Indianapolis Times, Volume 44, Number 75, Indianapolis, Marion County, 6 August 1932 — Page 4

PAGE 4

KAIPPS-MOWAMD

The Case of Klinck Five years have passed since Earl Klinck. under the pay of much higher ups. furnished a forged affidavit by which the political crew then in power hoped to evert threatened exposure. At that time Tom Adams, now dead, brave fighter for decency in government and the editor of this newspaper were engaged in the work of telling the people !>f the crimes of those who had stolen power under Ihe protection of a mask and a nightgown. There had been a senate investigation. One of the Witnesses, William Rogers, had testified that he had seen an imperial Klan passport in the possession of Senator Watson. There was a prompt denial on the part of the senator, of course, of any connection with the hooded ones. Not yet had retribution come to those who had betrayed the people. Watson desired “vindication.” It seemed necessary to the high and mighty to destroy the two editors. And Klinck became the ready and paid tool. Clyde Walb was then state chairman of the Republican party, arrogant, domineering and sneering. Later he was to go to a federal prison. John Duvall was mayor, arrogant, domineering, eneering at the idea of decency in government. Later he was to spend a year in the county jail and pass on to oblivion. Ed Jackson was Governor and was still to arrive et the unusual infamy of being the only Governor ever on trial for a. felony who pleaded the statute of limitations as a means of escape. It was to this group and their friends that the services of Klinck, the hard-boiled pal of D. C. Stephenson, were offered by a go-between. The point is that it cast money to secure forgeries when intimidation and bribery had failed. The bit that was to be supplied by Watson, who, of course, never could suspefct that those who would hire a Klinck would also purchase forgeries, is reliably reported to have been approximately $1,900. It was paid, but not by Watson. That would be too preposterous and unprecedented. Those around him did pay the bill. Klinck furnished a forged affidavit purporting to be a repudiation by Rogers of his testimony before the Reed committee. • That forgery was taken by George Coffin, political boss, then and now, to the United States district attorney. - it was taken to a federal grand jury. Something flipped. The jury wanted to see Rogers. When he exposed the forgery, the conspiracy to destroy the two editors,, send them perhaps to a penitentiary, bad failed. Klinck was caught. Will Remy was on the job, fearless and courageous. Klinck had made the mistake of using a woman notary who told the truth, that the signature to the purported Rogers affidavit jwas not written as the law commands in her presence. She said that Klinck had vouched fdc its genyfrieness. It may be well to remember these facts when you read that Klinck goes to the penitentiary after five years of delay on a charge of being “an accessory to <the illegal use of a notarial seal.” That sounds trivial. ~ The real crime was that he was a mercenary in a war against honesty waged by the ruthless rulers of , this state, their paid agent in crime, and that the pur•pose of his crimes was the blocking of exposure of the ’political infamies of men in power. " Only the people can deal with those who hired 'Klinck. And the people will be a little safer with its Klincks behind bars and his employers out of office.

