Indianapolis Times, Volume 44, Number 149, Indianapolis, Marion County, 1 November 1932 — Page 4

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Only Two Months For two more months the state will be ruled by Governor Leslie, who seems determined to take any Rttng of regret from the people at his departure from office. There can be no Justification for his demand that any funds borrowed for poor relief for St. Joseph or any other county be spent under his direction. If that is the attitude of either state or national government, it means that the day of dictatorship is here. That county has been promised a loan from the national government to take care of its unemployed. Its citizens must repay that loan in the future. Yet Governor Leslie, because his approval is needed under a state law, demands that he spend the money for that county. It amounts to a guardianship over the voters of that county. His edict means that he intends to set aside the elected government and supplant it with his puppets, Insofar as the spending of this loan is concerned. Fortunately, after the beginning of the year the Governor's cilice will be filled by Paul McNutt, who has advanced an entirely different theory of government and whose record insures that he will not endeavor to make himself an autocrat by making people give up their own officials or starve. If anything were needed to insure the election of McNutt', it is the fact that he is being attacked by Leslie. Thq people will look with distrust upon any advice from the Governor. They have a right to suspect his judgment. Incidentally, the frantic telegram of the Governor to President Hoover opposing any federal relief for the unemployed should not be forgotten. He declared that Indiana could feed Its own. Today St. Joseph, one of the richest counties, has fits loan, and this county Is asking for a half million dollars from the national government. Wise leadership a year ago might have prevented some of the suffering that now seems inevitable.

Hoover’s Halloween President Hoover fought hard Monday night at Madison Square Garden. The trouble was that he had nothing to fight—only a great big Halloween bogey man. After working himself up into an awful fright, he began to see things. He ended by seeing the country destroyed—and all because Roosevelt is a progressive. And this was billed as Hoover’s great effort, the climax of his campaign! With the nation in the worst crisis in history, with an election at hand to determine momentous issues, the President runs off to chase goblins. Eight reasons were, listed by the President for his warning that Democratic victory would “undermine and destroy our American system.” The American system, to Hoover, means the Hoover system. 1. Hoover—who has helped to subsidize tariff grabbers, ship and aviation companies, farm speculators and other special interests—warned that his opponents would yield to “sectional and group raids on the public treasury.” 2. Hoover—who let a Democrat, Carter Glass, kill the last inflation bill —warned that his opponents favor “inflation of the currency.” 3. Hoover—whose Reconstruction Finance Corporation has established an all-peace time record for putting the government into the banking business—warned that his opponent would “extend the government into the personal banking business.” 4. Hoover —whose high tariff has destroyed our foreign trade, and helped to close thousands of factories, ruin hundreds of banks, bankrupt hundreds of thousands of farmers, and put millions of workers into the breadlines—warned that the Democratic lower tariff plan would destroy the national well-being. 5. Hoover—who let the power trust try to control government—warned that his opponents would put the government into the power business. 6. Hoover —who dared to repeat his promise of four years ago that his system would en3 poverty—ridiculed his opponent's pledge to “support measures to provide employment for all surplus labor at all times.” 7. Hoover —who tried to put the unfit Judge Parker on the supreme court bench as “a master political stroke” warned against his opponent’s partisan attitude toward the supreme court. 8. Hoover—whose failures have helped to put American progress back many years and to make despair a national pastime-warned that his opponents did not believe in national progress, but offered only a -counsel of despair for the future of America.” But the President reserved his worst case of jitters f<f the terrible fear that progressives may have some influence if Roosevelt is elected. Hoover has such an unbroken record as a false prophet, we can not count much on this prediction. At least we hope he is right in this one.

