Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 299, Indianapolis, Marion County, 23 April 1932 — Page 4

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C*t PW 3 - HOW4* tJ

Economy Chaos If congress and the President are going to extricate themselves from what they have got into, trying to balance the budget, they must act promptly. What they have produced to date is not economy, but chaos. Mudled, hysterical, partisan treatment of this subject has brought us to the point where essential departments and the jobs of tens of thousands of workers are jeopardized, while the large items of federal expense and waste are left virtually untouchd. To understand this performance, it is necessary to check back. A dangerous deficit was created over two years by refusal of the administration to cut expenses and raise taxes. Then when the public belatedly discovered the deficit, the politicians got panicky. Outcries against new taxation defeated—in the house of representatives—plans to raise sufficient revenue for balancing the budget. Taxation always has a terrifying sound and a great hue and cry was raised about government economy. Men who never have paid federal taxes, and probably never will, somehow were made to feel that most of their hardship is somehow due to government extravagance. It was determined that the annual budget must be cut $245,000,000. But where, and how? A little lees than a tlfird of the total federal budget is spent for the actual cost of operating the government. In 1930, the last year for which an anayisis of expenditure has been made, out of a total expenditure of $3,846,605,149, only $1,274,850,467 wp.s spent for operating the government. The rest went for interest and premium on the public debt, debt reduction, pensions, grants to states, public works, special business enterprises such as the Panama canal, investment in securities of the federal land and intermediate credit banks. When it came to economize, cuts had to be made out of the comparatively small operating budget. The budget bureau tried its hand at effecting economies. It found few to recommend, and most of these were deferments of works. The Democratic house appropriations committee set to work and recommended more cuts, ranging from 2 to 11 per cent in the various departments. Then the senate decreed 10 per cent cuts, regardless of what had gone before. The Democratic house, not to be outdone, agreed to accept these additional cuts. It went farther and drew a program of pay cuts for federal employes. President Hoover entered with a furloughing plan, proposals to cut veterans’ compensation, and suggestions for bureau organization. * * * What is the net result? The interior department bills, passed by both houses and sent to the President for signature, has been slashed 35 per cent under the amount being spent this year. The budget bureau cut off some, the house some, the senate some. Part of the cuts are sound, many are cruel and foolish. The same will be true of the other appropriations bills when they are ready for signature. One very high government official says that 100,000 employes must be fired because of the reduced appropriations. Those who will be left, working harder, working without leave, will be paid less. Many bureaus of government scarely will function. What can be done? * * * The President and leaders in congress should start all over again, at the beginning of this serious problem, and work out a sane plan for federal economies. They should decide, first, on a broad policy in regard to federal employment—whether it is desirable to halt construction work and throw thousands into the streets. They should decide whether savings shall be made out of the salaries of federal employes first, or only as a last resort; whether the regulatory and protective services of the government, which private business interests are trying to have abolished under the guise of economy, shall be retained. And then they courageously should attack the petty extravagance that have not been touched by the smoke screen economy attack—the President’s four secrcatries and their entourages, the large fleet of White House cars, expensive cars used by cabinet members, the secretary of commerce’s new private elevator, and expensive new rugs, the entertainment fund of foreign service men, the rent, heat and lighting allowances of employes abroad, the mileage and franking funds of congressmen. It is expenditures such as these that make the taxpayer indignant, not the modest salaries of the government workers. They should demand that expensive government bureaus, performing services for special interests, charge for those services. Large portions of our government could be made self-supporting. And, most important of all, they should turn their attention to the millions of dollars being poured into ineffective prohibition enforcement with which the people of this country are growingly impatient. They should scrutinize with gravest care the military sendees which are eating up more than half of the amount spent every year for government. If the army and navy make proportionate economies, say of 10 or 15 per cent, the interior department will not have to take a 35 per cent cut. They will be able to effect economies that will not wreck the government, will not cause hardship or suffering, will not impair national safety. Assessing Work of Farm Board Release of farm board wheat for the poor directs interest toward the achievements of this organization. The report of Chairman Stone of the federal farm board enables us to form some precise impression of its work. It also allows us to estimate the capacity of any such program to safeguard American farmers against the vicissitudes of a world-wide depression. Coolidge, Mellon, Hoover, and the business interests behind them rejected the original plans for aiding the farmers through price-fixing and subsidy—the McNary-Haugen bill and the export debenture. In 1928 Mr. Hoover promised a better brand of farm relief of his own making. In particular he promised increased tariffs on farm products and aid to farm marketing. The Smoot-Hawley bill was passed, but it raised the tariff on the manufactured goods the farmer buys as well as upon his own products. Congress then passed the agricultural marketing act, which created the farm board. This board had a three-cornered program: il) Encouraging of farmers’ co-operative societies for marketing products; (2) loaning of money to these co-operatives out of the $800,000,000 revolving fund possessed by * board;

