Indianapolis Times, Volume 44, Number 122, Indianapolis, Marion County, 30 September 1932 — Page 4

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Persuasion vs. Insult Anew and hotter technique is being developed by the organizations campaigning for repeal of prohibition. They are assuming that the majority of dry voters are as sincere and intelligent as the majority of vet yoters, and are reasoning with their opponents Instead of calling them names Hitherto much of the wet campaign has been on the low level of the professional dry propaganda—an appeal to prejudice instead of reaspn. and mud-sling-tng at those on the other side of the fence. Now the Vets are out to persuade rather than insult their opponents. It is particularly encouraging that this fairer and more effective attitude has been adopted on the eve of victory, when the wets might have been expected to grow cocky and intolerant. How much this change in attitude is due to Jouett Bhouse, the new president of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, we do not know. But his speech this week at St. Paul seems to us almost a * model. “We believe in temperance,” he said, ‘‘just as earnestly as do those groups of well-intentioned, conscientious men and wompn who thought they saw in the eighteenth amendment a panacea for one of our grave national ills. “We believe in order; we believe in the supremacy of law; and we feel that respect for law and maintenance of law . . .can be brought back to our country only through repeal of the eighteenth amendment.” The number of Americans who close their eyes to the evils of prohibition—crime, lawlessness, corruption, racketeering, and all the rest—has become relatively small. „ A larger number, however, who see these evils yet oppose downright repeal because of a misunderstanding of the result of repeal. They still think that repeal means forcing liquor on the country. They do not know that the repeal of national prohibition would leave thirty-eight states with some form of prohibition, nineteen of them, in fact, grith prohibition in their constitutions. They do not know, in other words, that dry states would remain dry. They do not know that repeal of national prohibition would leave the federal government legally obligated under the Webb-Kenyon law, upheld by the supreme court, to protect dry states from liquor shipments from wet states. When the anti-prohibition organizations succeed in explaining to the public these obvious but widely misunderstood facts, the popular swing toward repeal will be even more rapid than it has been of late, for many of the dwindling %y group are as horrified by the results of national prohibition as are the repealists themselves. / I Rail Competitors The railroads are here to a nation has built ihrm, and for this reason the problem of alleged governmental subsidies to competing forms of transportation is a vital one. We riot not agree entirely with J. J. Prllev, president of the New Haven, that the federal and lesser governments have been indulging in an “orgy of subsidies,” nor do we believe that, he, or the railroad executives he represents, would have all these government aids to airplanes, water carriers and trucks and busses removed out ot hand. The interstate commerce commission lias suggested a means of approach that offers a careful, scientific method for determining where these subsidies are, and which are obnoxious. It has recommended to congress “an impartial and authoritative investigation for the purpose of determining whether and to what extent motor, water and Rir carriers operating in competition with the railroads are receiving direct or indirect government aid amounting, in effect, to subsidies.” And it has urged that this inquiry result in conclusions on what, if anything, ought to be done about these subsidies. Railway executives will do great good, we think, if they will demand that congress undertake these factfinding studies. For upon them can be based accurate conclusions about the co-ordination of other forms of transportation with railroads, to preserve the latter in their full vigor. The First Step to Real Recovery In discussing the possibility of restoring prosperity, there is much talk about planned production, limiting manufacturing activity, improving labor policies, and otherwise attacking the more obvious weakness of modern business. These proposals are all well and good, but they dpal with minor maladies. Concentrating on these is like getting a panic over chickenpox. measles or hives, when there is an epidemic of infantile paralysis or malignant influenza in active progress. To reform business is one and a necessary thing, but to snatch it from the vampire embraces of speculative finance is the first and immediate necessity. The life of business must be saved before It can be reformed. Its life never will be safe until it once more is on the back rather than in the mouth of high finance. This theme is developed with clarity and persuasiveness by David Cushman Coyle in his Interesting booklet, "The Irrepressible Conflict; Business Versus Finance.” “It is evident that, in attempting to free itself of the poison of overbuilding, business is pulling the beard of that man-eating ogre, finance. It is only beginning to be recognized dimly that there is and must be between the interests of business and those of finance an irrepressible conflict. The moral processes of finance are poisonous to business Finance causes instability. “One way to make financial profits is to wait until business starts to be profitable, and then lend money to someone to set up a competing plant. Then when everybody naturally goes bankrupt, the lender gets the property, and if recovery ever does take place he is on the ground floor. Business pays the cost. “Another way is to buy securities when they threaten to go up, and sell them when they threaten to go down, and sell short so as to help them go down. Business pays the cost. “A third way to get financial profit is to set up an investment trust or a holding company that is so complicated that the small investor can not see just how he is to be rooked. When his investment is gone, he becomes a poor customer for legitimate business. “A fourth way is to take a commission from a foreign government for selling bonds to people who ask their banker for disinterested advice. (See Salter, •Recovery,’ pp. 116-118.) J any case business pays the costs either |ji rising

