Indianapolis Times, Volume 45, Number 118, Indianapolis, Marion County, 26 September 1933 — Page 12

PAGE 12

The Indianapolis Times (A SCKirrS-HOWARD NEWSPAPER ) ROY W. HOWARD rrotdrat TAI.COTT POWELL Editor EARL D. BAKER Buslnes* Manager I’hone—Riley 5551

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Give lA'jht and the People Will Fini Their Own Wap

TUESDAY SEPT. 26. 1933 THE CITY BUDGET r TT'HE battle of the budget goes on with neither the taxpayer nor the city administration getting anywhere. Much oratory and few practical suggestions have characterized the proceedings before the county adjustment board. There are two sharply conflicting elements In the situation. Tax delinquencies prove that the taxpayer can no longer meet his bills. He must be relieved. On the other hand, Mayor Reginald H. Sullivan has since 1930 cut the city’s operating costs by 51.800.000. Further slashing will endanger the municipal services. The Real Estate Board has acted as the taxpayer’s vehement champion, but its speakers have been vague on method and long on generalization. Their first idea amounted to a suggestion that the city repudiate its debts temporarily. That was silly because it would . destroy municipal credit for years to come. Then the idea of the realtors was the consolidation of city and county governments. There was a splendid suggestion, but it can not be acted upon without authority from the legislature. The harassed taxpayer can not wait for the legislature. Mayor Sullivan takes the position that with the return of normal business the 16 per cent tax delinquency will be eliminated and new sources of revenue will be found. He probably is right, but the present emergney requires immediate action. Now the Real Estate Board has fallen back upon the technique of the common scold and oilers nothing more constructive than loud roars that the city must find a way to live up to the $1 50 tax law. But how? No one has answered that. A little common sense and courage are all that is needed. Why don’t both parties to the controversy deal more frankly with the public? Both sides know that the city is confronted with the elimination of some of its services, and with the imposition of additional charges for present services. But, evidently, neither wants to be specific because such measures are bound to be unpopular. Indianapolis can not have its cake and eat it, too. It can net maintain the services which it has offered in the past and at the same time lower taxes. The people should understand clearly that, for a year or two, they may have to decide which services it prefers to do without. There are really two general types of municipal functions. One is the sort which the individual family unit can not possibly handle, such as flic and police protection, sewage disposal, control of epidemics, poor relief and education. The other type is that which the city has taken over during boom years from the family. This includes recreation and certain types of public health work. While these functions are important and desirable they could be discontinued temporarily with less damage to the community than serious crippling, of the police or fire departments. It is in this latter type of function that the budget makers must seek their reductions. To do so will require courage. CLEAN AIR AND CLEAN WATER INDIANA has suffered patiently for many years from disgusting pollution of its streams. In addition. Indianapolis has had its atmosphere polluted by an appalling stench. Through the federal government $23,000,000 is available to clean up the streams. Otto Deluse, chairman of the local board of the federal public works administration, termed the use of this money as “a golden opportunity.” Certainly advantage should be taken of this offer. future generations then may swim and fish In Indiana's streams just as our grandparents did before cities and industries corrupted them. Meanwhile Ivan Morgan, whose cannery at Austin has been one of the worst polluters in the state, voluntarily has taken steps to clean up his own mess. He will spend $25,000 out of his own pocket to do so. This newspaper has often disagreed with Mr. Morgan in the past. It may disagree with him in the future, but it is extremely pleasant to point out that he is doing the state a signal service in eliminating the pollution of the Muscatatuck river. At the same time Kingan's packing plant has announced it will invest SII,OOO in equipment that it hopes will rid the city forever of the stench which has lain over the downtown section for years. Kingan’s. it appears, has been studying methods of doing away with its odors for years, but could not find the right sort of apparatus. As soon as such machinery could be found the plant bought it. Every community is entitled to clean streams and decent air- Indiana seems well on the road to getting them. And people should not forget to write high on the list of those who have done a real and generous public service the names 'Morgan” and “Kingan.” THE WEARY ROAD THE national capital was the end of the road for Robert Cohen. 41, picked up on a Washington street in a starving condition after having followed the hobo trail for months. He is typical of between 1.000.000 and 1.500.00 C American sons and daughters whom the depression has pried loose from iocial moorings and cast adrift in a hopeless migration through the states. According to Morris Lewis, named by Relief Administrator Hopkins to administer fed- . eral funds for transient relief, at least 15 per cent of the wanderers are under 21, America's