Katsuji Debuchi Japanese Ambassador Katsuji Debuchi is soon to leave Washington for home. Reports are that he is replaced. If that is true, it is not only regretable, but a little ominous. It is an open secret that the.militarists of Japan were dissatisfied with his handling of Nippon's Manchurian invasion episode in this country. He was too conciliatory, they said. Too mild with the state department. Few diplomats have made more friends in America than Ambassador Debuchi. Few have handled themselves better in a difficult situation. During the most dangerous moments of the Japanese-Chinese conflict, when the entire world was frankly critical of Japan's actions, he kept his feet on the ground. He never lost his head. Nor did he lose his temper—and that was the most important of all. His contagious smile and his personality carried him much farther at Washington than any amount of table-pounding. Bluster is seldom an aid to diplomacy, as Japan has very good reason to know. But for her threat of "serious consequences" uttered on the eve of a vote in congress on Japanese exclusion, the act most likely never would have passed. A similar gesture at the height of the Sino-Japa-nese crisis, to put it conservatively, would have availed Japan exactly nothing whatever. It would have aggravated, instead of appeased, world sentiment against Japanese aggression. Today Japan is reported to be contemplating new’ Imperialistic ventures in Asia. If that is so. then true diplomacy of the very highest order, not saber-rat-tling, will be vital abroad. We trust, therefore, that if Ambassador Debuchi is replaced at Washington, it will not be by a twosword. military-minded swashbuckler of the take-it-or-leave-it type. This we hope because we realize fully the value of, and sincerely desire, the maximum friendship between Japan and the United States. Shorter Hours Not long ago, American workers won their long fight for the eight-hour day. Now the six-hour day or the five-day week is coming. For months union labor has been preaching shorter hours as part of the cure for the depression. Employers apparently are falling into line. More than 1,000,000,000 workers now are under the fiveday week schedule, and the National Conference board, questioning 1,700 executives, finds that 65 per cent of those r eplying have reduced working hours to spread jobs. The most definite employers’ movement comes from New England. Governor Winant of New Hampshire and other members of the New England conference on re-employment have urged upon President Hoover their so-called “New Hampshire plan" for a five-day work week. This plan calls for careful scrutiny. It proposes

The Indianapolis Times (A SCR I Pf’S-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) Ownod *nd published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publlshlnr Cos 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis, fnd. Price in Marlon County a copy; elsewhere. 8 c-nt.-delivered by carrier. 12 Cents a w.-ek Mail aibseriotlon rate, in KOt £e.?™ ARD * KARL D. BAKER. Edltor Pre * ldcnt Business Mananer SATURDAY, AUG. 6. 1833. Member of United Press ScrlpDs-Howard Newspsper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Asaoelation. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

to cut all work hours 10 per cent, thereby adding some 3.000,000 workers now jobless to the nation's pay roll. But with the cut in time goes a cut in wages, so that the total industrial wage bill remains unchanged. The present workers and stockholders would contribute the cost of the sixth day's wage from wages and dividends to hire the new man. The employers contribute nothing. Economists will see in this plan a bit of Yankee shrewder that seems to miss the whole social theory behind the shorter work period.. That is, that men in the machine age can produce as much goods and wealth in less time by reason of increased efficiency. This theory worked when we abandoned the old twelve and ten-hour days for the eight-hour schedule. In experiments so far it appears to have worked also for the six-hour day.' A year ago the Kellogg company of Battle Creek increased its three eight-hour shifts to four six-hour shifts and adjusted its wages to give the bulk of all workers the old scale. Immediately, company officials reported, efficiency increased. Even with 20 per cent more workers, the company is in one of its most prosperous years. Western Electric and Dupont companies reported somewhat similar experiences under the five-day week.

If the New Hampshire plan become national we shall, of course, have fewer unemployed, but all work;rs will step down to a lower living standard. This further will destroy markets and retard business recovery. If, on the other hand, employes increase efficiency and eliminate waste, many of them probably can reduce hours without reducing pay. This will benefit them by conserving the country's buying power for their own products. Shorter hours will come. For not only should the depression’s jobless be absorbed, but room should be made for the “technologically unemployed,” who will be with us after hard times are past. We must create millions of jobs,” said President Green of the American Federation of Labor Friday. “Shortening work hours is a first step to do it.” Place on the payrolls of the country can be made for all, we believe, without further depressinf living standards and reducing the purchasing power of the people.

