Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 302, Indianapolis, Marion County, 27 April 1932 — Page 4

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Time to Act After the job of selecting candidates for the legislature who owe nothing to the utilities and who can not be rented out by the bosses to these interests is completed, the people should demand Immediate relief from the impositions of the water and electric companies. Two recent events should arouse resentment. The first of these is the raising of rates on a large number of water users to compensate for a small reduction r.n others. The other is the fact that the electric company gave what amounted to a secret reduction to twelve of the large users of electricity a year ago. Those twelve concerns are leaders in industry. The purpose was plain. It was an attempt to stifle the inevitable criticism that would come from the maintenance of high rates during days of depression. The fact that the public service commission acted as a party to the secrecy under the thinnest subterfuge suggests that this body no longer serves the public interest and should be either abolished or renovated. Secret schedules are, to all effects and purposes, jebates which arc illegal under the law. The trick is in perfect keeping -with the other practices of this company. The purchase of coal from a twin subsidiary, the taking the huge fees for management by the holding company, the twisting of figures in reports show a contempt for public right and justice that demand action. The people must protect themselves, if they desire any relief. “The Damnedest Rule” “It’s the damnedest rule we ever got.” That is what Chairman Pou of the house rules committee calls the gag by which the house bosses propose to prevent adequate debate or amendment of the $266,000,000 omnibus economy bill. Considering all the rotten rules imposed on the house in the past, Chairman Pou's indictment of this last one is rather startling. But it is deserved. The question at issue is no mere technicality of parliamentary procedure. It is the issue of representative government. By a gag rule, a little handful of dictators can control legislation. They not only can do it, but have done so many times in the past. That was the history of the house in the days of Cannonism. And that was the history of the house during recent sessions under the Longworth-Tilson-Snell triumvirate. Under a gag rule, there is no chance of getting any liberal legislation through the house, even when a large majority of the elected representatives of the people are in favor of such legislation. It is the quickest, surest way to junk democracy. To take only one example fresh in the minds of the voters, the Hawley-Smoot higher tariff bill, which has wrecked our foreign trade and prolonged unemployment and depression, could have been modified if the house had been given a fair chance to act. Instead it was railroaded. When the Democrats came into power this session, they reformed the old rules which made dictatorship so easy. That, indeed, has been the only outstanding public service of the Democrats in this congress. Without this reform in the rules, permitting congressmen to function as free men instead of lockstep convicts, the house last month could not have defeated the iniquitous general sales tax which the Democratic-Republican managers tried to foist upon the country. Now on the second major test vote of the session, the Democratic leaders, by clamping down a gag rule on the economy bill, are trying to prevent intelligent action by the house. The President had months in which to prepare an economy budget, the house committee has had eight weeks, but the plan is to force the house itself to act in two or three days, without even a chance to read the hearings on the bill. We appeal to the house to stand by Representative La Guardia in his fight against the gag rule. If the house defeats the gag rule and then takes two weeks for careful consideration of the bill, it can pass a measure providing not only more intelligent, but larger, economies. Business Is Willing • When the United States Chamber of Commerce meets in San Francisco, it will have before it a special committee report on “employes’ retirement annuities,” and this will, for the first time, place big business in this country of rugged individualism squarely behind the principle of old age pensions. State and municipal old age pensions, the report will state, if properly safeguarded and restricted to the needy, “serve a valid purpose and are not detrimental tc the interests of American business.” There are, we learn, 6,000,000 Americans past the age of 65. Os these, 25 to 30 per cent are “without sufficient financial resources to maintain themselves at the minimum level of subsistence.” Nearly 100,000 aged poor art being sheltered in public almshouses, while 75,000 more ?re wards of other “homes” for the aged. The cost of maintenance is high, 60 per cent of it going into overhead. Private pensions and retirement plans can not, for many years to come, cover the care of the extremely aged. It is society’s job. Society must act not only humanely, but efficiently. “Any type of public care for the aged w’hich reduces the degradation of the poorhouse, permits unfortunate aged citizens to maintain their self-respect at a decent level of subsistence,' and does not involve an exorbitant expense to the government is not inherently objectionable to employers,” the report states. Private employe pensions and public old age pensions, it states, are not antagonistic. Business, always unsentimental, is finding that old age pensions are not only better, but cheaper, than poorhouses. In California, for instance, the average pension is $277 a year! the national average cost, in public poorhouses is $335. If old age pensions are to be made compulsory and universal, the government should assist the poorer states. We hope the United States Chamber of Commerce adopts its committee report and follows this with indorsement of the Dill-Connery bill. No Hi-Jackers Allowed The coast guard has driven hijackers oft the Pacific and made that ocean, at least, safe for rum runners, a former member of the rum fleet says in a current magazine article. He describes at length the manner in which coast guard officers fraternize with the big liquor men, while anchored nearby them, ostensibly to keep an eye on loading and unloading of cargoes. The article draws an attractive picture of this present-day adventure on the Pacific—of peril that really is not perilous, of rivalry, of good comradeship,