Below the Belt Whether Henry Ford and other employers trying to influence their workers’ votes will have any effect at the polls we do not know, but we do know that they have destroyed the faith of many in the intelligence and fairness of American business men That is unfortunate, because Ford and his fellows are not typical. They do not represent American business in this; they misrepresent it. The average employer does not stoop to political intimidation and interference with the rights of his employes. But these typical American business men have not been getting their names in the papers. Their virtue bas not been unusual enough to constitute news. Fortunately, there has been an exception in the case of Alexander Legge, president of the International Harvester Company. Legge stands so high in the business world, in the farm world, and in the personal estimation of the President that he was chosen first head of the Hoover farm board. When a report was published that his company had warned employes that its plants would close if Roosevelt were elected, and remain open if Hoover were elected, Legge was not content with denying the story as “untrue, unjustifiable, and calculated to injure the business of the International Harvester Company." He added this statement: “Our company never has sought by any such means to influence the political beliefs or the votes of its employes." That, we believe, represents the ethics and the record of the overwhelming majority of American business men in this as in other campaigns. As for the ethics of the Republican national committee, which encourages Job intimidation and business fear as a political weapon, it Is on a par with the 1928 Republican campaign of religious Wfptri. ' *

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPFS-HOWABD NEWSPAPER) Owned end pnbllebed daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Time* Publishing Cos 214-220 Weet Maryland Street. Indianapolis. Ind, Price In Marlon Conntr -> cent* a ’’ copy; elsewhere, 3 centa—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a w®ek. Mail aubseriotlon ratea In Indiana. 13 a year; outside of Indiana, 68 cents a month. BOYI pHIIir LET ’ KOY KARL D. BAKER, President Business Manager PHON E—RHey 5331. TUESDAY. WQV, ,1. 1933. Member of United Press. Scrlppe-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Asaociatlon. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulation!. “Give Light and the People Will Find" Their Own Way.”

More Sugar Stock? Unfortunately, President Hoover failed to elaborate when he declared that Senator James E. Watson is needed in Washington. Could it be that the President approves the leadership of a senator who took sugar stock from a promoter while the tariff bill was in the making, giving in return a note that he later said was worthless? The people of Indiana have a somewhat different view of the immorality of that transaction. The facts were plain. The senator got the stock. If it increased in price through his influence and vote, he would sell it at a profit. If it failed to go up in value he would get back his note. At least that is what happened, anl only Watson could have escaped a senatorial investigation, because he has a long-established reputStion as being a “lovable humbug.’’ A jovial smile is taken as an excuse for dishonesty. There should be no hesitation on the part of any independent voter. On the one hand is Watson, servant of special privilege, seeing nothing wrong in trading worthless notes for what might be good stock, and against him Frederick Van Nuys, a progressive with a lifetime record for devotion to principle and decency. The people of this state and all states will need progressive leadership in the next year. The leadership furnished by the Watsons has been too devastating and too expensive.

Senator Wagner While the times cry out so desperately for statesmanship, it would seem incredible that United States Senator Robert F. Wagner should be forced to fight for his seat in congress. Yet fighting he is in New r York'state. America needs Senator Wagner's type of public service now. It needs his intelligence, his sympathy, his courage. Particularly it needs his ability to see a problem before it engulfs the nation. When Wagner arrived in New York as a German immigrant boy, he first felt the need of that for which 11,000,000 Americans are suffering today—a job. When he made his maiden speech on the senate floor in 1927, unemployment was his theme. It was at the height of the Coolidge boom, when most Americans were talking of more chickens in the pot, more cars in the garage. Wagner called for adequate employment statistics, advance planning of public works, effective state-federal, employment services. > - He forced a senatorial probe into unemployment and a roll call of the Jobless in the 1930 census. The ballyhoo boys emasculated his first unemployment program. After the crash, Wagner began again. He and Senator La Follette led the fight for unemployment relief, for a $2,000,000,000 public works program, for the short work week, for unemployment insurance. The “Wagner program’’ became the rallying point for those responsible Americans who saw the tragedy in delay. This program, too, was emasculated, but today Wagner is a prophet with honor. Even President Hoover now realizes how right he was and is. It is due largely to him that the relief plans cbntain direct federal relief and loans for public works. Senator Wagner’s triumphs have included other than his battles for the jobless. As former member of the New York supreme bench, he has taken a lively interest in a clean judiciary. He was in the forefront of the senate campaign to block confirmation of the labor-baiting Hoover nominee for the supreme bench, Judge Parker. He, led in the fight for dry law repeal, for safeguarding the federal reserve system from speculative abuses, for overhauling the anti-trust laws, for sound taxes in the revenue act, for the Kellogg pact and “substantial disarmament,” for many other constructive measures. Re-election of Wagr.er is in the national interest.