Life Is Safer The national safety council reports for 1931 indicate that, outside of auto deaths, fatal accidents are decreasing steadily. Os the approximately 97,000 accidental deaths last year > automobiles claimed first place as killers, causing 33,500 deaths, as compared with 32,929 in 1930 and only 13,939 a decade ago. Women drivers are blamed W’ith only 6 per cent of last years auto deaths. Careless drivers of private vehicles chiefly are to blame. Other reports indicate that the 1932 motor accident rate will be lower than that of last year. That haven of refuge, the home, turns out to be more perilous than a railroad train. While 29,000 people were killed at home from falls, burns, asphyxiation and other causes, only 5,099 met their deaths on railroads, and 94 per cent of these were in servicing trains. Aviation, too, is becoming safer. There were only about 500 fatal accidents in the airways, compared with 620 in 1930. Less than 9 per cent of these resulted on scheduled routes. In industry, 17.00 Q workers were killed last year, compared with 19,000 in 1930. Apparently we’re becoming a nation of swimmers, for the drowning curve has dropped steadily since 1910. Science, life-saving crusades by insurance companies and protective legislation are having effect. Perhaps the slowing down of our tempo of living further may reduce the hazards of American life. A1 Capone ought to make a first-rate baseball player. Even the highest priced lawyers can’t get him out. Just about the time everybody is convinced that the outlook is really brighter, the football coaches will cover everything with black again. The king of Abyssinia is reported about to give his subjects a constitution. If this thing keeps up, Kingfish Huey Long will be the only absolute monarch left. An Englishman is breeding rabbits whose fur can not be told from sable. That evens things up. We've been paying for sable that you couldn't tell from rabbit.

Just Every Day Sense By Mrs. Walter Ferguson

“T\o you believe the law against murders should U be repealed because we still have murderers?” Inquires Mrs. N. B. F. of Denver, in a passionate defense of the eighteenth amendment. Well, to be completely frank. I do not believe the law ever has prevented a homicide. To forbid killing on the statute books is a kind of terrorizing gesture, but it does not stop the crime, especially in a lawridden country like ours, where chance and graft enter so strongly into court procedure. All this law does, in fact, is arrange punishment for the deed. For the only deterrent of murder is the individual conscience and a well-developed sense of social responsibility. We may protect ourselves from murderers by locking them up or hanging them, but no law we ever can invent will stop murder. For the average man is kept from crime by his moral beliefs and training, his ancestral traditions. He believes in his deepest soul that the taking of another life is the ultimate wrong and he shudders from it. In short, when he stays his hand he obeys not a legal code, but a moral mandate. tt tt e f IF we ceased to instill into the young the difference between our present conception of right and wrong, if they were permitted to grow’ up—and many of them are—without a social conscience, no law under the sun could keep them from vicious deeds. For law, it seems to me, has in reality very little to do with our behavior. And may I add that I am left completely unmoved by the argument that Washington and Lincoln, if still on earth, would champion the holy cause of prohibition. I consider this rather a bold assumption. These men stood for the finest freedom—that which would prevent one class or body of men from dictating to. or tyrannizing over, another class or body of men. Logic languishes in many dry arguments. If a law against murder does not prevent murder, why cn earth pass another against beet, under the fond delusion that it will stop beer drinking?

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy

Everything That Has Been Done This Year to End the Depression Cos u Id Have Been Done Last Year. New YORK. Aug. 6.—Prospects for business recovery arc brighter than at any time since the stock market crash three years ago. This obviously is due to a favorable combination of circumstances. For one thing, the government has adopted some very impressive measures of relief, assistance, and economy.

For another, the prohibition farce seems likely to be ended. For still another, Europe really has begun to ciear up the reparations tangle. To sum it up. the policy of inaction is being replaced by one of action. -It might have been done before,.but not without changing human nature. When in trouble, people waste about so much time looking for miracles. They simply won’t undertake anything new, or drastic, until they have to. Everything that has been done this year could have been done, and should have been done, one year ago. President Hoover had just as good reasons for offering his recovery program in the fall of 1930 as in the fall of 1931. Europe had just as good reasons for tackling the debt situation. The American people had just as good reasons for insisting that something be about the Volstead act and eighteenth amendment. The age-old tendency to put off things was about all that stood in the way.

Not Such a Mystery IT has been a universal source of wonderment how we could consume so much before the depression set in and get along with so little afterward. People have worried themselves sick trying to solve the mystery. The process has led to many fantastic conclusions and more fantastic suggestions, which only added to •the confusion. If so many hadn’t taken the problem as a crossword puzzle, we would .have made faster headway. That water, of course, has gone by the mill, but still is worth a passing thought, especially because we still must grapple with the factor of bewilderment. The belief that civilization has gone bankrupt, still is widespread. So is the belief that nothing can save it but some miracle, preferably in the form of revolutionary change.

