Indianapolis Times, Volume 45, Number 192, Indianapolis, Marion County, 21 December 1933 — Page 7

DEC. 21, 1933

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THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

PAGE 7

| —Dietz on Science — HEAVY WATER OUTPUT TO BE MUCHJLARGER Columbia Professor Heads Plant to Set New Mark. BY DWID DIETZ Scripps-Howard Science Editor Within the next two or three months, the chemistry department of Columbia university expects to have a pound of heavy water on hand. Anew plant, designed to yield a larger daily amount of heavy water than any plant now in existence has been put into operation under the direction cf Professor Harold C. Urey. Just two years ago, in December, 1931, Professor Urey, Dr. George Murphy of Columbia university and Dr. S. G. Brickwitey of the United States bureau of standards, announced* the discovery - of heavy water. The substance gets its name from the fact that there are two kinds of hydrogen atoms, one weighing twice as much as the other. Each molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. In an ordinary sample of water, there are about 5,000 of the lighter atoms of hydrogen involved to every one of the heater atoms. Heavy water consists of water containing only the heavier atoms of hydrogen. Known as ‘Deuterium’ Professor Urey uses the name "protium" for hydrogen consisting of the lighter and ‘deuterium" for that consisting of the heavier atems. i If these names come into general j use, laymen will have to rrmember : them if they expect to find their i way around in the scientific world. , Asa matter of fact, it is possible j to make several varieties of heavy water. For. in addition to the two kinds of hydrogen atoms, with atomic weights of 1.008 and 2, there are three kinds of oxygen atoms or j isotopes, having atomic weights of ! 16, 17 and 18. . The three oxygen atoms.'however, 1 are so close together in weight, that it has not been thought necessary to give them individual names, and at ! present at any rate, scientists do not ! attach as much importance to their I effect as they do to the hydrogen ! isotopes. In manufacturing the heavy water at Columbia. Professor Urey j has made no attempt to sort out the : oxygen atoms, using all three varie- ; ties, but, of course, only the heavy hydrogen isotope. Process of .Manufacture The ordinary commercial electrolytic plant manufactures hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through water. Hydrogen and oxygen are given in the form of gases. But in this process, it is the lighter hydrogen atoms that come off. The heavy hydrogen atoms remain in the residue of water in the electrolytic cells. As already mentioned, the propor- | tion of light to heavy hydrogen atoms is 5,000 to one in an ordinary sample of water. Under Professor Urey’s direction, 4,000 gallons of water, which was the residue from 100- | cell electrolytic plant was collected. These 4.000 gallons were then, by electrolysis, reduced to a residue of 150 gallons. This gave a ratio of heavy’ to light hydrogen atoms of one to 200. The Columbia chemical laboratory then obtained fifty gallons of this second solution and by submitting it again to electrolysis reduced it to one-third of its former volume. This gave a concentration of heavy atoms of one to 100. Aids in Research The process is repeated until a solution is obtained in which forty out of every one hundred hydrogen atoms are heavy ones. From this point on, the process becomes increasingly difficult, but eventually a solution is obtained which contains only the heavy atoms. Professor Urey has embarked upon a series of experiments witn heavy water which, it is expected, will test and clarify many chemical theories. The reason for this is that the heavy hydrogen atom is what he calls a “tagged atom." Because of its weight, its presence always can be detected by the proper sort of measurements. In this way, the heavy hydrogen atom can be used to check up on the behavior of molecules.

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