How to Make Reds In a 5-to-4 decision, the supreme court of Oklahoma has ruled the Socialist party off the state ballot and thus deprived more than 50,000 Socialists of their opportunity to vote for Norman Thomas. The ruling upholds a state law requiring a minority party to have cast at least 10 per cent of the ballots polled by the majority party at the last election. This the Socialists failed to do in 1928. A bad law and a bad decision. “Must a political party serve an apprenticeship after state recognition before its votes will be counted?” asked Justice Fletcher Riley in his dissenting opinion. “To answer this in the affirmatfve is to invite revolution.” This decision, condemned by Thomas as “highhanded and technical legalism,” is typical of a pernicious tendency in this country to legislate certain classes out of their right of ballot. It is a quick way to make Americans radical. Just Every Day Sense By Mrs. Walter Ferguson

THE president of a Texas college believes that son and daughter, and especially daughter, are worse than papa and mama ever were. He attributes the revolt of girls to woman's suffrage and the World war. There must, of course, be a reason for everything, but just why the ballot should have made women wild is rather a puzzle. That, however, might be understood more easily than this good man’s second point, which attirbutes our lapse from good behavior to the “European spirit,” which he insists our boys in the war brought back home with them. This has resulted in a general deterioration of morals. The war, no doubt, did have certain evil results upon our conduct, but it hardly seems fair to say that we caught naughtiness from the Europeans much as one might caTch influenza or smallpox. This idea, however, is right in line with our general policy of declaring ourselves the greatest people on earth. Continual boasting leads to such slipshod thinking. 9 9 9 IT is not likely that this superiority pose of ours arises out of any ill-will toward others. We are, on the whole, a kindly people, and our hearts are filled with good intentions. It is only that we have told ourselves so often that a child born in America is somehow more noble than a child bom in Europe that we have come to believe this thing ourselves. And a habit that had its beginnings in purest patriotism has grown until for a good many years we were known all over the earth as “those boastful Americans." Yet it can be neither wise nor just to tell ourselves that other nationalities are immoral and degenerate and undesirable, and that we alone are an excellent race, beloved of fortune. Such education is worse than no education at all, since it sets up a false pride. Humility in man is a goodly virtue. In nations it can not be wholly unworthy.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES t

M. E. Tracy Says We Are Paying Non) Because the R jpublicans Wrecked Woodrow Wilson’s Program and Put Profits Above Humanity. NEW YORK. Nov. I.—This campaign is rooted in the political orgy of 1920. when old guard Republicans gathered around Woodrow Wilson's sickbed, mocking his idealism, wrecking his program, and heading this country for just such a stew as it now is in.

You remember how Senator Lodge and his crowd formed the cabal, how Harding was trotted out as the champion of "splendid isolation,” how Cox went down to defeat, and how the “Ohio gang’ was turned loose on Washington. It was then that the controlling forces of America abandoned all semblance of spiritual guidance in a mad effort to get rich quick. And where was Mr. Hoover, with his ton of statistics and farm boy sentiments? Mr. Hoover was making one of those slide-rule surveys to see which way the cat would jump, and, as luck would have It, guessed right. For nine years we did very well, chiefly because the rest of the world could not help itself, but we overplayed our hand, overproducing at home. lending unintelligently abroad, and putting too much faith in speculation all along the line. * * * Hungry, for Money IT was all a part of that smug, hypocritical attitude toward life by which responsibilities were evaded on the one hand, and a commercial advantage of impoverished people was taken on the other.