Blamed on Spooks PEOPLE just don’t like to admit that a disaster of this magnitude could be brought on by normal human follies and defects. They prefer to imagine that some evil influence crept up behind them; that what happened was not their own fault, and that they are powerless to get out of the mess without supernatural help, or without doing something they never thought of before. . The civilized world has been wallowing in an atmosphere of economic and political mysticism, not only since the depression began, but since the great war began. It has had one fit of demonology after another. Prussianism was its first great bogey. Next came Bolshevism. During the last three years it has been one evil spook after another. tt u a Due to Illusions WE went into the war exaggerating realities, telling false tales about the enemy, and promising impossible results in case of victory. We went into the postwar boom with similar illusionments regarding debts, taxes and the power pf humanity to absorb losses. We went into the depression imagining that some evil genius was persecuting the righteous, that the folly of expecting Germany to foot the war bill and Wall street to make everybody rich counted for nothing. There never has been any mystery about the cause of trouble. Too many human beings merely got caught trying to get something for nothing. They included ten-share margin buyers as well as the big boys, and corrupt constables as well as statesmen. Recovery always has rested on the proposition of putting enough back into the “kitty” to square accounts. Now that we are beginning to realize it, prospects look brighter.

Questions and Answers

What is the weight of the United States dirigible Akron? About 260,000 pounds. Name the commonest, rarest and most expensive minerals? The commonest is quartz; masurium and rhenium are about the rarest, and the platinum metals are the most expensive. Did Governor A1 Smith receive more votes for President than any other Democratic nominee? He did, and President Hoover also received more votes than any previous successful candidate. How did the pay of private soldiers in Canada. Australia and the United States compare during the World war? The United States paid S3O a month, Australia paid $43.50 and Canada paid $33 a month. The A. E. F. received 10 per cent additional for overseas service.

Your Questions Answered You can get an answer to any answerable question of fact or information by writing to Frederick M. Kerby, Question Editor, Indianapolis Times Washington Bureau, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, enclosing 3 cents in coin or postage stamps for reply. Medical and legal advice can not be given, nor can extended research be made. All other questions will receive a personal reply. All letters are confidential. You are cordially invited to make use of this free service as often as you please. Let our Washington Bureau help with your problems.

BELIEVE IT or NOT

I In order For Voo To have —• —Tt... each denomination of currency issued STEAMSHIPS RON FASTER BY THE u - ToDAY YoU would IN COLD NORTHERN WATERS HAVE To HAVE: ONE BILL THAN IN WARM TROPICAL WATERS ,| o oo>- 0 ” (Cold (J&ler condenses steam #. foo-' IFah wArm HI TuJ*" ii® ST. Patrick’s DAv vvj/ I-f 2 CO ,I N SWEDISH-SCOTCH /1 O5 •*' r —Descent /Yu *• !o i * / -i-osAhoeWs TiTAL ~ 1 6,68 8.91 / —/ /A ■ " I J-ONz- / ('a 11) - . *i- / , „ , > ~ ,1 1931, King Featuttt Syndicate, Inc,. °vts, ARc * / mich) L£ a * Ch j .Vive -separate trees grown together into one trunk / ' / The trunk is covered with & peipectcoat ot b&irk

Following is the explanation of Ripley's “Believe It or Not” which appeared in Friday's Times: “Bunny” Austin—For the first time in thirteen years, an Englishman reached the finals in the “all-comers’ singles at Wimbledon, England, when H. W. “Bunny” Austin faced the American ace, Ellsworth Vines, July 2, to whose crushing attack he bowed. 6-4, 6-3, 6-0. In 1919 A. R. F. Kingscote, popular English World war veteran, reached the finals and w-as defeated by G. L. Patterson.