counterpart to post-war Russia’s “lost children.” An alarming number are women and girls. Many are gypsv-like families moving in rickety autos with the open fields and railroad jungles for hemes. For four years the government and states closed their eyes to the menace of this unnatural situation. Hundreds of young amateur hoboes have been maimed or killed on trains. Many carry disease. Not a few turn to petty crime. All are sinking to lower physical, mental and moral levels. Cities and states only have had one suggestion: "Hey, you, move on!” But at last social-minded men have been permitted to take hold. _Mr. Lewis’ organization has granted $300,000 to fourteen states and is arranging set-ups in others. No money is being given to states unless they submit adequate plans for relief. These must include constructive work-relief, clean and warm shelter. wholesome food. The forestry camps of the “C. C. C.” are offered as models of the sort of relief the states should provide, since they benefit both the states and the transients. Only when such projects are set up in the states affected should the government consider shutting down on the movement of these unfortunates. The open road, bad as it is, is better than the miserable flophouses that most communities have offered. PROPHET WANTED VI/HAT this country really needs, perhaps, is a system of augurs like those of ancient Rome. If some authoritative functionary only could go out on the steps of the capitol building at Washington every so often, peer at the internal economy of some luckless pigeon and then tell us which of our ambitious plans were going to work and which were not, life would flow along a lot more smoothly. It seems to be our fate in these days to do a lot things that have never been done before and to do them without any definite knowledge whether or not they are going to help us. We know only that to do nothing Is to walk straight into complete disaster. Otherwise the sky is blank and no sign is vouchsafed us. A good example of our perplexities is to be found in the talk about inflation and the commodity dollar. It is a pretty fair bet that before very long we are going to do things to our dollar that have never been done before. No one knows what the outcome will be. The army is going to strike out in the dark, over unknown terrain against a foe of uncalculated strength. It is going to do it simply because the pressure on the rear is too great to be resisted any longer. And there is this to remember about this move: An attempt is to be made to gain an end we all desire—the cessation of wild price fluctuations. the attainment of a dollar that is worth when you pay it back exactly what it was worth when you borrowed it, the creation of a monetary system under which trade and industry can operate with some degree of regularity. Maybe the attempt will work and maybe it won’t; but back of it there stands the plain fact that the system we have been using has not worked worth a lead nickel. We may be jumping into the fire, but at least we are jumping out of an unendurably hot frying pan. Meanwhile—Well, it w’ould be handy if we only had an augur who could really read the auspices and tell us u’hat’s going to happen to us. EDUCATION AND NEW DEAL SERIOUS discussion of almost any question ends with the concession that “it all comes down to a matter of education. Yet this gets us nowhere, so long as it is left merely as an abstraction. In what w r ay does dynamic education fit in with the conception of the “New Deal” in American institutional life? The best brief answer to this which T have read is contained in two John Day Pamphlets —A. Gordon Melvin’s “Education for the New Era: A Call to Leadership,” and “A Call to the Teachers of the Nation,” issued by the committee of the Progressive Education Association on Social and Economic Problems. Perhaps the most valuable phase of Professor Melvin’s work is the broad perspective it supplies for understanding the fact that we really are moving into anew era which demands anew set of ideals and trained leadership. He thus summarizes the old order which now is passing, even though most of those in power in American society still regard it as being just as solid and permanent as the Rock of Gibraltar: “The social structure which we are shuffling off is that of the period known to historians as ‘modern times.’ The ‘modern’ period of history is over. Its structure was laid down in the fifteenth century in unequivocal terms. Founded on the idea of freedom of the individual. it developed into democracy. Fathered by the reformation, it allied itself with prosaic protestantism. “Drawing to its support the bergher and commercial classes, it flowered into capitalism. Caught in the upsweep of national structures it led to militarism. Seeking anew mode of secular self-preservation, it discovered public education. The pattern of modern times became an interweaving of those modes of social existence known as democracy, protestantism, capitalism, nationalism, militarism and public education.” This system reached its culmination at the close of the nineteenth century. In the last three decades it has begun to dissolve as a result of the impact of applied electricity, the introduction of automatic machinery, the perfection of mass production, the rise of the automobile, and the like. The World war gave it a final death shock from which it will never recover: “Certainly the rafters of our social structure have begun to creak and the plaster to fall. Democracy has been assaulted by a host of dictators. Capitalism has heard of its rival communism. Nationalism hears shouts of internationalism. Militarism shudders at the name of pacifism. The old laissez faire theories of education are challenged on every hand. The traditional institutions and loyalties of ‘modern times’ are becoming riddled in the fray. Their banners vainly wave for youth to follow. “The stress of anew emergency is upon us. We are experiencing it in every present'form of thought and life. We are forced to look