We gloated over Europe’s demoralized condition, railed at Russia as an “economic vacuum,’’ and bullied Nicaragua. While refusing to join the League of Nations, we sought to meddle in world affairs by conference and treaty. Dominating all other emotions was an over-powering hunger for money. We boomed trade, boosted prices, and bought bonds, with Mr. Hoover presiding over our commerce department. Domestic problems were ignored or sidestepped with the same blase optimism that guided our policy in foreign fields. Prohibition gave birth to the worst epoch of racketeering in our history, yet Mr. Hoover described it as a “noble experiment.” tt - tt Not Fault of Wilson DESPITE the cost of war and unprecedented loans to other countries, Woodrow Wilson left this government in excellent financial shape. It owed no one outside its own territory. It was preposterously solvent and the world’s acknowledged creditor. Now comes Mr. Hoover to inform us that during his administration and, after ten years of Republican control, this government came near being forced off gold standard by its debtors, not because they failed to pay, but by forcing us to cash securities which they held. There must have been woeful mismanagement somewhere. They owed us dollars where we owed them cents, yet Mr. Hoover says that the rig was such as made it possible for them to raid our treasury, while we could not do a thing to theirs.

• tt tt tt Time to Pay Is Here TWELVE years ago, the United States was the one nation on earth which could claim unimpaired credit and an unshaken industrial structure. Most other nations were so hard-pressed and demoralized as to indicate the possibility of radical experiments. Indeed, radicalism gained such headway as to frighten some of our leaders, which explains the stupid policy we have pursued toward Russia. It did not make sufficient headway, however, to impress them with the danger of speculation and guesswork. The bubble of false prosperity, fed at the sources of power and leadership, kept right on growing, while the responsibilities of a war and a victory to better civilization were ignored. The Republican party has been given adequate time to demonstrate what the Rejection of Woodrow Wilson’s program involved. It now is at grips with his spirit—a spirit that felt more concern for human beings than paper profits. Questions and Answers

Please describe the leaning tower of Pisa? The campanile is round and the walls at the base are thirteen feet thick and at the top about six feet, constructed of marble. The basement is surrounded by semi-circu-lar arches supported on fifteen columns, and from these six arcades rise on thirty columns. The eighth story, which contains the bells, is much smaller in diameter than the rest of the tower, and has only twelve columns. The tower is 181 feet high, and in 1930 it was about fifteen feet out of perpendicular. The foundations were strengthened in 1928. It was begun in 1174 by Eonanno. How many Class 1 railroads are there In the United States? One hundred fifty-six.

m TODAY Jstmm

AMERICANS ATTACK Nov. 1 ON Nov. 1, 1918, the First American Army attacked along a fifteen-mile front north of Verdun, j and, aided by the French, advanced four miles. The super-dreadnaught Viribus Unitis, flagship of the. AustroHungarian fleet, was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian warship. TheAustrian army received the terms of the proposed armistice. „ German troops, retreating before the Serbian army, abandoned Belgrade and withdrew to the north hank of the Danube. i

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Begin Care of Eyes at Birth

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hvgeia, the Health Magazine. BECAUSE the eyes are used constantly almost from the moment of birth to the time of death, except for the hours spent in sleeping, and because proper functioning of the eyes is so necessary to a complete and happy life, care of the eyes should begin at birth. In most of the United States laws demand that the eyes of an infant should be protected against certain infections that take place during the period of birth, by dropping into its eye immediately after birth, a small amount of certain antiseptics that have the virtue of preventing such infections. The idea that an infant should lie all the time in a dark room is, of course, without any scientific basis. No harm will come to the child's eyes if its bed has the head placed toward the light or if it is properly shaded. In the same way, the eyes of the child should be protected against brilliant sunlight when it is. taken out for an airing.