The Indianapolis Times (A acmrra-nowARD newspaper) Owned and published daily (eacept Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos.. 214 220 W asi Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County. 2 cents ■ copy; elsewhere, X cents—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. Mail subscription rate* in Indiana. $3 a year: outside of Indiana, ft) cents a month. BOll> tiURLEt. HOT W. HOWARD. EARL I> BAKER Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley ,W,l _ FRIDAY. SEPT. 30. 1932 Member of l.nited Press, Serippa- Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

overhead or falling sales, or both. Business needs stability to prosper, finance gets its profits from instability. Over this conflict of interest there must be a battle, because so long as finance dominates business both are headed for the precipice, and finance will not lose its grip without a fight. “Thf question whether they will go over the edge together will be settled by whether business has the vitality to rouse itself and muster the power to reduce finance to its proper place as the servant of production. “About one more shot of the kind of poison administered by finance to business before 1929 and it is hard to see how it will be possible to avoid the final collapse of our social order. "Thp crossroads of history will be the place where we do or do not develop means for keeping money out of Wall street and making it travel up and down Main street, where it belongs. “No country ever has got out of a depression without some kind of expansion. The important thing to keep in mind now Is that if the expansion is applied to the buying end it will not necessarily kill the patient.” These are sound and relevant observations, provided one constantly remembers that when Mr. Coyle speaks of finance he means present day speculative finance. No sane person can question the enormous service rendered by financial processes and institutions to valid and substantial business. The great evil has come from th e tendency in tie last half century to make business the gambling pla it of finance. The Norris Tribute The kind of courage that has led George W. Norris to look beyond party lines always, and to put those things he believes in always ahead of personal advantage, is exceedingly rare. It richly deserves the tribute paid in Nebraska the other night by Governor Roosevelt. “History asks: ‘Did the man have integrity?’ ” said Roosevelt. “ ‘ Di d the man have unselfishness?’ “ 'Did the man have courage?’ “ Did the man have consistency?’ "There are few statesmen in America today who so definitely and clear]” mear up to an affirmative to Ih* 5 four questions as does the senior senator from Nebraska.” The integrity of this gallant old fighter has been proved so often that no one dares challenge it. Year after year he has put aside personal comfort, and hope of personal gain, and has risked his political life to fight, for principles. He has led in scores of current reforms. He has done more than that. He has had the clear-sighted vision to cut through to the heart of things in making his fights, striking blows where they will count, instead of glancing off the surface. He decided Jong ago that the only way permanently to better the condition of the people he represents, both literally and spiritually, is to restore their government to them. So he has attacked the electoral college, standing between the voters and accurate expression of their will. He has attacked the lame duck session of congress, which has crippled the legislative branch of representative government for so long. He has worked to libetalize federal law and touring the judiciary closer into line with democratic government. If any one in public life today embodies the ideal virtues of the statesman, it is this modest, simple, great and good man. The ghostly spirits of a Californian Indian tribe are known as "ikareyavs” and “kitaxribars.” It sounds a little bit like a Notre Dame back field. Don’t worry if your name is not in the new “Who’s Who.” Neither Is Babe Ruth’s. The anniversary of the homesteaders’ race for government land in the west reminds us that now a lot of farmers are running away from any kind of' land. .* If your alma mater loses an important football game this year, you at least will have no trouble finding an excuse. It probably will be the federal farm board’s fault. People who have become tired of cutting grass all summer can enjoy a little variation now by raking leaves. We do not remember the name of the man who discovered the elephant, but the cartoonists seem to have copyrighted the animal.