The Indianapolis Times (A aCBIITS-HOWAHI) NEWSPAPER) Ownod and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, ind. Price in Marion County. 2 centa a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a we*k. Mail aubscrip* tion ratea In Indiana. S3 a year: outside of Indiana, 65 cents a month. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley 8881 \ WEDNESDAY, APRIL 87. IM3. Member of United Press, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

of pleasant get-togethers over a bottle of confiscated cargo. But, after all, in days like these, when the federal treasury Is empty, when federal workers are being turned into the streets because thre Is no money to pay their salaries, when the government no longer can find money to keep open night schools for those who work In the day time, it seems a little extravagant to use tax money for maintaining this pleasant colony off the shore of Lower California in defense of nun runners. The coast guard costs $16,677,164 more today than it did the year before prohibition. The government pours out this sum every year in' defense of the illicit trade which should instead be paylpg twenty times that sum into the treasury in taxes. The troubled secretary of the treasury, who says he can find no way on earth by which economies can be effected In his department, should consider this obvious waste of money. If he villi not voluntarily, the thirteen senators who are struggling with his appropriation bill, should help him to do so. Military Intelligence! The war department has prepared a manual on training for citizenship. It is used in government military schools and in citizenship courses in R. O. T. C. work. It is not unfair to regard it as mirroring the conceptions of civics entertained by the war department. A few excerpts will prove highly illuminating. Many American citizens have imagined that we are trying to operate a democratic form of government In the United States. They have believed that anybody who attacks democracy Is assailing our form of government. Such conceptions appear to be a dangerous Illusion. On Page 91 the manual says of democracy: “DEMOCRACY. “A government of the masses. “Authority derived through mass meeting or any other form of direct expression. “Results in mobocracy. “Attitude toward property is communistic—negating property rights. “Attitude toward law is that the will of the majority shall regulate, whether it be based upon deliberation or governed by occasion, prejudice and impulse, without restraint or regard to consequences. “Results in demagogism, license, agitation, discontent, anarchy.” Suppose such comments on our system of government had been found in a red publication by the Better American Federation of Los Angeles or by Harry Jung and his American Military Intelligence Society. Can it be that our war department already is getting us ‘ready for Fascism? The manual has this to say of political principles such as Theodore Roosevelt expressed in his platform and speeches of 1912: “Several dangerous experiments have been proposed, such as the initiative, referendum, recall, and the election of judges. Departures from constitutional principles threaten to impair the efficiency of our representative form of government, and if continued, ultimately will destroy it.” Those on the breadline or in jail for criminal syndicalism will gain keen satisfaction from the following: “Our government is the most nearly perfect of all in securing individual rights' and insuring the blessings of liberty. In no other nation is equal opportunity and equal protection assured, with such equal division of reward for labor and services rendered.” The many workers who, under compulsion, bought Liberty bonds at par during the World war and later were compelled to sell them in hard times far below the original price will derive grim humor from this paragraph: “During the World war, the wage earner learned to put his excess money into Liberty bonds. He caught the Idea of investment, acquired the habit of systematic saving, discovered the strength that lies in consolidating the small savings of the many. He began to understand the meaning of capital, lost his fear of it, and found a way to have a part in its benefits.” The most severe strictures are reserved for internationalists and pacifists: “An impractical and destructive idealism called internationalism Is being propagated by certain foreign agitators and Is being echoed and re-echoed by many of the nation’s ‘intellectuals.’ Its efforts are to combat the spirit of patriotism, to destroy that spirit of nationalism without which no people can long endure.” The comment of Frederick Libby on the above is cogent and conclusive: “Just why the taxpayers’ money should be used by a war department for the dissemination of fantastically Ignorant and czaristic Ideas is something that never has been explained satisfactorily.”