IT SEEMS TO ME

AT first glance one might be tempted to ask, “What do you mean ‘higher education’?” when he finds that a straw vote carried on in forty-seven American colleges gives Herbert Jloover as the preferred candidate. Out of a total of 58,686 ballots, the President has a plurality over Governor Roosevelt of a little more than 11,000, and he just baiely fails to win a clean majority in the vote for all candidates. But the result is not quite as gloomy as it may seem at first glance. Norman Thomas carried five of the colleges and runs less than 8,000 behind Roosevelt, while William Z. Foster, the Communist candidate, picked up 715 votes. The old reproach that the American undergraduate is the most conservative member of the society in which he lives begins to fade. The great growth in the Norman Thomas vote indicates that America of tomorrow will tend to split into the two camps of conservatives and radicals. This would be a helpful development of the two-party system, because fundamentally these are the only two mutual exclusive ideas which are worth the attention of any. voter.

The Fundamental Fight Democracy always should be concerned with the rival claims of those who want to go forward and those who wish to retreat or stand still. This issue should be lively even in some of the professedly radical countries. I think that Soviet Russia’s contempt for the principle of free speech is less than a realistic attitude. No matter how far to the left a political or an economic scheme may go, it never should become stagnated by the notion this is the full, final, and complete formula and that there is nothing more to be said. It seems to me that anew liveliness of thought has come into our colleges. The undergraduate no longer is content to take the world

Washington to Hoover The life stories of all the Presidents, brief but comprehensive, are attained in our Washington bureau’s bulletin, THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Facts about their lives and services, their families, their politics, their accomplishments. You will find this bulletin a valuable reference source during the political campaign this fall. Fill out the coupon below and send for it. — CLIP COUPON HERE Department 201, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or uncancelled United States po6tage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs. Name Street and No City State.. I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

Caesar’s Ghost!!!

In this column the advice has been given frequently that schoolrooms, study halls, libraries and assembly halls of various types should be lighted properly. Where the window light is possible,'' that from the north is considered preferable, because it is more constant and softer than other light. Modern diffused lighting is better than that coming from brilliant chandeliers or open incandescent bulbs. Most specialists in diseases of the eyes believe that light should fall over the left shoulder of a righhanded person, and over the right shoulder of a left-handed person, to avoid shadows. Os late there is much reading on trains and street cars by workers going to and from their employment. This is bad for the eyes, particularly in cases where they are submitted throughout the day to constant use. More and more, newspapers are doing everything possible to open up the type that is used, and to use type that is itself open and black enough to make reading easy.

RV HEYWOOD BROUN

just as he finds it. He is prepared to question and to demonstrate. I’m not familiar with, all details of the commotion at New York City college, where the police were called in to quell a student meeting of protest against the dismissal of Dr. Oakley Johnson. I am aware that Dr. Johnson candidly admits his sympathies with the Communist formula. It probably is true that most of the students who participated in the demonstration are Communist sympathizers. But I can’t see that this fact changes the equation in any way. A Chance for Every One ALL radicals and even liberals should join in movements to preserve free speech on the campus. Dr. Johnson was an instructor in English and active in the college liberal club. I don’t see how his economic and political beliefs could disqualify him from an understanding of the nature of English prose or verse. Even a Communist revolution would leave the sonnet pretty much where it found it- ,

Surely it will be a good thing when colleges and universities grow out of the conception of a sort of feudal education in which the dean or the president hands down decisions without respect for the attitude of the student body. Who do these presidents think they are? Do they think that they own the various institutions of learning which they are appointed to direct? Asa student writes me: “In our classes we are told that this or that revolution in America or elsewhere was justified. All revolutions are justified for you except the one you wish to get into—the one which vitally concerns you.” When a college undertakes to call in the police to suppress a student meeting, I think that it has gone a long way in forgetting its duty to its own members. A university is not a pile of brick and stone. It is not an endowment. It is not just