ahead and to speculate upon the path that we must follow. Let us seriously ask ourselves what it shall be. There are but four alternative paths. The first is Communism, the second is Fascism, the third is the status quo and the fourth is some new plan.” Professor Melvin is for the fourth alternative. He holds that this will insist upon “constructive citizenship from all,” and will guarantee food, work, leisure, peace and education for all. He urges that we build an educational system which functionally will be related to the new era that is coming upon us and will train able leaders supplied with the proper technique for social direction. The committee of the Progressive Education Association re-echoes President Roosevelt’s notion of co-partnership in social and economic endeavor in its appeal for community of purpose: “The most urgent and crucial task of our generation, both for education and for society in general, is the development of community of purpose. We must decide in whose interests our mighty mechanism for the production and distribution of goods is to be managed, it might be made to serve either the few or the many; it can not be made to serve both.” The committee exhibits a proper and fitting realism by pointing out that if we are to get anywhere with dynamic education the teachers may be protected from both conservative sniping and mob intimidation through strong organization: “The progressive -minded teachers of the country must unite in a powerful organization, militantly devoted to the building of a better social order and to the fulfilment, under the conditions of industrial civilization, of the democratic aspirations of the American people.” We have a teachers union already organized to supply such a protective guild. But teachers have so far been too individualistic or too lofty to join it in any great numbers. Until they do so, liberal and constructive teaching in our schools on any large scale will remain purely imaginative idealism. COMMON SENSE OENATOR WILLIAM E. BORAH usually can be counted on to contribute a note of genuine common sense to the discussion of a problem on international relations, and he seems to have done so in connection with the current Cuban question. The senator proposes simply this: That Amci icans in Cuba whose lives are endangered by the turmoil of revolution be evacuated by this government until the danger period is over. It would be no more difficult to do that than it would be to land sailors and marines to protect them, and it would have an infinitely better effect on our relations with Latin America generally. Furthermore, it would give the Cubans a better chance to pick a government that they themselves wanted and not just a government that would suit American financial and industrial interests. The government at Washington has made it pretty clear that if it has to intervene it will do so to protect lives rather than property. Evacuation would protect the lives better than intervention. Why not try it? Statisticians report 600 new millionaires were made since 1923. Then “into the valley of debt rode the six hundred.” Think of President Roosevelt wanting to feed and clothe the unemployed! Why, this isn’t election year. The South American country of Colombia now is seeking “new blood” for its leadership. All they need do is shoot another band of revolutionists. Notice the New York stock brokers are considering moving to a pier on the Jersey side. So it will be a handy jumping-off spot for some of them, we suppose.

M. E.Tracy Says:

A DEMAND for 20-cent cotton is not unreasonable. The average yield is little better than one-third of a bale to the acre. That means that a farmer cultivating forty acres can count on fourteen or fifteen bales. There are exceptions, of course. Occasionally, some farmers get a bale to the acre, but just as often, other farmers get nothing. Wind, weevils, and the weather are forever playing havoc with the crop. Twenty-cent cotton means about SIOO a bale, or an annual return of from $1,400 to $1,500 on forty acres, in addition to the seed. The ( seed probably would take care of the fertilizer, spraying and picking, so that it is fair to say that 20-cent cotton would guarantee the average small farmer approximately S3O a week for hi& labor and his investment or rent. For relief measures, in connection with the NRA, have resulted in bringing cotton up to 10 cents. That represents a real gain, however, since the price was cents last year. At the same time, it leaves growers in a sorry plight, especially if they are tennants, as more than half of them are, and compelled to give up a fourth of the crop as rent. a st st YOU can’t blame them for being dissatisfied and impatient. Even a guarantee of 20 cents would not insure them a reasonably good income, for they would still have to take chances with the vagaries of old Mother Nature. Naturally enough, cotton growers turn to inflation as a remedy for their ills. They have been told that inflation would not work a hardship on consumers, since it would raise prices and wages all around. Cotton growers realize that a 100 per cer* advance would not help them very much if everything they had to buy went up proportionately, but the margin would go twice as far toward paying off their debts. If a grower received 10 cents for his cotton and it cost him 9 to live, he would have 1 cent left for his note at the bank or government loan. If, on the other hand, he received 20 cents and it, cost him 18 cents to live, he would have 2 cents left. v a a LIKE most other people, cotton growers are struggling under a load of debt which they took on during boom times. The load has been doubled, if not more than doubled, by the fall of prices. It takes them fully twice as long to earn a dollar as it did six or eight years ago. When they ask for inflation, they are not asking for an arbitrary advantage, but for a restoration of normal conditions. The only question is whether inflation would do for them what they expect, especially if undertaken on the printing press theory, or whether it would lead to such an orgy of speculation as might well leave them worse off. Specific devaluation of the dollar by reduction of its gold content would find an immediate reflection in wage and price advances, but mere expansion of the currency holds no such definite promise.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

