of light. Most people smoke on Talbot street at night. It is a good way to keep from bumping into each other on the sidewalks.

ASPIRATION

BY J. DUKE MOTLEY "When I grow up. I'm gonna be A traffic cop. Just wait and see. I'll wave my hands high in the air And make the crowds just stop and stare. They’ll say, "Who’s that guy in the street, With brass buttons and dancing feet?’ You'd think he was President, sure enough, The way he prances ’n struts his stuff. He makes ’em stop and makes em go, Rich man. poor man, dude and hobo. No guy dares budge when be says, •STOP.’ Yeah, boy, I’m gonna be a traffic cop.”