Walking One Difficulty in Old Age

This is the fifth of six articles on Good Health After 60 by Dr. Fishbein. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hvceia, the Health Magazine. OLD people have particular difficulty in walking, for many reasons. First, there may be weakening of the legs, due to lack of force in the circulation; sometimes pain in the muscles results from imperfect circulation. Often the older persons walk with short steps, because in this way they are better able to control their sense of balance. While the aged may have high blood pressure, it is not so serious as in youth. Thus Dr. David Riesman described a woman 97 years old, who for twenty-five years had a blood pressure over 250. In such cases, because of the hardening of the arteries, high blood pressure may be necessary to maintain life.

IT SEEMS TO ME by h ™ d

TF any historian ever becomes sufficiently morbid to plan a chapter on Mr. Hoover's four years in the White House, I think I can suggest a title for his essay. I would call it “From Laughing Gas to Tear Bombs.” From time to time various people have pointed out faults which they thought they could detect in the President of the United States. A list of considerable proportions has been prepared, and yet the chief defect ih his executive armor has passed almost unnoticed. Herbert Clark Hoover is a visionary. He means well. Indeed, he would make an excellent head for “The Good Intentions Paving C 0.,” which has for so long a time laid out the manifold streets to the nether regions.

The Daily Morning Vapors MR. HOOVER is incapable of facing facts. He don’t even like them. From the very begining he has avoided solids and dealt solely in vapors. It is quite in character that he should offer oxygen to Wall Street and chlorine to the unemployed. And in all seriousness I would contend that a constitutional im- j practicality is Mr. Hoovers great weakness. Now that his term of office rapidly is drawing to a close, it is no more than just that we should attempt to be fair to a man who has suffered almost as much as his countrymen.

It is nonsense to assail him as one lacking in humanity and a decent regard for the welfare of mankind. As soon as time has enabled us to get some little prospective of the man he will be recognized quite generally as no arch villain, but a tragic figure. But for the accident of his ascending to the White House, Heroert Clark Hoover very well might have lived and died as a wholly respectable and moderately popular member of the community. But like many men who are by nature inarticulate, President Hoover is a worshiper of words. In private life I have no doubt that he nourished a secret ambition to be a writer. Millions of people are typestruck. This group is even larger

On request, sent with stamped addressed envelope, Mr. Ripley will furnish proof of anything depicted by him.

The English lack of success in contending for their own coveted all-comers’ singles crown in the last score years is strangely paradoxical. It has not been held by an Englishman since A. W. Gore defeated the Frenchman, A. H. Gobert, in 1912. A Ghastly Funeral—The mountainous region of Zicavo, Corsica, is so rough and impassable that to convey the body of a villager to the place of burial a method has to be resorted to which probably is unique iifn f ghastliness. The corpse, dressed in an ample goat-

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

Such high blood pressure is dangerous only when the blood vessels burst and hemorrhage into the brain results in death. Os course, old people suffer with disturbances of digestion because of the changes that have taken place in their secretions, but also because they have difficulty in keeping infection away from their teeth and because they do not chew the food properly. The constipation of old age is controlled largely by the taking of mineral oil, which serves the purpose of softening the intestinal mass and making elimination easy. This remedy is practically harmless and adds years of health to many older persons. Hemorrhoids are frequent in the aged and are, of course, associated with constipation. There was a time when the teeth of the human being gradually fell out as he grew older, so that he found himself, by the time he reached old age, able to take only

than that composed of people who wish they could go on the stage. tt tt a They Took His Stuff ONCE in office Mr. Hoover found to his delight that he could compose little pieces and that the newspapers would carry these essays. Upon occasion he even made the front page. Calvin Coolidge, possessing very little more literary talent than his successor, also asked leave to print. But he never made the fatal mistake of taking his writing seriously. Indeed, he made public confession that he was a hack by becoming a newspaper columnist. Mr. Hoover's strange malady consists in his inability to recognize the difference between the word and the deed. He put a chicken and a couple of cars on paper and was then astonished to find that they did not immediately pop up in pots and garages. And to this day he can not reconcile himself to the fact that an ex-

& T ?s^ Y ' WORLD WAR ‘ ANNIVERSARY

AMERICANS ADVANCE Aug. 6

ON Aug. 6, 1918, the fierce battle over the possession of the valley of the Vesle river continued beI tween the American and German troops. After beating off several strong counter-attacks, the American forces pushed forward at nightfall and made several important advances. French units near Montdidier surprised the opposing German forces and seized a strong section of the German defenses. Two counter-attacks failed to' dislodge them after a day of inten- : sive fighting. Japan announced that troops had been dispatched to the Russian port of Vladivostok to “protest the lives and property of Japanese citizens.” j The. port was in the hands of the j Soviet gnvpmmcnt. *

rE R**lsterrd ®. A JL ’ 1 Patrol OtflM RIPLEY

skin, is mounted on a horse. The seat of the dead rider is quite rigid, the body being held in position by cord and pieces of wood, while the chin is held upright by a forked twug fixed to the saddle. It is an extraordinary and fantastic sight, but most interesting is the mount’s reaction to the task. The horse is so frightened at its load that it is useless for any further employment. No horse has been knowm to carry a dead rider a second time. Monday—“A Colony of Fleas.”

liquid food or food that was soft. Modern dentistry has made it possible for the aged to chew steaks or vegetables of considerable fibrous content. It is for this reason that the aged frequently must resort to laxatives or to mineral oil to aid the weakened intestinal muscles in handling the waste material. The aged are likely to suffer particularly with accumulations of mucous material in the lungs; with diminished power of the lungs to repair themselves, small areas of degenerated tissue break down and the material accumulates and has to be coughed out of the lung. The continued inhalation and coughing results in disturbances such as broncho-pneumonia or similar complaints. The elderly are particularly prone to varicose veins, to inflammations of the joints, and to fixed joints which follow inflammation. Next: Cancer, a principal danger for the aged.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America's most interesting writers and are presented without resard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

periment need not be noble simply because it has been so described in an executive address. tt tt tt A Chance for a Statement T>UT by far his most tragic faille ure lay in his treatment of the conus army. This was a situation requiring definite action. Mr. Hoover never was able to make up his mind to do anythnig. mind to do anything, practical, because he called out the infantry, the cavalry and the tanks. But even this was no more than a *• The problem merely was shifted from one locality to another. The whole maneuver was an interlude for another Hoover speech Above the tramp of marching feet there arose the clickety-click of the presidential typewriter. One almost can picture the harassed man m his office nervously pacing the flooor. His face is furrowed and his hair is rumpled, a terrific problem besets him. He can’t thin*: of the- right word. Then, with a happy cry, he leaps to the machine and writes, “A challenge to the authority of the United States government has been met swiftly and firmly.” And, to top it off and settle everything, he also coins the phrase, “Communists and persons with criminal records.’ Instead of a private secretary, Herbert Hoover ought to be furnished with a good copy-reader armed with a blue pencil. This invaluable assistant would be empowered to cry out every now and then, “Hold on. Herbert; don’t carry yourself away!” He could, for instance, point out that the leader of the Communist faction in the B. E. F. never claimed more than 300 followers. He might also remind the budding author that the department of justice up to date lias identified only six men with “police or criminal records.” And it might not be amiss to point out Johnstown on the map and inform Mr. Hoover that there still is a problem as to whether 6.000 men are to live or starve publicly to death. But there are so many things the man with the blue pencil would have to do. Perhaps it would be a better idea to take away Mr. Hoover's typewriter and tell “swiftly and firmly," “Fewer adverbs. Mr. President, and more action.” ”* {Copyright. 1932. by The Times!

.'AUG. 6. 1932

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Back of Our Electric Lights, Electric Cars and Electric Elevators Is the Poicar of the Sun. MODERN civilization depends upon the sun. That is a fact that we often lose sight of. Every one realizes, of course, that life itself depends upon the sun. For without the sun, our earth would have neither heat nor light. It would be a frozen globe, wandering in a sea of darkness. Our food supply, likewise, depends upon the sun. for without the sun plants would not grow. Plants build up the sugars and starches of their tissues out of the carbon dioxide of the air and the water of the soil. The energy for this manufacturing process is furnished by the sunlight. The process is known as photosynthesis. But in addition, the aspects of present-day life which we group under the heading of modem civilization, are in particular the result of solar activity. Modern civilization is built upon the availability of power, it sometimes is called a machine civilization. But a machine civilization is a pow r er civilization, since it takes power to make the machine go. Back of our electric lights, our electric street cars, our electric locomotives, our electric elevators and our countless electric machines is the “power house,” where the whirring turbines generate the electricity with the aid of coal, oil or water powder.

Sources of Power COAL, oil and water power, the three sources of power today; are all the contribution of the sun. Photosynthesis, the process by which we get our food at present, is the process which built up our coal supplies. Someone once said that coal was fossil sunlight—that when we burned coal we were releasing the sunbeams that fell upon the earth millions of years ago. Millions of years ago a luxurious vegetation grew in certain areas ol the earth's surface. There were gigantic ferns, tall as trees, and similar plants. These plants grew In swampy areas. Their growth, it must be remembered, was due to the sun. These plants, like the plants of today, built up their tissues out of the carbon dipxlde of the air and the water of the soil with the energy of sunlight. In time, the swamps in which these plants grew began to fill up with decaying vegetation. In time, this decaying vegetation, chiefly through the action of certain types of bacteria living in it, turned to peat. Incidentally, there are many peat bogs to be found in the world today, and also many swamps in which the formation of peat is going on. Then, with the passage of more centuries, the p<fat was buried under layers of sand and clay. Gradually, changes took place in the past. The percentage of hydrogen and oxygen in the peat was decreased, bringing about a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbon. Thus, in time, the peat was changed into coal.

Origin of Petroleum OIL likewise can be traced to its beginning with the process of photosynthesis. At one time many scientists believed that mineral oil or petroleum had an inorganic origin. This theory held that during the formation of the earth's surface rocks, hydrogen and carbon were brought together into various combinations under great pressure and heat and forced into various combinations. Petroleum is essentially hydrogen and carbon—what the chemist calls a hydrocarbon. But today more scientists are inclined to accept what is known as the organic theory of the origin of petroleum. This theory holds that the petroleum in the earth is the result of chemical changes in the remains of plant and animal life which inhabited the earth millions of years ago. According to this theory, petroleum was formed chiefly from minute plants and animals which lived in swamps and the sea bottom muds. Oh, therefore, started with plant growth, which depended on photosynthesis. That water power depends upon the sun is obvious, for water power depends upon the weather cycle. The water of rivers come from creeks which in turn depend largely on the run-off of rains for their supply. We do not understand completely all details of the weather. But it is obvious that it has its beginnings in the heating effect of the sun on the earth's atmosphere. The great air currents which are at the bottom of weather phenomena are started in this way.

People’s Voice

Editor Times—ln your Question and Answer column of Friday's Times, you have made a mistake that I will ask you to correct. The question was. “Who was the Norse of war?” /ou tend the inquirer that his name was As or Os. This is wrong. As means any god. Odin, Thor, Freya, Loke, Baldur, Idun, etc., were all “As”es. The name of the god of war is Tyr. The “y” is to be pronounced like the u or ue. H. COUCHERON AAMOT. Editor Times—ls this the year of Mugwamps to help get the country In shape again? They started when Grover Cleveland beat Ben Harrison, ants once in a while they get together and help the Democrats clean the city and run the clans out. If this is the year, Editor, let's get together and get Watson out. Now dear editor, tell me what’s the matter with Borah? Can we get someone to take his place out there in Idaho. The writer of this letter is a Mugwamp—a good, strong one—and he wants to get out and help clean the whole country up. T. R. HENRY

Daily Thoughts

And He said unto them, why are ye so fearful? How is it that ye have no faith?—Mark 4:40. Without faith a man can do nothing.—Anuci.