I wholly disapprove of what you say and will defend to the death your right to say It.—Voltaire

(Times readers are invited to express their views in these columns. Make your tetters short, so all can have a chance. Limit them to 250 words or lessJ By J. W. Thompson A few hours after you published that admirable editorial “That Awful Smell” Dr. Herman Morgan of the city board of health and the Kingan company officials rushed into print with statements blaming the whole thing on the government —NRA, if you please! Os course, they had to present some sort of an alibi. To my personal knowledge, however, as a lifelong resident of Indianapolis, this awful stench coming from Kingan’s has been in the air ever since I can remember. Everybody knows that. No city official ever has exhibited the courage or determination to eliminate this evil until The Times comes along and in one pungent, efficient editorial starts them running for cover. I think Dr. Morgan and the Kingan officials owe the government an apology for their insinuations. I live seven miles from Kingan’s —out north, and on hot summer evenings the smell at times is almost unbearable. God help the people who live near the plant in West Indianapolis. More power to you! By M. A. Kiefer. In your Message Center I have read a dozen or more articles about the firemen’s rights, yet all this talk is of personal interest to only a few. Let me give you a subject that is of vital interest to every farmer and laboring man, and that is cooperation from producer to consumer. Every village or city easily can establish such an organization. The farmers and city consumers are each to be an equal owner. In the first place you should own your own buildings and build them, rather than buy out some other person. Then what are you going to put into these buildings? Let us cut this short by saying, everything possible. Grocery, grist mill, bakery, milk distributing association, churning plant, ice cream factory, cheese factory and condensary, canning factory, poultry, egg, feed grinder, feed mixer, coal yard, lumber, gas and oil and several thousand other items. Here are a few of the advantages.

THERE is probably no other injury affecting the human body that is at once so painful, so mutilating and so difficult to handle as a severe burn of the surface of the body. The remedies that have been used in the treatment of burns since the beginning of time include almost anything any one could devise that would cover the surface. One of the chief difficulties in securing a coat over burned areas was infection. When methods -were found for keeping wounds clean and these methods were applied to burns, great help was given to prompt cure. There are, however, many persons who at once smear burns with any grease that happens to be handy, thus infecting the burn and making it practically impossible for a physician to clean the burn. It is realized now that in severe burns of the body it is just as necessary to treat the whole patient as to treat the burn itself. Patients who

THE American home, we hear it said, is in a sad, sad way. Women are to blame. They refuse to look after their immemorial business. Now this reasonably may be true, but as there is no result without a cause, the question arises as to what it was that really brought about the change in our domestic scene. Did women abandon the home because the family wouldn’t stay in it, or did the family walk out because mother wouldn’t stay in it? That, it seems to me, is a distinction we should consider before we place the full blame upon any set of shoulders. No matter how industrious or enthusiastic or clever she may be. one person can't make a home. The family was the very first co-oporative company and mama was only its vice-president.

“What Are You Saving It For?"

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Tannic Acid Solution Used for Bums

: : A Woman’s Viewpoint : : 1 - —= BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON 1 ■ -

Here's an Idea

By Motorist Driving back home to Indianapolis after a Sunday afternoon’s drive to the northwest or northeast sections of the city, calls attention to the lack of a hadlyneeded cross-town boulevard on the far north side. Virtually every state road leading into Indianapolis from the north takes the motorist close to the downtown section. That is inconvenient if the motorist happens to live on the far north side, as so many do. How about a cross-town highway stretching across from say, Fifty-second street, or Fiftieth street? It is not only a question of making things easier for the north side motorist. A project of that kind would speed up traffic moving from east to west, and vice versa, on the north side. It would cut down on the accidents occurring at those streets with bad jogs in them. And, it would put men to work, wouldn’t it?