Just Every Day Sense By Mrs. Walter Ferguson

nPHE hue and cry about the worthlessness of modern women leaves me cold. In fact, I am tired of the slurs and slanders cast at my sex by individuals who take the rich matrons of Park avenue and the improvident Hollywood stars as examples to prove their points. This attitude is on a par with that of the wealthy man who insists that because all the gentlemen at his club are well fed nobody is hungry. And most of the criticism leveled at women comes from those who see only the fortunate or acquisitive types. They hunt for no other. This is a particularly narrow point of view, and the gentlemen and ladies who hold it should travel about their country for a while and find out some real facts before they begin their carpings. # Never have American women been finer or braver than they are now. During the ballyhoo of the war, when they dreamed of noble enterprises, they received almost constant praise for what we then were pleased to call their sacrifices. * a m NOW. when they are in the midst of a real battle, facing an enemy more deadly than a German machine gunner, they are standing in the front line trenches and also are the targets of plenty of shrapnel fire from the home boys. Yet thousands of once prosperous matrons are tasting the bitter bread of poverty and eating it without a grimace. Other thousands, with their hopes of careers destroyed and their plans for a secure old age ruined, work on, giving their best and still smiling. The faithful farmer's wife, who always has slaved, now slaves harder. Multiplied thousands of obscure women married to wage-earners and white collar and professional men have seen their homes sold from under them and watched while their larders grew empty. \ t But search them out. Talk to them. They still are hopeful, still brave, still fighting. You can't defeat a country whose women are as fine as ours. And if you have lost faith in America, get around a bit and listen to the "forgotten women,” housewives, teachers, workers, Thgy will stiffen up your backbone.

THE INDIAW POLES TIMES

M. E. Tracy

-Says:

Many People Believe That the Apparent Gain in Stocks and Employment Is Only a Political Rip. NEW YORK. Sept. .30.—Stock market gains, commodity price gains, and unemployment gains, about which we are hearing so much, would be taken more seriously but for- -the widespread suspicion that they represent a political rig, rather than genuine recovery. Whether this suspicion is justified, it is a fact. Millions of people believe that they are beholding ; a campaign drive by big business and not the natural return of prosperity. They believe it because they have been trained in the super-man theory, in economic mysticism, in hero worship and devil scares where great financial’ interests are concerned. ' It generally is accepted that a bond of sympathy exists between big business and the Republican party, that Wall Street wants Hooer re-elected and that manipulation of markets is possible. The Republican party has done itis full share in developing such a notion. It has paraded as the protector of industry and the guarantor of prosperity. It has preached the gospel of a definite association between politics and business. It has drawn heavily on great financial and commercial institutions for its campaign funds. n n a Not All G, 0, P, Fault BUT the Republican party is not wholly to blame for our blind faith in the magic of manipulation, our spar of Wall Street, our superstitious awe of those men who have created gigantic corporations and rolled up enormous fortunes. Poetry, as well as politics, has contributed to the illusion. It is hacked by a folk lore of sensational story, anecdote and song. We have made of our captains of industry, our multi-millionaires, our masters of finance, what the Roman made of his general and the Egyptian made of his high priest—superior, wonder-working beings. We have worked ourselves into a frame of mind where we believe that a few international bankers can made peace, or war, an<J, where a few national bankers can cause markets to fluctuate at will. The truth is, of course, that most of the fluctuation can be traced to lack of plan rather than planning, but we don't want to believe that. We have sold ourselves on the idea that every big movement denotes higher intelligence, whether benign or malicious. n tt n React to Tradition WHEN Stocks rise in the midst of a political campaign, alter three years of depression, millions of people jlimp to the conelusion that it is the result of a deliberate drive on the part of Wall Street and big business. These people merely are reacting to a tradition which Republican smugness, as well as soapbox oratory, has helped to create. The temporary improvement of conditions probably has hurt President Hoover's chances of re-elec-tion. Had it come last year, or the year before, people would have accepted it as genuine, even though it proved only a flash in the pan. Coming at this time, it strikes many of them as too fishy for confidence. Instead of taking it as evidencing the soundness of Republican policy, they take it as just another futile play to the galleries. n It Looks Fishy The fact that the Hoover administration did so little to meet this emergency until last fall coupled with the fact that about everything it has done since that time could have been done a year before, produces a most unfavorable effect on the average mind. It requires the most naive trustfulness to accept such a situation as accidental. One just can’t picture it as having crept up on Republican leaders without their realizing it. No more can one contrast the feverish anxiety to do something now with the indifference of two years ago without suspectng that certain measures w-ere timed with an eye to their usefulness as vote-, getters. You can argue that such suspicion is illogical and unjustified, but that does r>ot remove it. Right or wTong, it is working, and it is going to play a more important part on Nov. 8 than some politicians imagine.

Questions and Answers

Is a "shooting star” a star or a comet? It is a meteorite which has en- i tered the field of the earth's gravi- i tational attraction and by friction j With the earth's atmosphere hasl been heated to incandescence. Most i "shooting stars” never fall upon the earth, because, in their rapid flight through the air they are completely consumed by frictional heat and are dissolved into gases. Larger ones occasionally fall to earth as blackened masses of stone or metal. What qualifications for President of the United States are named in the Constitution? "No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of 35 years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.” Did Franklin D. Roosevelt nominate Alfred E. Smith in the 1924 and 1928 Democratic conventions? Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Alfred E. Smith at the Democratic national convention in New York in 1924 and also made the nominating speech for Governor Smith at the Houston convention in 1928. Which state has poetical divisions called parishes? Louisiana, where parishes are political divisions equivalent to counties in other states. How is the roaring sound produced in sea shells? The shells are resonators and pick up and magnify sound waves that are imperceptible to the human ear.

Delay Adds to Toll of Tuberculosis

Thi* is the /econd of four articles by Dr. Fishbein on science’s hope of stamping out tuberculosis. BY DR. MORRIS F I SHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hvgeia, the Health Magazine. THE attack on tuberculosis has been thus far an economic attack. Realizing that it is primarily a disease associated with bad hygiene, great importance has been placed on physical well being. The treatment consisted largely of good diet, sufficient rest, and fresh air. Special attention was paid to housing and types of employment, to the prices of food and wages, since it has been shown that a drop in wages usually is related to an increase in tuberculosis. In the United States the number of beds available for patients with this disease increased from 10,000 in 1904 to 60,000 in 1932. Moreover, there has been a tremendous growth in open air schools,

IT SEEMS TO ME

I AM convinced that I was in error in stating that William Z. Foster, the Communist candidate for President, has been deposed from the leadership of his party. His illness is severe and suffices to explain his abandonment of his speaking tour. People who wrote in to kick had a right to kick. The New Republic also has a justified protest against my reference to its “three Communist editors.” “For the sake of accuracy,” writes Bruce Blivin, “I think you bught to know that there are five editors of the New Republic. Oi*e of these, the dramatic critic, is voting for Roosevelt. Another, the literary editor, is voting for Foster, although he is not a member of the Communist party. "The three others, including the men directly responsible for the paper's position on political and eco-* nomic matters, are all voting for Norman Thomas.” and m tt tt This Time I Didn’t Do It BUT I need not hit my head against the floor in regard to numerous accusations or misrepresentation because I wrotj a column saying that the Communist party was having difficulty in getting on the ballot in many states and that this discrimination constituted a clear infringement of democratic rights. The Daily Workers was the first to me a short and ugly word, and, as a matter of fact, the figures which I used I took directly from its own columns without alteration. Hereafter I shall be more careful of my sources. The campaign must be getting hdtter, because within three or four days I have'been called more names than usual. And, somewhat to my surprise, the bullets seem to be coming from various directions. 'ln a single batch of mail I am “a llociallst,”' “a renegade Socialist,” “worse than a Socialist, a red,” “a

Roosevelt and Garner What do you know about the lives and achievements of the men the Democratic party is offering as its candidates for President and Vice-President? Much as you have read and heard about these men, there are undoubtedly a lot of facts about them you would like to verify; some you have forgotten; other facts you may not know’. Our Washington Bureau has published as the second of a series of bulletins on the party candidates, anew bulletin giving bioeraphical facts about the lives and careers of Franklin D. Roosevelt and John N. Garner. You will went this bulletin for reference purposes. Fill out the coupon and send for It. :LIP COUPON HERE Dept. 198. Washington Bureau The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue. Washington, D. C.: I want a copy of the bulletin BIOGRAPHIES OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY CANDIDATES, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps, to cover return postage and handling costs: NAME STREET AND NUMBER CITY ..f. STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

Mahatma Hoover

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

preventoriums, clinics and dispensaries. An investigation made by Linsly Williams and Kendall Emerson revealed, however, that only 17 per cent of patients in sanatoriums are in the early stages of the disea.se, and that 9.7 per cent of patients who come to physicians have symptoms that are severe. In other words, they come as people sick with tuberculosis rather than for prevention of tuberculosis. If the vast majority of people were to be examined regularly, much more tuberculosis could be detected in the earliest stages, better hygiene could be practiced, and the rate thereby could be reduced greatly. Nevertheless, complete control of the disease will not come from such procedures, except over a long period of time. It was possible to stamp out yellow fever just as soon as it became apparent that the disease was transmitted by the mosquito, even though

dirty Democrat,” “a Demo-Social-ist,” “Fascist" and “a plain, unvarnished anarchist.” In fact, I tfrave been called everything but “a Republican” or "a partisan of Mr. Hoover.” Men sometimes hold that when all sides abuse you it is evidence that you are extremely fair, impartial and a good fellow. But I’m not in the least impartial, and I have very grave doubts about that goodfellow business. “I don’t think it is quite fair to call me a liar in regard to written matters. I have talcen mean advantages at times and frequently leaped too readily to conclusions. But. on the whole, what I set down in print measures up failly closely to what I sincerely feel and believe. I wouldn’t want to receive one lash of the whip for every spot along the boundary line at which the written word didn’t quite measure up to the passionate conviction. But let the man who has never pulled a punch throw the first stone. v n n u For Flome Consumption OF course, in private life I lie considerably, but is done so badly that it always gets<ound out and therefore constitutes no great sin. , My sin is something else again, I can believe in something up to ninety-one and a half per cent. That's high enough. Hundred percenters in any cause are fakers. But when I try to expound the reasons " for my ardency and allegiance, very often the listener goes away with the impression that I was only fooling. Now, it can’t be that I'm as funny as all that. Possibly total abstinence from alcoholic liquors might help. Such a way of life would give me far less fluency, but somehow when you talk earnestly while holding a glass in one hand your message is discounted. Only a few nights ago I sat next a bapker, who asked me, “Why are

the exact organism Os the disease was not known. In tuberculosis, we know the cause of the disease; namely, the germ of bacillus of tuberculosis. We know the method of transmission, which is from the patient with the disease to the person who does not have it. particularly the child, and occasionally through infected milk and food. We know that the disease could be prevented by complete isolation or extermination of those who have it, but we can not apply such procedures on a suitable scale, simply because social conditions do not permit the application of such stringent procedures. The attack on tuberculosis has. therefore, in recent years continued along the lines of hygiene and epidemology, but has, at the same time, been expanded into other methods that seem more likely to offer possibilities for a dramatic extermination of the disease in a single generation.

cv lIEYWOOD BROUN

you a Socialist, and what is it all about?” I talked for half an hour without a break, using both hands, each tonsil and a considerable portion of my immortal soul. Whfn I paused to take a breath he said: “Thank you so much. It's been very amusing.” * u We Live and Learn ; IHAVE made no convert. And yet I learned something. It is sometimes held that the financial leaders in any country are men devoid of any instinct but the desire for profit and that every decision which they make is hard-boiled, selfish and realistic. That would be bad. But the truth is worse. Our captains of industry are all sentimentalists, and they grow sentimental about the wrong thing at the wrong time. For instance, there was my friend the banker. He talked very intelligently about the debt and the necessity of radical adjustment or even cancellation. But when he was done I asked whether, in the same spirit, it might not be an excellent idea*to forget about the repudiation of czarist debts and recognize Soviet Russia. Immediately the gentleman became no economist at all, but a rampaging romanticist, talking about religion, the sanctity of the 1 home, propaganda and the rumors which come from Riga. Though there were millions in dealings with Russia, he would not touch a penny And so I went out into the night wondering "Who is the wise man?’! and thinking that maybe he will not be the perfect evangelist, but the complete realist. And I was much discouraged for I realized that I am not half of 1 per cent of either. (Copyright. 1932. by The Times)

M TODAY Sf* IS THE- VP WORLD WAR \ ANNIVERSARY VM-&&

U. S. SHIP TORPEDOED Sept. 30.

ON Sept. 30, 1918, the American steamer Ticonderoga was torpedoed about 1,000 miles off the American coast while on the way tp France. Eleven naval officers and 102 men were lost. British troops werehammering on the back doors of Cambria and St. Quentin, and took Messines Ridge and Gheluwe in a series of attacks. In the Argonne, Americans advanced slightly while the French, completing a successful allies' day, stormed a front of seven and a half miles and advanced between the Aisne and thp Vesle rivers. In the Balkans, French troops massed at Uskubh and captured the village. Hostilities with Bulgaria were ended officially at noon on this day. Are Norway and Sweden under one government. The union of Norway and Sweden was dissolved by mutual agreement. Oct. 26, 1905, and they are jiow separate kingdoms. \

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those ot one of America's most inlerestinc writers and are presented without record to tbeir agreement nr disagreement with the editorial attitude ot this paper.—Tbe Editor.