It is believed that printed material that cannot be read easily at twenty inches from the eyes should not be read continuously. Moreover, it is much easier to read the short line of the newspaper column than the long lines used in many books and magazines. A great deal of unnecessary strain on the eye is caused by reading in bed under unsatisfactory conditions. In the first place, the head is frequently at a wrong angle to the material that is being read, so that there is a strain on accommodation. Next, few people have the light properly related to the position in which they lie, and sufficiently shaded to prevent glare. Motion picture producers are doing much to prevent excessive eye strain in movie picture houses, but there still are difficulties due to looking at pictures from bad angles, from photography that is either too glaring or too dark and from too sudden changes of scene. The old slow fade-out and fadein had the advantage of ease on the eyes.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those o 1 one of America’s most Interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attituds of this paper.—The Editor.

'a faculty of professors and instructors. Where three or four are gathered together in the search for truth, there stands the true university. It does not lie within the proper province of any colege president to say what his students shall think and when and where they shall think it. The minute the College of the City of New York fails to represent its entire student body, it has decayed and declined as an institution of learning. u a tt Let Hoover Toss ’Em IF I were Jim Farley I would pursue football strategy in the last remaining days of the campaign. I think I would have my candidate develop a severe case of laryngitis and make no more speeches whatsoever. In the last few days I have detected a dangerous exuberance on the part of Franklin Roosevelt. He is tossing too many long passes. With a head like his, it would be good strategy to freeze the ball or to put on the first down. It is Herbert Hoover who must find a trick play or perish. (Copvrieht, 1932. bv The Times)

People’s Voice

Editor Times—The open letter of Mr. Buschmann to the American Prison Society, recently printed in The Times, was interesting, since much of it is true. It is true that thousands of men and boys are slaving over the sewing machines and trimming tables without a cent,, of compensation. It is true that our penal institutions virtually are slave pens and the inmates treated as slaves. Moreover, it is true they are punished for the honest errors they commit while at work, or for failing to make their allotted “task,” which is very high. They are slapped, kicked, beaten with blackjacks, “stood- up,” thrown in the “hole,” given additional time, or any other manner of punishment which their brutal and ignorant keepers deem necessary for their “reformation.” In May. 1931, a lad died while in the guardhouse at the Indiana state reformatory. He was in the guardhouse for failing to make task. Despite the fact he had.toiled over his machine for months without one cent of pay, he was held to be “owing” the state of Indiana the sum of 36 cents. Is this the best our twentieth century civilization has to offer in the way of “reformation?” It also is true that garments never are labeled “prison made.” In fact, the exact opposite is true. They often are labeled “Mfg’d by H. C-ownie Cos., Des Moines, 1a..” or “Mfg'd by Jones and Smith, Phila., Pa.” In at least one instance, union labels were placed upon the garments. Slavery is out of date. No man should be made to labor without a just reward. Society will learn, in time, that it can not reform a 1 thief by 4 in turn, stealing from. hin \

.NOV. 1, 19321

SCIENCE

■BY DAVID DIETZ-

H hen a Scientist Speaks of a \ acuum, He Means a Partial Vacuum; There Is Ao Absolute Vacuum. TT\R WILLIS R. WHITNEY, research director of the Generaf Electric Cos., once gave an address under some such title as "The Vacuum—There's Something in It.” Arecent proof of that contention was given in another address by Dr. A. W. Hull, assistant director of the G. E. laboratories, who spoke on. "New Vacuum Valves and Their Applications.” There's something in the vacuum, to begin with, because no vacuum ever attains the ideal of the dictionary definition, "a space entirely devoid of matter ” A cubic inch of air has been estimated to contain 800 million times a billion molecules. It would be quite a trick to get rid of them aIL When the scientist speaks about a vacuum, he really means a partial vacuum, for he is interested and concerned with the residue of gases left in the vacuum tube. The behavior of the tube is due* in large part to that residue. The vacuum of 1880 used by Hittorf, who made the forerunner of the radio vacuum tube, and Crookes, who made the forerunner of the Xray tube, was equal to about onethousandth of the atmospheric pressure. This meant that in the “vacuum” of Hittorf and Crookes, there were only 800,000 billion molecules to the cubic inch.