First you have your own job as far as we can use all the stockholders and it will have no age limits, not even 90. if you still can do something. Second, there will be no profiteering on the producer or consumer. Third, there will be no sweatshop wages and neither will there be any excessive salaries to the managers or executives. Fourth, everything will be handled from producer to the consumer at the least possible expense. Fifth, everything from the farms that needs to be processed to make it ready for the consumer will be processed by the association, such as making wheat into flour, bread, pies, cakes, and hogs to be made into bacon, and so forth. Sixth, all the factory work that can be done of benefit to the association. This may take in a lot of territory. Don’t overlook the opportunity of getting a lot of the material by wrecking a few of the abandoned factories in your city. I don’t mean to confiscate them. Os course get permission to do so. Do all the work by yourselves for a share in the association. In Kokomo a bunch of men, all past 70, built a $70,000 structure at

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN

Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Bygeia, the Health Magazine. die after being burned, died promptly from shock, or in two or three weeks from the poisons developed by their illness, or else from the secondary infection. Blood transfusion and proper remedies may obviate the dangerous shock. It is recognized that infants and older people do not withstand burns as well as those in middle life. The most recent method of treating burns is the use of a solution of tannic acid. Solutions as strong as 10 per cent are applied. The solution causes a crust to form over the burn. This thick scab or crust protects the nerve endings and holds the burned area firmly. Tannic acid solution hardly can be applied by the patient or those about him, since the solution must be made up fresh from the powdered tannic acid.

She always took her orders from father in the old days, when family life was important enough to be spelled with capital letters. It was a combination of circumstances and not the modern woman that wrecked that domestic bliss. The competitive economic system which set men striving against each other to transfer home work to factories so that a great deal more money might be made, was the primal cause. Baa IT was war hysteria which increased production and threw big business into high gear that we can’t seem to get shifted back into low, and that pushed millions of women into indutsry so that men could be released for fighting.It was prohibition tkat sent young people upon their surreptitious

an actual cash outlay of $lB5. All the material was salvaged and all the work done by the members for their share. By Mrs. Laura Allen. Just a few lines regarding the Sunday Star boys, as I see it. It looks to me like a frame-up to compel the people to buy from the regular carrier from the office. There are boys who have their regular customers and are not allowed to deliver their papers until 8, while the regular carrier delivers his early, and I understand are compelled to take out fifty extras. Why have not the boys who have regular customers, the same rights as the office carrier? I think that every housewife who signed an NRA card, should make a protest or quit the Star till they are fair with all the boys. And as far as the people who don’t want to be awakened, let them move out to Crown Hill or Memorial Park. I rather like to hear the boys call out their papers, hear the factory whistles blow, see the smoke roll up, and all the hubbub and noise that go to make a big city. I even like to see a policeman leaning on the semaphore. I could not live in a small town and hear nothing but a dismal church bell ringing. So let the Star live up to the blue eagle and give all the boys a square deal and glory in their ambition to sell their paper. We certain do like to read The Times, the editorial page especially. I like to read something worthwhile and one certainly finds it on that page. And believe me, you have lots of friends. Keep up the good work and bring cut the truth. By nonaid A. Benson. Charles Hooper writes that he is alarmed at the NRA movement; that it is all wrong and things will be worse and that people can be led to water, but can not be made to drink. I would like to suggest to Mr. Hooper .whether it wouldn’t be far better to drink of the water now being served than that stagnant and deadly poisoned water that has been served to him and forced to drink during the last three years. . I would hazard a guess that Mr. Hooper either is some selfish individual whose toes have been stepped upon, or else he is one of those old die-hard Republicans who craves the failure of the “new deal.”

As soon as a person receives a severe burn the clothing should be cut away from the burned area so as to avoid contamination, and tannic acid sprayed on it. In hospitals the patient is placed in a frame containing electric lights which apply soothing warmth and help to keep the burned area dry. Such patients regularly must receive sufficient, amounts of water, and, if necessary, have it injected into the body. It is customary to watch the person carefully and to prepare for transfusion if the blood shows signs of breaking down. After the patient has recovered from the first shock and healing has begun, it frequently is possible to graft skin on the bunted area. It is the tendency of such areas to contract with deep kcars and thereby to cause serious crippling of the body.

search after illicit pleasures. It was the automobile that moved the family from the sitting room to the highway. It was the high-pressure salesman introducing installment buying who persuaded the public that life was a sort of mad caucus race, like that in which Alice participated when in Wonderland, a race that you began when you liked and left off when you liked, with no course set, and no particular goal. It was, in short, our whole money made civilization, in which homes and salaries were too small to permit women to have a proper numSf children, and in which a case >tch became the first requisite xial standing. And let's not ; this. If the home is a wreck, ’omen, too, are smashed in its

SEPT. 26, 1933

It Seems to Me -by heybood broun__

TKJEW YORK. Sept. 26.—1 hav J heard several, to put it mildly, criticisms of NR A. They have not served to convince me that the blue eagle is in the red. Seme of its accomplishments are startling. Indeed. in a few respects it has sueceedcd beyond even the wildest dreams. I refer to the manner in which certain tough babies have been softened up by the new deal. A former Roosevelt, who seems likely to go down in history as President Roosevelt the Minor, used to fulminate against malefactors of great wealth and attack them fiercely with the big stick. His record was pretty good. He had his share of knockouts, draws against fast twofisted boys and hairline decisions. But there was not the same punishing power. It is, of course, entirely possible that the eagle nay droop, fold its wings and come tumbling down like Lucifer or any common plummet. But whoever comes after with anew economicscheme should in all fairness give some credit to the pioneer work of the bird. a a a Jumped Through Hoops MINE ears have heard the cooing accents of gentlemen who were set in the public mind a year ago as man-eating tigers. In any corridor of the Commerce Building you can see ingratiating, rugged individuals who would have bitten your hand off less than a year ago if you chanced to say, “Mister, could you spare a five-hour day?” I’m not sure that all these monsters from the jungle are completely tamed. I’d hate to cut my finger or be in the range of the rush if any other slab of raw beef were thrown along the hallways where the reformed industrialists now hold forth. In fact, I’d even hate to make a sound like one dollar clanking against another. The larger predatory mammals have not yet been reduced to the status of house pets. But I doubt that they will ever be the same. They have known the bars, the circus ring and the experience of jumping through the hoops. Words such as “the right of labor,” “a fair share for the workers” and “we want you boys to be satisfied” are heard now in quarters where previously the only sounds were “grumph!” and also “crunch! crunch! crunch!” a a a Chiselers May Co-operate IAM aware of the fact that the captain of industry who spends his afternoon talking about “the rights of labor” may go home and sleep quite soundly under a coverlet of wage cuts. But it is a mistake to assume that words mean nothing and that deeds are everything. Ti- e* is a curious contagion in phrases. Even though a slogan be repeated parrot-like and without sincerity, it has a tendency to get into the bloodstream. People who come to chisel may remain to cooperate. I have seen tin halos turn into authentic rings of living fire, and if some of the predatory princes continue to talk long enough about the new economic dispensation they may in time contrive to convince themselves. We lie as yet this side of Paradise. Never in my life have I heard so many stories of mean, small, petty grafting things as float about in Washington. And my respect for the potentialities of organized mankind is higher now than ever before. Every fact, indeed every rumor, of shocking selfishness can be matched by some instance of deeply ingrained sincerity and almost unbelievable devotion. a a a Seems To Bea Start THE earth still is cumbered with many who are willing to lift anything which is not ’ ailed down. But a change has occurred. Robber barons who used to ride on forays without a qualm now pause for maybe six seconds on the brink of a peculation and say, T know I shouldn’t do this.” This is, as you might say, not quite enough. And still it seems to be a start. (Coovrieht. 1933. bv The Times) Coal BY MARGARET E. BRUNER There was a time I thought of coal As dirty, commonplace: I longed for some mild, far-off goal Its soot could not disgrace. I think of toilers now who go Down deep within the earth; And how those shiny, black lumps glow As gems of sterling worth. Questions and Answers Q_Were paper wheels ever used on railroads? How were thoy made? A—For some years paper-cored wheels were used in passenger service on railroads. This model ■was invented in 1876 by R. N. Allen, made and sold by the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company. They did not meet the needs of the heavy equipment and were discarded. The method of manufacturing was: Strawboard paper pressed while wet and then baked and dried in a kiln for thirty to ninety days; then repressed and baked again for six months. The paper centers were incased in steel tire and sides. Q —Does an enlistment and honorable discharge from the United States army make a person a citizen? A—No. Q —ls military service in Italy compulsory for all male citizens? How long do they have to serve and what are the age limits? A—ln Italy, service in the army or navy is compulsory and universal. Liability to service begins at the age of 20 and continues to the age of 55. The terms of service in the active army is normally eighteen months for all arms. After passing through the ranks, the men are placed on “unlimited leave,” that is, they are transferred to the reserve, in which they remain until the age of 55,