SEPT. 30, 1032

SCIENCE

BY DAVID DIETZ-

Great Progress Is Made in Field of Atomic Study in Last Year. IT now is apparent that 1932 will go down in the history of atomic j study as onp of those important years in which anew and fruitful 1 line of investigation was revealed. In seme ways it may compare to 1395. It was in 1895. at a meeting ot j the German Physical Society on .Christmas Eve. that Professor Welhelm Konrad Roentgen first demonstrated the X-ray. Ninelernth century physicists had been confident of the perfection of their system of physics. They assumed that they had completed the wo k of physical discovery and haa i formulated the laws of the universe for all time. I Then came X-rays, something of which they had not even dreamed. A*new train of investigation was opened. X-rays led to the discovery of the *radio-activity of uranium. which in turn ied to the isolation of radium. The analysis of radium, chiefly at the hands of Lord Rutherford, led to the discovery that the atom consisted of a nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. The discoveries of 1932 have to | do with the nucleus of the atom, j And the most important of them to I date, it is extremely interesting to note, has come out of Lord Ruth- | erford's laboratory, the famous Caj vendish laboratory of the Univer- ! sity of Cambridge, England. It is the work of Dr. J. D. Cockcroft and Dr. E. T. S. Walton in j ' smashing the atom." * It u Fast-Moving Particles CONSIDERABLE discussion was aroused by the work of Cockcroft and Wilson when it was announced a few months ago. But it is only now that its full significance is being realized. There is nothing new’ to “smashing the atom.” As early as 1919. Rutherford succeeded in breaking up the atoms of a variety of substances by bombarding them with the alpha rays of radium. It was realized then that any apparatus which furnished streams of fast-moving particles, such as alpha I particles, would make it possible to break up the atoms of bombarded j substances and to convert, by this | means, one chemical element into another. To do this meant that it was necessary to devise apparatus which would furnish electrical potentials of several million volts and to build vacuum tubes which could operate at thes voltages. Rutherford's laboratory was among those which attacked the problem and Cockcroft and Walton, working under Rutherford’s direction. developed a vaccum tube which j furnished a fast-moving stream of j protons or positive electrons. They were of the opinion that the proton, which is smaller than an alpha particle, would be more capable of penetrating the nucleus of an atom. They used these streams of protons to bombard lithium of atomic 'weight 7. Their apparatus was set :up in such way that the proton : stream struck a strip of lithium foil, which was mounted inside of the ; vacuum tube. This made it possible to isolate and analyze the products of disintegration. Not only were lithium atoms disintegrated, bftt two other results of far-reaching importance were achieved. n n n A New Chemistry 'T'HE experiment showed that the A atoms of lithiun were disintegrated or smashed, and changed into atoms of helium, which are lighter than lithium. Observations, however, led to the conclusion that the helium atoms were produced in pairs. Moreover, the helium atoms, produced in the experiment, were found to move with much greater velocities than the original protons which caused the disintegration. This led to the conclusion at once that the proton merely acted as a sort of trigger, releasing a greater amount of energy inherent in the lithium atom. In other words, the proton was like a cap which sets off a charge of dynamite. Further study, however, haa led to a much more important discovery. Apparently the proton combines with the nucleus of the lithium atom to produce two helium nuclei. If this is the case, it is the first experiment at confirmation of the theory of nuclear structure. It had been assumed that the nucleus of th - lithium atom consisted of seven protons and four electrons and that the nucleus of the helium atom consisted of four protons and two electrons. Simple arithmetic shows, then, that by adding a proton to the lithium nuclei enough particles are obtained to make two helium nuclei. It becomes evident therefore that Cockcroft and Walton have developed anew kind of chemistry, in which the reactions take place be- 4 tween the Darticles inside of the nuclei of atoms. But an even more important result has been pointed out. The lithium atom shows a greater atomic weight than do two helium atoms. Therefore, there has been a loss of weight. Now Professor Einstein of relativity fame, also has suggested the possibility of converting matter into energy and has written equations to show how much energy would result 1 from a given loss of matter. The excess of energy shown In the experiment by the two helium atoms is just what it should be. according to the Einstein equation, for the loss of weight. Cockcroft and Walton, therefore, have given experimental proof of the theory of nuclear structure and of the Einstein energy equations, as well as furnishing scientists with a new technique of what might be termed ‘‘nuclear chemistry.”

Daily Thoughts

Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame.—l Corinthians 15:34. Where lives the man that hath not tried hpw mirth can into folly glide, and folly into sin?—Sir Walter Scott.

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