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTEB FERGUSON

COULD anything have stripped the high glory from war any more effectively than our bonus fight? War always begins with a scrap about money, or its equivalent, and it ends on the same ignoble level. The ex-soldier who cries out for the compensation that was promised him knows now that most of the talk about his heroism in saving democracy was so much applesauce. And the taxpayer knows now that most of the talk about the soldier’s desire to fight only for his country and a holy cause also was so much applesauce. That leaves us to start all over again. There’s no need to kid ourselves any longer. About ninetenths of everything connected with the last war, and with every other war, was fake sentimentalism. We all were caught together in the swirl of the emotional current and could not save ourselves. BUM THE public is not usually too solicitous about the veteran when wars are done. And the nobility of the military man while the fighting is going on probably also is exaggerated. Therefore, it’s best to be truthful and make the best of things. Nevertheless, there should come to us all some solid benefit from our legislative tribulations, however they may terminate. The lesson Is there for all who will to learn. So write high on memory’s walls, oh, soldier, that there is no stupidity so colossal as the stupidity of war. And you, taxpayer, write also that there is no folly like the folly of spending money for military glory. Inscribe upon your tablets, oh, America, that no gcod comes from armed strife. The resounding phrases that enoble it merely are the jingo inventions of those who would profit by it. The drums that herald it beat the doom of nations. The parades that mark it evolve inevitably into bread lines. The lusts of the guilty who cry “Kill! kill!" must be paid for by the sweat of the innocent. We were one of the conquering nations of 1918. Victory was ours. And what has brought us?

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy Says:

Congress Is Frittering Away Time While Eight Million People Look for Work and Business Gasps for Life. NEW YORK, April 27.—How long did it take England to cut pay, levy new taxes, adopt a tariff and balance the budget after the present parliament was elected? Congress has been in session since December. No tax bill, no economy bill, and the government still running in the red. Time is being frittered away over inconsequential details, while eight million people look for work and business gasps for life. This stock market hearing is full of kick and sensation, but what does congress expect to learn from it that congress didn’t already know? Or are the boys hunting excuses for delay until the conventions shall have been held? PUP Dawdling Deplorable WE are sidestepping many of the most important issues— Russia, prohibition, reduction of government costs, guarantees of revenue, measures that are needed for stabilization. There is little reason for such dawdling. The vast majority of con-, gressmen realize what they must do in principle. i An increase of taxes is mandatory. I So is a cut in expenses. The sales I tax has been killed. Small improvement could be made in the pending tax bill. Why not pass it and get one job out of the way? Why not take up the question of recognizing Russia or face the prohibition issue like normal human beings? p p p No Time for Scandal AN election is approaching, to be sure, but the best bet for either party is to do something constructive and worthwhile, something that holds out hope for more bread afld butter, if it does not actually produce more. Our lawmakers do not seem to have heard from the people. To read the news from Washington, one hardly would guess that the country had been wrestling with depression for three years, that practically no headway had been made in the relief of unemployment. Much as people might do for themselves and much as they are trying to do, they have little hope of meeting the situation successfully without substantial assistance from the federal government. Many of the obstacles blocking the road to recovery were put there by a stupid, mistaken policy and only can be removed by a change of policy. What can the individuad do, or even the greatest corporation, to restore and stabilize financial conditions? What prospect is there of increasing foreign trade, unless the federal government removes certain barriers and handicaps? u n u Washington Blind? THE public has formed opinions which promise general recovery. The majority of people no longer are sold on prohibition, or on the idea of isolating Russia. They never have been opposed to such additional taxes as were necessary to balance the budget, provided the proper economies were assured. They have done all they could to make themselves clear on these and other points, but without creating a very responsive attitude at Washington. Most states, cities and towns already have taken appropriate action. The federal government alone pursues a dawdling, unhurried course. This is not in accord with the principles of our political system, or the ambition to get things done, of which we are so justly proud. No more is it in accord with the exigencies which we face.

T ?s9£ Y ?? / WORLD WAR \ ANNIVERSARY BRITISH GAIN GROUND April 27 ON April 27, 1918, British and French troops opposing the German drive in the Lys sector regained some of the lost ground by several fierce counter-attacks. Most of the positions retaken were held against renewed German assaults during the night. German attempts to storm Voormezeele were repulsed after a day of he&vy fighting. Losses were high on both sides. British forces in Mesopotamia defeated the Turkish troops opposing them in a fierce encounter north of Bagdad and advanced several miles. The Soviet government of Russia sent a bitter protest to the allied governments against landing of troops at Vladivostok. The Soviet government also requested an explanation of the action of Japanese marines in landing there.

Growing of Roses Do you know the happy adventure of growing roses In your home garden? Success with roses Is not hard for the amateur If a tew rules are followed. Os recent years nearly everybody who pretends to have any sort of a garden, has from one to a score or more of rose bushes. Whether you already grow roses, or whether you never have, and want to start, our Washington Bureau has ready for you a comprehensive, but simply worded bulletin, written by a practical rose grower with years of experience, that will give all the information you need for success. If you want your table and your living rooms filled with beautiful roses this year, fill out the coupon below and send for this bulletin—and start the happy adventure. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 272, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 Hew York Avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin ROSE GARDENS, and enclose herewith 5 cents in coin, or loose, uncancelled, United States postage stamps, to cover return postage and hadling costs: NAME ST. and NO CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times.

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Dust Serious Menace to Health

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. INDUSTRIAL physicians have learned that extraordinary amounts of dust constantly inhaled by workers may produce symptoms dangerous to health and to life. Dusts may injure the human being in two ways: First, merely by their mechanical presence, clogging up the tissues and interfering with their activities. Second, through special sensitivities, so that the individual responds with asthmatic symptoms or other signs of sensitivity. A special committee of the British government recently has reported the results of an investigation made in the cotton industry, particularly to determine the extent to which the lungs are injured.

IT SEEMS TO ME

THE audacity of the modern holdup man has become almost a commonplace. We no longer are surprised to hear of robbers walking into banks or stores or theater ticket offices. But I had supposed there was some point beyond which the lawless would not go. Seemingly nothing is sacred to them, for three in evening dress, or, as the papers put it, “faultless evening dress,” held up The Brook. That they should rob this exclusive Park avenue club is bad enough, but it is almost unthinkable that they should have had the effrontery to saunter In without so much as a two weeks’ guest card. Possibly the miscreants were unfamiliar with the traditions of The Brook. Nobody had ever told them that this is the most exclusive of all New York clubs. Crimes like this show how necessary it is to assure every man and boy of a liberal education. PUP The Facts of Life BEFORE it was too late somebody should have said sternly to the trio, “Oh, no, boys, not The Brook!” This wise counsellor might have pointed out that members are proposed at birth or earlier. The waiting list is long, the membership committee meticulously, and it is inconceivable that three upstarts wholly without background or sponsorship should brush by in this manner. The fact that their evening clothes were faultless is not half good enough. One dissenting vote generally is enough to keep an applicant out, which makes it all the more amazing that three outsiders should have crashed the club in a body. In the case of The Brook, it isn’t so much the $1,500 of club funds which were stolen as the principle of the thing. The notion that ragtail ruffians can step in at a moment’s notice is likely to give The Brook a bad name. According to the news accounts, one member made a most inauspi-

But, Not Yet a Closed Book!

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

The dust liberated during the process of stripping and carding includes fragments of cotton hairs and of leaf and seed coat, various germs and fungi associated with the cotton and some mineral matter. The greatest amount of dust is found in Egyptian cotton. Much of the dust is due to lack of adequate cleaning of the cotton in blowing rooms, but most dust is due to failure to keep the machines clean and to remove dust which has settled on them. Examination of workers in the cotton industry showed merely an ordinary bronchitis due to irritation by the dust. There were, however, some cases of sensitivity to cotton. Use of proper ventilation, suction apparatus and cleaning procedures will reduce greatly the amount of discomfort and illness.

cious entrance. Leaping from a taxicab, he went to the desk to cash a small check. He explained that he couldn’t pay the driver because he had nothing with him but SIOO bills. The bandit who had taken the clerk’s place heard his recital to the end and then relieved the welcome visitor of his burdensome bills. Now, that particular bandit is wasting his time in crime. Seemingly he kept a straight face througout the recital of the member’s predicament. A man like that ought to take his place among the leading dead pan comics of our theater. p p Not Virtuous, but Obliging ONE thing must be said in favor of the holdup men. Something of the fine tradition of the Brook seems to have animated them once they violated its portals, for one of the trio obligingly went outside and paid off the waiting taxi chauffeur. This phase of the story ought to be followed closely by police and newspaper reporters. I am curious to know whether the robber was generous in his tip or niggardly with his new-found earnings. So far I never have (knock, knock, knock) been held up by a bandit, but Frank Sullivan, who used to be a newspaper man, once went through such an ordeal and found the miscreants willing to compromise a little. They came upon him on a lonely street and rifled his pockets, getting sl7, for he had just sold a short

Times Readers Voice Their Views

Editor Times—After three years of experiences which deny the possibility of all popular anticipations about business recovery, we still hear a great mass of people talking about better times. What is the ground for this foolish talk? No amount of searching will reveal a single convincing indication of business improvement this year, or the next. Unless there is a mo6t dramatic change the outlook never will be better. Optimism, to the contrary, on this point is an interminable falsehood. Any person with a single ear to hear, or an eye to see, and half-wit would know that the sun each day rises on a more hopeless situation. Yet, we hear “have patience” . . . “Have confidence.” What an insult to intelligence! What a vicious deception! The speaker winks at his pocket while he utters soothing, corrupting words. Have patience with whom, with what? Have confidence in whom, in what? The admonitive speaker might, if he could afford to tell the truth, reply: “Have patient with me; have confidence in me.” But he makes his reply less personal by referring to “our country, our government.” What constitutes country and government? Nothing more nor less than man—that fickle figure whose piety, except under compulsion, is largely visionary, and who, in spite of his civilization, will continue to steal, cheat, lie and kill, as always. He never has given up his natural bent, and he will not give it up unless he be restrained. His claims of co-operation are fee-

The sickness rate from diseases of the nose and throat and lungs is much higher among workers in the carding room than among other operatives in the cotton industry. Os course, regular examinations of operatives ought to be made so that symptoms could be controlled in their earliest stages. One exceedingly interesting fact determined in the investigation was the presence of a substance called histamine in the dust. Histamine is the protein which produces exceptionally severe reactions in the human body, even when present in small amounts. No system of ventilation known will be able to free the operatives entirely from exposure to histamine. This observation is an example of the highly technical studies necessary in modern industry to protect the health of employes.

pv HEYWOOD BROUN

story, but as they turned away one of the pair inquired, “Would you like a nickel for carfare?” Mr. Sullivan said that he would and added in a shaken voice, “And after this, I think I’d like a drink as well.” So the bandit gave him a dollar. “How would you boys like to come along and have a drink with me?” suggested Sullivan. “I think I know a place where I can cash a check.” But the robbers were not equal to the situation and retreated hastily without availing themselves of the columnist’s hospitality. pp > p A Little Souvenir IN order that there shall be no hard feeling I wish to announce to highwaymen in general that If I am ever held up I shall demand a refund of taxicab fare and two drinks. It’s just as well to get such things straightened out at the beginning. The -Brook Club robbers were not all bad. It is true they took what the safe afforded and the money of the member who interrupted them in the middle of their work. But after doing that they forced their victims into an automatic elevator and aimed them at the card room. They themselves made no attempt to invade that potentially rich field. And so, although they were gauche enough to enter a club to which they did not belong, they drew the line somewhere. Call them highwaymen in you please—at least, they were not kibitzers. (Copyright. 1932. by The Times)

ble utterances in the light of his habitual piracy. If we are to achieve any degree of the spirit of co-operation, it must be obtained by compulsion. Capitalism is maintained and defended for the opportunity It affords for exploitation, and not as a guarantee of general social welfare. J. E. H. Editor Times—The new water rate is common sense. Clearly it were far better, from the standpoint,of the citizens, to obtain an immediate reduction of some consequence in charges than to engage in prolonged litigation. There have been increases, -but lots more decreases. It is the first time in water rate making that the little consumer is benefited. Heretofore, the little consumer, paying his minimum charge of $1.50 on 700 cubic feet of water, has been carrying the “load” for the large quantity consumers. In other words, figures brought out In the public service commission hearing showed that the average consumption of about 40,000 consumers was 445 cubic feet of water monthly. There it Is. The little consumer was paying for about two hundred cubic feet of water he never used. That’s carrying the load for the large consumer in a big Way. It seems to me that every consumer now is paying exactly for the water he uses. That’s the way it should be. Little has been said about the $66,000 reduction granted the city for fire hydrants. It knocks oB just I cent from the yearly tax levy. Let any one go before the city coun-

Ideais and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

-APRIL 27, 1932

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Japan Is the One Region of the Earth’s Surface Most Likely to Have an Earthquake. /T'HE recent volcanic eruptions in South America have served to awaken new interest in volcanoes and earthquakes. A question frequently asked is the location of the world’s important volcanoes. Another is the possibility of an earthquake in any given region. While It is not utterly beyond the range of possibility that an earthquake might occur anywhere at any time, the probability of such event is not very great. In general, scientists are able to chart the so-called earthquake regions of seismic activity, those portions of the earth’s surface where earthquakes are most likely to occur. Earthquakes are most common in the zones known as the seismic regions. These are zones of weakness in the earth’s crust that developed di ring the last period of mountainbuilding. Asa result, many of the zones lie along great mountain ranges. Japan is the one region on the earth's surface most likely to have an earthquake. The seismograph registers an average of three quakes a day there. Most of them are faint and harmless, however. The Dutch East Indies constitute another seismic region. India is a third. The earthquake which did the greatest damage in recent times occurred in Japan on Sept. 1, 1923, in the Tokio and Yokohama district. The first violent shocks were followed by fires. More than 100,000 people lost their lives. ppm Arranged In Lines VOLCANOES sometime* occur in isolated localities, as Mt. Etna in Cicily. Most volcanoes, however, are arranged In lines; a fewer number in groups. Mt. Vesuvius, near Naples, Is at the end of a long line of volcanoes of which the others are all extinct. There are about 500 volcanoes which have been known to be active in historic times. The extinct volcanoes in existence, according to Schuchert, total about 5,000. As one naturally would expect, volcanoes occur where the crust of the earth has undergone the greatest amount of shifting and upheaval and as a result is the weakest. The greatest number of active volcanoes are found in the region of, most recent upheaval, the shores of the Pacific ocean. They also occur along the shores of the Mediterranean, in Asia, India, and the Dutch East Indies. At present there is only one active volcano in the United States. It is Lassen peak in California. At one time there were a number. They included Mr. Hood, Mt. Adams, Mt. Baker, Mt. Ranier and Mt. Shasta. p p m Volcanic Islands WE think of volcanoes as a feature of the earth’s continents, but scientists have found that volcanoes occur also upon the bottom of the ocean. Many of the small oceanic islands are merely the tops of extinct volcanoes whose cones project above the level of the ocean. There are many volcanic islands in the Pacific, fewer in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Bermuda is a coral island built on a submerged and extinct volcanic cone. Among the most active craters in the world today are those of the Hawaiian islands. These islands are in the middle of the Pacific ocean, at a point where the ocean is 16,000 feet deep. They are the tops of great cones which have grown up 16,000 feet from the ocean bottom. But they didn’t stop growing then. For the peaks of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea are both over 13,000 feet above sea level. The crater of Kilauea, on the island of Hawaii, is the largest active one in existence, having a circumference of nine miles.

Daily Thought

Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old he' will not depart from it.—Proverbs 22:6. If you would create something, you must be something.—Goethe. What is the Clayton-Bulwar treaty? A pact between the United States and Great Britain relating to canals across Central America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

cil when it is making up the budget and learn just how much trouble it is to reduce the levy that 1 cent and they will be satisfied that the reduction amounts to something. A LITTLE CONSUMER. Editor Times—When anew water rate that will save domestic users approximately $166,000 a year, and which will reduce the city tax levy 1 cent, went into effect, it was a victory for common sense. More than 40,000 citizens living throughout the city, in every section, are-profiting from the reduced monthly minimum rate of SI.OB. Small home owners and those least able to pay are reaping the benefits of the new rate. Immediate relief was necessary for the many thousands, and that is exactly what was accomplished when the compromise rate was made before the public service commission. Previously, the domestic consumers—4o,ooo of them—were paying $1.50 on a minimum of 700 cubic feet of water monthl. However, it was shown that they used only an average of 475 cubic feet a month. In other words, they were paying for 225 cubic feet of water they never used. They were paying for water used by commercial and industrial users. Nnder the new rate the commercial and industrial users will have to carry the load formerly carried by the 40,000 domestic users. It’s plenty tough, sometimes, when a situation like this is reversed. JOHN A WEINBRECHT. 2447 West Sixteenth street.