BtJT the vacuum of 1880 was useful. In fact, it still is useful. In ordinary air, an electric current requires a pressure of 30.000 volts to jump a distance of a third of an inch. But in a low vacuum—the equivalent of the 1880 standard—the same result can be obtained with a pressure of 300 volts. At this pressure the electrons—it will be remembered that an electric current is a stream of electrons in motion—have long, free paths. Colliding with the atoms and molecules of the air remaining i n the tube, they cause them to become electrified or ironized. The result is a faint glow in the tube known as the glow-discharge. But this glow-discharge is an electric bridge along which a current can flow. “Glow-discharge” tubes have many uses today. The rectifying tubes which change alternating current to direct current are of this sort. They also are used as sources of illumination. The neon tube, used in advertising signs and in television devices, is a glow-discharge tube, the mixture of residual gases of the ordinary tube being replaced with a slight amount of neon gases. By 1900, the vacuum was reduced to a millionth of an atmosphere. This sounds like a considerable performance, until it is remembered that there remained about 800 billion molecules to the cubic inch. But molecules are exceedingly small and electrons are yet smaller. As Dr. Hull points out, electrons passing through such a vacuum only occasionally bump into an atom or molecule.

tt it tt THhe vacuum of 1900 made possible the radio vacuum tube of De Forest. It also made possible’ the photo-electric cell. In other words, the vacuum of 1900 made possible the radio and television. Within recent years engineers have felt the need of still better vacuums than those of 1900. Modem amplifying tubes, the so-called screengrid tubes, may be “cascaded” to give any desired amount of amplification. As Dr. Hull says, “the sky Is the limit.” But there Is a practical limit. “We soon begin to hear the tube itself,” hes ays. “A steady hiss, of no particular frequency, is what it sounds like in a telephone receiver.”' These “tube noises,” as they are called, are due to the fact that the residual gases in the tube are electrified by the pasage of the electrons. They set up extraneous currents which are not wanted, but which make themselves noticeable with sufficient amplifications as the hissing noises referred to. By improving the vacuum in the tube, the General Electric scientists have made one tube which they call the PJ-11. Its noise level is one-tenth that of the best amplifying tube previously made. Consequently, It will amplify ten times more than any tube now in existence. “No one knows what will be done with this addition to the tube family,” Dr Hull says. “The possibility of amplifying and observing things ten times smaller than before suggests new discoveries, perhaps in the field of physiology, by measuring heart-beats, nerve impulses, and the like.”

Daily Thought

But thou, son of man. hear what I say unto thee: Be not thou rebellious like that rebellious * house: open thy mouth, and eat that I give you.—Ezekiel 2:8. There is little hope of equity., where rebellion reigns.—Sir Philip': Sidney. Under the present system, this is % exactly what occurs and no man ever comes from behind those grim . gray walls but knows in his heart that he is “more sinned against : than sinning.” There is no logical reason why every prison should not be self-sup-.”: porting. The system whereby society is taxed to support its offenders is as absurd as it is dishonest. Every inmate should be given honorable employment at honest wages, a portion of his wages going to the state for his keep. If married, the remainder should go to support his family, rather '> than leave them objects of charity, as is done at present If scientists instead of politicians were given control of our penal in-’’ stitutions, much of our so-called criminal population would be in" psychopathic hospitals, receiving. genuine aid, instead of being kicked - and cursed still farther into thshorrors of insanity. ah sx-caana®-*: