Indianapolis Times, Volume 44, Number 37, Indianapolis, Marion County, 23 June 1932 — Page 4

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fC * I PPJ -M OW AMD

Unemployed Relief One of the important actions by the special session of the legislature will be a law under which Indiana can obtain $8,000,000 atailable for this state for relief of the unemployed. While the special session was called for tax relief it is probable that it would not have been summoned had it not been for the changed attitude of President Hoover in regard to this relief. The law which appropriated $300,000,000 for this purpose proposes to loan the money to the states, and through the states to the cities and counties. Indiana is barred by the Constitution from incurring debts. A law to evade that provision and permit the borrowing of this money will be suggested. It is most important that the money is not left in the control of those who will use it for political purposes. it is important that it be distributed by these who have a real sympathy with the jobless man. Asa state affair, relief for the unemployed in Indiana has left much to be desired. For months the claim was boldly made that Indiana would take care of its own problem. When the claim was made, hungry children in mining camps were asking for foed and in every part of the state there was distress. The claim was repeated when charity organizations had exhausted their resources and counties in some industrial centers were unable to sell tax warrants to continue relief. If the dole system is necessary, it should not be turned Into a political racket. Perhaps federal aid will not be necessary' at all if the legislature should seriously turn its attention to the huge gasoline tax fund and decide that other things are more necessary than highways in these times of stress. . Dr. Butler Sums Up That was an interesting interview Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler gave Scripps-Howard papers on his return from the Republican national convention. Dr. Butler believes President Hoover may skin through if state conventions don't repudiate the Hoover prohibition plank, “sired by Muddlehead out of Cowardice.” Therefore, Dr. Butler intends to go forth and do his level best to get a lot of states to make just that repudiation. Here is a Republican who thinks so much straighter than his party that the wonder is he hasn’t long since thought himself clean out of it and quit going to its conventions. His scoring of the federal patronage brigade, is scorching. His refusal to be beaten In his great fight for repeal and restoration of state rights is as fine a piece of consistent, undaunted battling as American politics has seen. Thomas Jefferson would be as proud of him as Herbert Hoover is not. Dr. Butler frankly admits the fine available timber in the Democratic party and the dearth of it in his own. but he also says—and it is true: “The great trouble is that the Democrats have an almost incredible habit of running their train off the track Just as it gets near the station.” Paste that in the hat of the Democratic national convention that meets next week in Chicago. Here is the greatest opportunity in the party's history to offer the country a brief, clean-cut, concise, specific, constructive platform that wdll make the Republican affair look more than ever like a water-logged dictionary. It doesn’t need 500 words to say “Repeal the eighteenth amendment.” If the Democrats muff this chance, they deserve the worst that will be said about them. As for the candidate —well, turn back to the Butler interview: “Alfred E. Smith is the best public servant this country has produced since Theodore Roosevelt — broad-gauged, honest, and highly capable.” And there is other good material. The Republican convention, under Hoover orders, shut its cars to Dr. Butler. The Democratic convention, under nobody's orders, can profit hugely by that major Republican mistake.

A Sensible Proposal There is sense in the Hoover arms reduction plan. In two points it is unmistakably clear. These two points arc essential. The rest is trimming. Hoover specifies the amount of reduction (about one-third of existing military and naval strength) and proposes to accomplish reduction according to the scale set for the German army after the war—roughly, 100,000 troops for 65.000,000 population, the troops to be used for internal duty. The absolute necessity for some such definite and comprehensive program is as obvious as daylight. The world lies under a burden of war casualties, mental, physical and economic, that disgraces its leaders. The Hoover plan provides a starting point that even statesmen in international conclave should need no “experts" to interpret. Accomplishment is, admittedly, not as simple as exposition, but the American proposal provides a basis for this—the German scale. The Hoover plan is a minimum and in no way radical when measured by the little sacrifice involved in its material realization. The United States army would not be affected, as the proposed cut is a reduction over and above the normal requirements for “policing" the country. As for the navy, the plan would require actual euts in the battleship and submarine program, whereas some cruiser building might be necessary. Even so, a sensible step toward disarmament is offered. There are two ways of approaching disarmament. One is the evasive and diplomatic budgetary method, by which investment in arms is reduced. This is unsatisfactory and impractical, because reductions usually are so small as to influence the potentiality of war not at all. The second is the direct scrapping method. Disarmament is not, as statesmen incline to believe, a process of mental contortion wholly divorced from reality. It is as realistic as the application of an acetylene torch to the steel of a dismantled ship. This was the method used to disarm Germany. True, Germany had enemies sufficiently determined in their attitude to disarm her by force. But the situation is not without analogy here. Civilization has an enemy more potent and impressive than vengeful allies confronting defeated Germany. That enemy is war and it is not only capable of creating unimaginable havoc if permitted to rise again, but we have learned that it is capable of destroying the world at a stroke. The Hoover plan seems to recognize the reality of this situation and seeks to promote a realistic conception of it among the statesmen upon nfhom we

The Indianapolis Times (A iCßirm-HOWARI) XFWSPAPF.R) ' Owned and published dally (except Sunday! by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214 220 West .Maryland Street. Indianapolis. ln<U Price in Marion County. 2 cents a copy; elcwhere, 3 cents—delivered by carrier. "2 rents a week. Mail subscription rates in Indiana. $3 a year; outside of Indiana. Sfi cents a month. BOYD CURLEY, ROY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley 5561 THURSDAY. JUNE 23. 1933. Member of United Ptpss. Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. "Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

thus far unfortunately have had to depend for intelligence and relief. They here are given a definite program, a proposition which should stop their mumbling behind closed doors and bring them out In the open. By their attitude toward the fundamentals of this proposal, the world may discover upon whose hands blood next shall be found. “Hand-Set” Language Credit Senator Byrnes of South Carolina with a worthy suggestion. He proposes a platform written by men who have worked on hand-set country newspapers. He says they know how to be brief. Or why not a platform done with a chisel on stone? The planks that Moses put forth that way have stood up fairly well. Lincoln wrote his Gettysburg address with his knee for a desk, and no carbon copies. That is one reason for the strength of that document. The story of creation was confined to 600 words, because every little letter meant work. , Modern inventions’ contribution to our present troubles isn’t all a matter of technological unemployment. Typewriters, dictaphones and other devices for making verbiage easy have contributed much to the muddiness of political affairs. Alfred E. Smith has the same mechanical facilities for turning out words as did the Republicans when their masterpiece of verbosity was written. But all he said about prohibition was that he had been against it from the start, is against it now, and wants it changed. Not a line about “nullification by nonobservance,” or “choosing between party affiliations and honest convictions,” or “safeguarding so as to be truly representative. Just a plain, direct declaration that was typical of the man and his works, and stands as a symbol of why he, or one of his type, instead of another wordmonger, should lead this puzzling nation during the next four years. We would not impose upon you the suggestion that you reread that Republican blank. That would be asking too much. But we believe you will enjoy reading a second time this direct Smith statement: “The eighteenth amendment never should have been put into the Constitution. It is unworkable. I attacked it from the time it was first proposed, and prophesied its failure and stated that it would prove to be the greatest curse ever put over on an unsuspecting people. “I fought it when it was unpopular to take that side of the issue in many parts of my own state and in many other states of the Union, and when every weapon of narrow-minded intolerance was turned against me. “I carried the banner w-hen the army was small, the stragglers numerous and the opposition bitter. I was then and I am now for unconditional repeal of the eighteenth amendment. "The Volstead act should be amended at once by a scientifically correct definition that will permit the sale of beverages of reasonable alcoholic content. The people of the United States are entitled to this relief, which would divert the profits of the bootlegger into legitimate taxes.” Safety on the Fourth Approach of the Fourth of July is a reminder that the old campaign for a “safe and sane Fourth,” inaugurated years ago to check the rising toll of fireworks casualties, needs to be emphasized this year just as much as ever. To be sure, the toll taken by the firecracker and I other explosives has been reduced vastly in recent years. But people seem to have gotten careful in that respect only to get more careless in other ways, i First and foremost, of course, comes the automobile. It is just as certain that July 4 will bring a long list of traffic fatalities as it is that the day after July 4 will be July 5. The holiday will jam the highways, and many people will be killed. The holidays also will send a lot of people to the ; water, and there will be a good many drownings. There will be accidents in connection with picnic bonfires. There will be—but why go on? The old- campaign for safety on the Fourth needs support now as much as it ever did. In 1932 “Huge slush funds” alwrays have been in the headlines of other political conventions. The w'ords are missing this year. But slush funds, like all other things in this life, are relative. If by chance the Democratic convention of 1932 gets deadlocked as did the one in 1924 and runs into weeks instead of days, the price of a cot or a ham sandwich for a delegate W'ill be a slush fund.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

IT looks as if we need more common sense on the the bench. A Chicago judge who performs wedding ceremonies free of charge generously presents each bride with a cook book, and calls that a “permanent seal on the marriage,” while a New York City justice announces that the husband who permits his wife to work and help keep the home, “forfeits whatever control that might have been his by virtue of his masculinity or preconceived concept of domestic domination” —if you know what that means. Both these gentlemen, it seems to me. look at matrimony with a medieval squint. A good many people, even judges, evade the trouble of thinking Sfbout this question by such subterfuges. To assume that good cooking puts a “permanent seal upon a marriage” is entirely senseless, under existing conditions. And that we even should speak of marriage now as if it were a state in which the man. because he supports the home, should possess domestic domination is slightly crazy even to the most conservative. a a a NOTHING is more wearisome than to hear these ancient adages applied to modem problems. And how the men love to apply them! To agree with the Manhattan judge that no man should marry unless he can keep up the home all by his lonesome is rather tough upon domestically inclined males, and would work a hardship upon thousands of women who desire both husbands and jobs. Marriage must survive, but it would have small chance to do so if we permitted the mossbacks to make all the rules. The tempo of modem life, whether we approve or not, is vastly different from that of Victorian days. Conditions have changed immeasurably since the decorous 80 s, and to try to fit the regulations of that time to modem men and women is like trying to travel by hitching oxen to the automobile. We can not solve any of our difficulties of living by harking back to customs of an earlier day. But we might get along faster if we applied some common sense to them. 4

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy Says:

European Politicians Are Stringing Hoover on Disarmament, Just as They Strung Woodrow Wilson 13 Years Ago . NEW YORK, June 23.—“ Absolutely unacceptable," says Joseph Paul-Boncour, speaking for 1 France, with regard to President j Hoover's latest disarmament proposal, and the conferees at Lausanne appear to be in for another series of headaches. The formula of reduction by onethird is too simple. What the diplomats and experts want is an opportunity to horse trade. How else can they prove that their profession means anything? How else can they justify all the gabble about tonnage and caliber? Besides, President Hoover has shown his hand too freely, has let everybody know how intensely interested he is in disarmament, has created an impression that he is willing to go to almost any length to get it. European politicians are not overlooking such an obvious bet. Rightly, or wrongly, they assume that the President of the United States is ready to concede much for disarmament, and that it is their business to find out just how much before closing any bargain. To put it brutally, European politicians are stringing Hoover, just as they strung the late Woodrow Wilson thirteen years ago; feeding him flattery, persuading him to lay his cards on the table, weighing the value of every trump that he holds, and then stalling while they think up ways to beat him in the final Play. Stage Not Ready TO begin with, the stage is not set for genuine disarmament. The world has no substitute for its armies and navies, no agency for keeping the peace, or administering justice among governments. Paradoxically enough, our own government, which is making the most noise about disarmament, has refused to help the world create such agency, has declined to join the League of Nations on any basis, or the world court without reservations. Os course. Europe regards President Hoover’s proposal as just one more play to the galleries, noble from the standpoint of idealism, perhaps, but hopelessly premature. It is mathematically true that the world could save ten or fteen billion dollars during the next decade by reducing its military erpenditures one-third. It is equally true that the American people could pay their taxes without great discomffort if they gave up hooch. armament, habit, custom and tradition count for more than an auditor’s report. tt tt tt Must Have Safety IF you lived in a lawless community, would you throw away the old shotgun until a court had been established and a constable appointed in whom you had confidence? Certainly you 'wouldn't, and no more will the world. If we want a reign of law, instead of a reign of force, the first thing to do is create necessary agencies. Until that has been done, no nation is going to scrap what ages have taught its people to regard as their one effective , means of defense. Organized peace demands a different international structure from organized war. People are not going to tear down the one until they sc 3 how the other looks. A government that won't help build the peace structure is only wasting time when it preaches abandonment of the war structure. A reign of law, such as Wilson visioned and such as Hoover apparently would like to see, calls for more than scrapping a few battle-, ships, or passing resolutions against air raids.

People’s Voice

Editor Times—You may be amazed to know, sir, that there are great big, he-men playboys-about-town in Indianapolis who §re not hesitating to sacrifice (almost) all, even in times like these. Doubtless, you, too Mr. Editor, have wept often, even as I, over those knock - kneed, sway - backed maidens, who, attired in a beach garment consisting of a couple of straps, or less, litter our local bathing pools—not to swim, but to display. Some day, sir, perhaps, it will be explained why so few feminine figures look good in a bathing suit. But where is the woman who will admit she is not one of the chosen to preen and parade? Now, this season, we have the male of the species. They’re on exhibition any of these hot afternoonsSee, they never go near the water: but there they are, their brawny physiques in readiness for any or all admiring glances. Some of them wear only trunks, held up, thank goodness, by wide and very fancy belts. And. sir, my particular pets are those who merely roll down the tops of their bathing suits to the limit the law allows. I'm pleased to report that this variety does not walk, but usually is draped on stools, boxes, on the edge of the pool, or merely lolls on the sand. Otherwise, I must shudder to consider the possible shock to public modesty. The questions arise then: Are they the promoters of a nudist Indianapolis of the future? Are they benefactors in “sacrificing all" that we may know that there yet is husky beauty outside the Tarzan thrillers? Or, are they just sun-tan goofs? My mother never taught me anything like this. I am flabbergasted; may I pass out in your arms? SUNBURNED SUSAN. What are shinplasters and what is the origin of the term? They were private notes of 10, 25 and 50-cent denominations, issued by retail dealers to facilitate trade. They were of little value to the community except as “plasters for broken shins," which accounts for the nickname. Fractional currency notes, issued by the federal government in 1863, were also called “shin- , plasters."

Stick Around —You Ain't Seen Nuthin’ Yet!

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Tennis Elbow’ Is Painful Complaint

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association, and of Hygeia. the Health Magazine. MODERN medicine and surgery recognize various conditions due to special occupations, special circumstances or to certain sports. Quite recently one surgeon described a fracture of the kneecap that had occurred in a considerable number of cases when a motor car stopped suddenly and the kneecap came in contact with the instrument board of the car. Football players have suffered particularly with a dislocation of the cartilage on the inside, between the big bone of the thigh and the larger of the two small bones of the leg. * The strain on the wrist and on the elbow associated with modern tennis has developed the term “tennis elbow.” This condition, as pointed out by Dr. Louis Carp, is, however, not strictly limited to tennis players. It occurs not only as the result of sports requiring the use of a racquet, such as tennis and squash, but also in golf and baseball; and in various occupations which demand lifting

IT SEEMS TO ME "ISST

THE prohibition problem has captured the center of the political stage in such way as to keep every other issue in the wings. Certainly, nobody has paid the slightest attention to any amendment. And in like fashion, the statement of Speaker John N. Garner means little to the editorial commentators and the headline writers except that the gentleman from Texas at last has decided that he is a wet. But John Nance Garner has raised other interesting questions in tossing his hat into the ring. On the whole, he has been commendably frank, and yet I would like to hear him explain more fully precisely what he means by one section of his announcement. He said: “The constantly increasing tendency toward Socialism and Communism is the gravest possible menace. The government should use every means within its power to prevent their further spread, and they should receive no encouragement from any American citizen, high or low.” t u tt Garner Goes Far THAT seems to me a rather more startling statement than Mr. Garner’s enlistment in favor of repeal. If his words mean what they seem to mean, bluff Jack of Texas intends to make Ham Ftsh seem like a revolutionist. Even Herbert Hoover in his attitude of dogmatic conservatism has not yet gone to the length of suggesting that no American citizen has a right to espouse radical C3.US6S. Possibly Mr. Garner is looking for some way to prevent the grave unemployment problem which may arise among enforcement officers

m today m yi IS THE- vs ' WORLD WAR \ ANNIVERSARY

AUSTRIANS ROUTED ON June 23. 1918, the grand retreat of Austrian troops, which finally led to their utter rout, started across the Piave from Montello to the Adriatic. The retreat was disorderly, the Austrians abandoning many guns and war material. Thousands of prisoners ware taken. In fighting which involved hand-to-hand combats, American troops finally cleared Belleau Wood of all German troops. British and French troops also staged successful offensives, the former entering German positions near Bucquoy and Morlancourt, and the latter gaining ground between Montdidier and the Oise. It was reported that the Soviet government was forced to negotiate a foreign loan, and that in return for the money Germany would be granted wide exploitation of Russia's natural resources. Where is the office of the French consul in New York City? 9 East Fortieth street.

and sudden bending and extending of the elbow joint. Among occupations which require such action are those of violinists, blacksmiths, telephone operators, pressers of clothing and salesmen who carry heavy sample cases. The condition sometimes is diagnosed merely as a sprain or as a rheumatic pain, but it always is accompanied by pain and tenderness, and sometimes swelling and heat in the elbow region over the nodule at the lower end of the large bone of the upper arm. The pain may be sudden, sharp, and darting so as to cause complete stopping of any movement; or it may be dull and constant. Usually the muscles which extend the forearm seem to be weak because of the impossibility of using proper leverage in causing them to act. In this condition a small sac of fluid which rests over the nodule on the bone becomes inflamed. Such sacs of fluid are called bursae. Naturally, when such a sac becomes overfilled with fluid as the result of inflammation, the tissues about are put under stress and there

once the amendment has been shoved aside. Perhaps he contemplates the creation of an American GPU, and instead of sniffers and snoopers we are to have eavesdroppers and backstair gossips. The governmental nostril is to give way to the secret service ear. “Every means within its power" covers a' great deal of territory. During the war, minority opinion was punished by long-term sentences in federal penitentiaries, and the statement of Mr. Garner suggests that the same thing may be done again. Mr. Hoover’s keynoter, Senator Dickinson, boasted that more than twice as many people are in jail as were there five years ago. At the .time I thought that the new Republican slogan well might be, “A citizen in every cell." But Mr. Garner desires to raise the limit. Instead of two cars in every garage, he would give us two inmates for every dungeon. Very few people in America understand precisely what constitutes Socialism or Communism. Even the Socialists and Communists can't agree on a definition. And, accordingly, under the free construction which prevails here in the matter of labels, a great many people may fall under the stern hand of governmental displeasure if Garner’s suggestion bears fruit. a a a Let Him Reconsider DURING the war it was the custom to ticket anything which you didn't happen to like as “proGerman." Later on, if a man held four aces against your four kings, you were entitled to express your resentment by exclaiming, “you dirty Bolsheviki!" Four years ago we had a campaign based upon prejudice and passion, and now Mr. Garner purposes to start another holy war and merely change the epithets. It took the fighting clam quite a long time to speak up and announce his views on current topics, and so it is difficult to maintain that Mr. Garner has fallen into error through mere rashness. And yet I think that for his own sake and that .of his country he would do well to go back into the silences and reconsider his stand for a federal drive against radical opinion. a a a Getting Into Deep Water ISAY “for his own sake’’ because the speaker does not realize just how wide the net may be flung, once the policy of punishing heretical political thought has been adopted. Indeed, it seems to me by no means fantastic that. Mr. Garner himself might become suspect under the rule of “every means within its power.”

Daily Thoughts

And all this assembly shall know that the Lord saveth not with sword and spear: for the battle is the Lord’s, and he will give you into our hands.—l Samuel 17:45. To manage men one ought to have a sharp mind in a velvet sheath.—George Eliot.,

is considerable pain. Should the inflamed tissue accumulate calcium, it will show easily in an X-ray picture. However, it may fail to calcify, in which case the X-ray picture merely will show the swelling. Exactly as one may relieve pain in a swollen boil or pimple by having it properly opened, so also, according to Dr. Carp, can the inflammation and pain of this condition be relieved by permitting the fluid in the swollen sac to escape. This is accomplished by the physician through direct, sustained, pressure over the point involved, once the diagnosis has been made certain. In such instances the little sac bursts, the fluid escapes into the surrounding tissues, promptly is absorbed, and relief is immediate. Os course, if the pain associated with bursting the bursa is too severe, a slight breath of a gas anesthetic permits the manipulation without pain. It is customary also in such cases to apply moderate heat by various methods so as to aid absorption of the products of inflammation.

Ideals and opinion* expressed in this column are those of one of America's most interesting writers and are presented without recard to their acreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

I charge him here and now with violating his own admonition that no citizen, high or low, should give encouragement to radical thought or action. May I quote back to the Texan a few lines from his own statement: “All relief measures so far have been purely temporary, and do not go to the root of the trouble . . . enough work must be provided to keep the people from starving, and we shall be fortunate indeed if this irreducible cost minimum does not greatly exceed the amount specified in the relief measures which I sponsored.” Socialism, of course, looks to an end result of much more than mere sustenance above the starvation line, but the party plank on the problem of immediate relief sounds strangely like the words of Mr. Garner. Only, the Socialists said it earlier. So did the Communists. Once the speaker begins to talk in terms of billions for relief and more if necessary, he will find that he is distinctly giving encouragement to those radical theories which he deplores. nun He's Not Socialist AS yet, I think it will be possible for Mr. Garner to defend himself against the charge of being a Socialist. I would be glad to appear as one of a cloud of character witnesses to testify that he is no such thing. But if the district attorney changed his tactics just a little and inquired, “but isn't he just a little Socialistic in his ideas about unemployment relief?” candor would compel me to admit that there was at least a taint in the man. And so I advise Mr. Garner to call off the bloodhounds and abandon his idea of a federal drive against the red menace. Unless, of course, he really would like to split a cell in Atlanta with Norris, La Follette, Foster, Thomas, and. on certain days, even Nicholas Murray Butler. (CoDvrieht. 1932. bv The Times*

Final Clearance of Refrigerators! 1 lit, Ihgp. 37 SOUTH MERIDIAN STREET

-JUNE 23, 1932

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

The Actual Temperature | Range Within Which Life Can Survive Is Very Harrow. STUDY of the possibilities of life as we know it existing on other j planets has been given a considerable impetus by the recent discovery of Drs Adams and Dunham at the Mt. Wilson observatory that there is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere I of the planet Venus. Carbon dioxide is essential for j life as we know it. A survey of the solar svstem im- | presses us ehieflly with how rare are conditions under which life ia possible. In a pessimistic moment, one almost can understand Prof. Shapley's characterization of life on earth as “a minor crustal phenomenon.” Most of the solar system—and for that matter most of the universe, | in so far as we are able to Judge from this earth—is unsuited to life. Out in the great universe of stars, the stars themselves are too hot for life and the great stretches of space are too cold. Surface temperature of stars ranges from 2.000 to 20.000 degrees Fahrenheit. Empty space has a 1 temperature of about 459 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit. In our own solar system, the sun has a surface temperature of about 10,000 degrees. Empty space has a temperature in the neighborhood of 459 degrees below zero. That. leaves the planets and their satellites as the possible abodes of life. tt tt tt Heat and Cold THE actual temperature range within which life can survive is very narrow. There are some bacteria and other one-celled plants which thrive in the waters of hot springs and geysers. But they are an exception. Most forms of life which we know can not survive very high temperatures for any length of time. In addition, they can not txist for any great, length of time at temperatures below freezing point of water. Animals on earth can withstand low temperatures, but plants can not. Continuous cold weather would kill off all plants, leaving animals to die of starvation. But life requires more than the proper temperature. Other prime requirements are water and air. Water is one of the chief constituents of all living things on earth. The protoplasm, the chemical stuff, which makes up the cells of both plants and animals, is largely water, ranging all the way from 60 per cent to 97 per cent water. Certain constituents of the atmosphere also are necessary to life, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide. Animals breathe oxygen. Plants manufacture the sugars and starches in their tissues from the carbon dioxide of the air and from water. Nitrogen, another constituent of the atmosphere, also is necessary for life. Plants require certain compounds of nitrogen, soluble nitrates, to grow, for nitrogen is one of the constituents of protoplasm. Nitrogen also serves a useful purpose. diluting the oxygen of the atmosphere. Life would run at too rapid a rate in an atmosphere of all oxygen. a tt Many Factors WHEN we come to examine our own earth, we find that life exists upon it for a great variety of circumstances. The failure of any one of these, so it seems, would have made life impossible. First of all, our earth is not too , close to the sun and not too far from it. Fortunately, our earth rotates upon its axis at a favorable rate of speed. If our earth, like the planet Mercury, also kept the same face turned toward the sun, one side of the earth would be baked to an intolerable temperature, while the other side would freeze. Next, there is the revolution of the earth around the sun and the angle at which the earth is tipped upon its axis. These facts account for the seasons as we know them. Suppose that the earth, like Jupiter, took almost twelve years to go around the sun. Would life as we know it exist on the earth? In all probability, it would not. Size of the earth is important for life. Were the earth as small as Mercury or our moon, it would not be able to hold to its atmosphere. The mcon. for example, has no atmosphere. Were the earth very much larger, its gravitational pull would be too great for our muscles. In the earth’s atmosphere, there is a little ozone, an electrified form of oxygen. There is enough ozone in the earth's atmosphere to equal a layer, if it were all brought down to the earth’s surface, about half an inch thick. Yet that little ozxme is just enough to screen out certain very short ultra-violet rays of the sun, which, if they got through the atmosphere, would kill off all forms of life. On such delicate mechanisms does the continuity of life on earth depend. Do the members of the house of representatives and United States senate receive the same salary? Yes.