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPTS -HO WARD NEWSPAPER) Owned and publltbed dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indlanapolia. Ind. Price In Marion County. 2 centa a copy; elaewbere. 3 centa—dellrered by carrier. 12 cents a week. Mail aubacription rates in Indiana, $3 a year; outside of Indiana. 65 centa a month. BOYD GURLEY. HOY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley BSSI SATURDAY, APRIL . ISS2. Member of United ITesa, Scrlppa-Howard Newspaper AHlam-e. Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Kerries and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.’*

and (3) creation of stabilization corporations to buy up farm products when prices are low and to hold them for sale until prices rose. It was hoped that withholding a considerable block of farm products from the open market for a time would raise prices, thus stabilizing the general price level of farm products. What has the farm board achieved? Some 500 new co-operative associations have come into existence since the farm board was set up. Their business activities have increased by 5 per cent, about $100,000,000. Just how far the farm board was directly responsible for development of these agricultural co-operatives can not be said. But its alleged responsibility has increased the bitter attack upon the farm board by private business interests which oppose the co-operatives. At any rate this growth of co-operative agricultural enterprise is a healthy development. The farm board has loaned some $662,299,100 to these co-operatives, of which $317,697,202 has been repaid. As these loans were made up to 100 per cent of the value of the holdings of these co-operative associations, at prices far higher than they are today, the co-operatives were put in a bad plight. To save the situation the farm board formed stabilization corporations in 1930 to hold up the price of wheat and cotton. Some 329,641,000 bushels of wheat were bought at an average price of 82 cents a bushel, and 1,319,809 bales of cotton at an average price of 16 cents a pound. Since that time wheat has fallen below 50 cents a bushel and cotton as low as 5 cents a pound. In spite of the heroic efforts of the farm board, the condition of the farmers has been going from bad to worse. As "Facts for Workers’’ summarizes the situation: "Prices of wheat have sunk to the lowest quotations on record, cotton is also extremely low, as are most other crops. The tariff, as the farm leaders predicted, has been totally ineffective in keeping up the price; wheat has been selling on farms for actually less than the duty alone must be paid on imported wheat. “The experiment seems to prove that stabilization can do little for the farmers in face of a severe, worldwide depression, or in face of a surplus of production that piles up year after year. “At the same time it is highly-expensiye to the tai* payers. The result of these experiences is to turn the thoughts of all concerned to more fundamental, longtime measures, such as agricultural planning and land policy." In short, what American agriculture needs is an operation, not a massage. A Note to Republicans The fate of this city and county may be determined by the action of the next national conventions. Citizens have the sheep habit. But in such a condition it may be well to remind the Republican voters that they have the responsibility of naming a ticket whose nominees will be decent, intelligent and devoted to the public interest. They may be elected. In this situation there is a special duty placed upon those who vote in the Republican primary to see that Judson Stark is nominated for prosecuting attorney. The present prosecutor has carried on in the traditions established by Bill Remy, when he defied the power of organized politics. Wilson has made good. But there is just the chance that the roulette of politics may sweep into power a political opponent. In that case, there should be no question as to the responsibility of Republican voters. They should see that Cofflmsm does not grab that office, does not have the power which gives immunity to crime, to punish enemies by indictment, to give freedom to criminals. If, perchance, the Republican ticket should win, Judson Stark should go back into office. In a contest between Herbert Wilson and Judson Stark, the independent voter might play golf on election day. With the price of soap at $2.50 a bar, Russia automatically becomes a small boy’s paradise. One marriage in every six ends in divorce, but the other five couples fight it out to the bitter end. That soft coal mined in Kentucky seems to come pretty hard at that. Only one man was killed in the Chicago primaries, and his death was an accident. How the old town has changed!

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

ACCORDING to circulars mailed out by self-styled patriots, calling themselves the “Citizens’ National Safety committee,” all organizations and individuals who desire to see a reduction in military expenditures are “pacifists, war resisters, atheists, Socialists, Communists, un-American and anti-Amer-ican.” Undesirables, in short. It’s too bad we can't all be deported and leave the country to the patriots. * Intimidations and threats are broadcast by these circulars to every citizen who has an international point of view or who dreams of world peace. They do not make pretty reading for twentieth century minds. Their tone is the tone of the Dark Ages. They breathe the grossest intolerance, and the most blatant jingoism. This committee assumes a monopoly on patriotism and thus gives us a view of the chief curse of the military mind, which is super-egotism. n * m MEN and women who believe in peace should resent the insults hurled at them by the bayonet rattlers. We should not be expected to bear in silence such slurs upon our honor. The word '‘traitor” often has proved a boomerang to those who loved best to apply it to another. And it is comparatively easy, of course, to designate as cowards all those who fail to agree w’ith us. Nevertheless, heroism has been known to exist outside the ranks of the goose-steppers. The civilian, no less than the soldier, is capable of noble deeds. We must have, if we are to survive at all, anew interpretation of patriotism. There are those who bandy this word about loosely. True patriotism is, after all, something higher than merely carrying a gun for one’s flag. ’ The hired soldiers in Rome did that. And as for courage, the gangster of today knows how to die for a bad cause as bravely aft the hero who gives up his life for a righteous one. The man who truly loves his country these days is the man willing to work for peace. And does any dare say that if the necessity arose he would not fight as nobly for his native land as any trained soldier, or die as gallantly? The truth is the patriots grow a bit overbearing. They appear to forget that there is virtue in the plowshare as well as in the sword.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M: E. Tracy Says:

Speculation Ha* Tended to Divert Attention From Honest, Consistent Effort in the Development of Business and Industry. NEW YORK, April 22.—Richard C. Whitney, head of the New York Stock Exchange, says that short selling is essential to speculation. I am inclined to agree. Stock trading wtihout short sales would be like a game of solitaire. But how essential is speculation to legitimate business? General Charles G. Dawes, head of the Finance Reconstruction Corporation, describes the New York Stock Exchange as a "peanut stand,” and operations on it as “picayunish” compared to our real business activities. It does not follow that Dawes is wrong because Whitney is right. A certain rule may be essential to stud poker, but that hardly proves that stud poker is essential to industry. nan Speculative Values TAM a skeptic about open, organized stock-trading as an essential factor of economic progress. Speculation in stocks undoubtedly has helped big corporations to merge, or float capital loans, but is that an unmixed blessing? Speculation undoubtedly relieves the banker of having to study and analyze corporation reports. All he needs is to read the last quotation. Our credit system has come to rest mainly on listed securities, and the value of those securities has come to be determined largely by what professional traders will give, or take, not for investment purposes, but as a gamble. nan Quick Money SPECULATION has tended to concentrate holdings and credit. Big loans on big stock issues, or big stock deals, have become the vogue. What a stock is worth, rather than what the business back of it is worth, has become the allimportant consideration. For this reason many business executives have been inspired to neglect their jobs while they tried to make quieje money by gambling in the stock of their own concerns. In other words, speculation has tended to divert attention from honest, consistent effort in the development of business and industry. nan Market Misleading EXPERTS, as well as ordinary folks, have been mislead by the results of speculation. They had the utmost faith in values that were too high three years ago. They have no faith at all in values that are too low right now. If stock quotations meant what is claimed for them this country would be only about a fifth, or a fourth, as well off as it was in the summer of 1929. Hard as times are, no one believes anything like that. Listed stocks seldom reflect the true condition of our economic structure. That is because they are subject to forces and pressures •which have little connection with, or little interest in, its true condition. a a a Different Gamble PROPONENTS of organized speculation always are arguing that it is nothing but the gamble which goes with every phase of life, that there is no difference between buying, or selling a stock and buying, or selling a restaurant, that whoever tries to make a dollar must take some risk and so on. The comparison is false. It is not the same thing to earn money by betting on your own ability that it is to make it by betting on another man’s ability. There is no sense in the hypothesis that the turn of a card represents the same kind of gamble, or same kind of risk as planting an acre of corn. * a a What Would Happen? JUST what would happen if we closed the stock exchange, if securities had to be sold over the counter, if bankers had to study and analyze each particular enterprise in order to find out what it was worth and if the presidents, vicepresident, general managers and department heads of corporations had little other chance to make money than by doing bettej: work?

Times Readers Voice Their Views

Editor Times—As the time for the state conventions of the major parties approach, it might be well to make a few suggestions to the new delegates and issue, as it were, a small handbook to guide the platform builders and candidates. In general, a platform must be adopted that is forgotten easily. Something that often is referred to during a heated campaign, but, like the Constitution, with the possible exception of the eighteenth amendment, or the ten commandments, it can be referred to, but outside of the title, left to be looked up later. One suggestion would be to get in plenty of flag waving. Don’t forget Bunker Hill or Gettysburg. Refer often to Lincoln or Jackson, but don’t quote them. Stand for law enforcement, but avoid becoming personal. Stand squarely for reduced taxes, but avoid mentioning reduced expenditures. Give both barrels to the public utilities, but through an oversight, don’t mention the public service commission. Don’t mention the campaign fund, but don’t forget to work out a way to get it. Don't mention the Volstead act, and by all means don’t say anything about 4 per cent. That might lose the bankers’ vote, for their rule is 8 per cent, The finance company would demand 42 per cent, the tax collector would demand 10 per cent every three months. That would not fit in a harmony platform. So get by that issue by appealing to the President to appoint a commission to report in five years. Don't mention a “chicken in every pot,” for the voter may remember that it takes four eggs to buy a

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Brains Offer Interesting Study

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association, and of Hygeia, the . Health Magazine. THE difference between man and the ape is the difference between an automatic machine and reasoning power. In other words, brains make the human being different from the animal. In Liverpool, Dr. W. Blair-Bell, noted British surgeon, considered some of the means devised for determining whether a person has the amount of brains necessary for success in life. It commonly is said that one man has brains and another has not, the comparison usually referring to what most people consider average. The mental tests commonly used fail to take into account numerous, factors which are significant; for example, the amount of sleep that the individual has had, his physical state of health, and perhaps the variations in the testers. What w’e call intellectual gifts,

IT SEEMS TO ME

THE challenge of A1 Smith finally forced Franklin D. Roosevelt into the w r arm espousal of an issue. The fighting governor from Albany is going before the country on the proposition that Thomas Jefferson was a better man than Alexander Hamilton. If the race grows hotter, it is not too much to expect that the fearless one eventually will come out against the extravagance of Grant’s second administration. Already his supporters can count upon the fact that he is against the encroachments of the Iroquois and the poisonous colonial policy of Lord North. William Hale Thompson won an election by promising to punch the nose of George V. Franklin Roosevelt hopes to float into office by repudiating George 111. a a a One Foot in the Notes THERE ought to be a primer for voters, and it might well begin with the injunction, “Never trust a quoter.” For my own part I would like to add, "And cut the candidate who is reminded of an anecdote.” But that is possibly a whim. The first commandment is the more important. In the case of the St. Paul speech, I found myself badly fooled by the headlines. In half a dozen papers

postage stamp and two eggs to pay the tax on a box of matches. Or he might remember that it takes 100,000 dozen eggs, or 2.000 busy hens a whole year to pay a congressman or a Marion county judge one year’s salary. Now, the “don’ts” to Candidates will read as follows: Don’t tell the voter that it takes a 100-pound hog to buy the rear tire for a Ford. Don’t tell him that it takes one and one-half bushels of wheat, or two bushels of com or four bushels of oats to buy five gallons of gas; he already knows that. Tell him that a commission is looking into the matter and will report in seven years. But recommend that he buy a n*w automobile. That will put some man to work in Detroit and they need the money over there worse than we do. Don't tell him that when he made that mortgage on his house and was getting $lO a day he could have paid it off with 400 days’ work, while at his present income it would take 1,200 day’s work. Avoid that. , But tell him you are strong sor 1 keeping up the high American standard of living. Tell him that no one is to blame for the present condition, unless it is someone way off in Europe, that the causes of the present times are so obscure that the secret sendee department is following up every clew, and as soon as sufficient evidence is acquired a commission will be appointed to report in fifteen years. Encourage your voter to stop hoarding And put his money into circulation; to buy anew car, re-

April Showers

such as the ability to learn music, the ability to figure accurately in mathematics, and the ability to remember, probably are inherited in many cases. Theoretically, it should be possible to breed people with extraordinary memories or of special musical talent. Some day the world may make a serious effort in this direction. Memory is called on to play a part in most mental activities. However, all intellectual abilities are capable of education and further development, the degree of development depending, of course, on the amount with which one begins. Records are available of a lightning calculator who was taken to Cambridge university and who gave marvelous answers to all the questions, but who could not tell how he got his answers. Neither could he apply his methods in practical use. In his case it was too late to educate him. He did not have brains; he had talent.

cv HEYWOOD BROUN

I read, “Roosevelt Answers Smith.” But when I got down to the body of the address I found: “This reminds me of what Chesterton keenly remarked . . . Abraham Lincoln could say today ... As Woodrow Wilson so wisely put it ... I like Andrew Jackson’s blunt statement that . . .” And so when I was come to the end of the discourse I was minded to remark. “Why don’t you speak for yourself, Franklin?” A careful tally of the fighting candidate’s footnotes reveals the following extracts: Woodrow Wilson, two; Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, two, and G. K. Chesterton. Asa result, the speech will be hailed in some quarters as scholarly. But it seems to me that A1 Smith is entitled to reply in kind and quote from the works of H. I. Phillips, when he bluntly said, “The delicatessen dealers had a word for it.” . After all, A1 did make a very definite statement of a concise program in regard to the all-important debt issue. You may think, if you please, that Smith’s remedy is inadequate or undesirable, but surely no man can be said to have answered that challenge merely by remarking that Chesterton once said that members of the British empire are like passengers in an omnibus—

furnish his home, and buy a couple of vacant lots. Avoid wet and dry arguments. Mention the President’s name and congress with war-time loyalty, and avoid abusing any one, except a corner policeman, perhaps. By adopting these suggestions, we will be able to promote a great harmony and educational campaign which the people are so sorely in need. BERT WILHELM.

Questions and Answers

Are Japanese permitted to acquire and own land in the United States? Japanese aliens, that is all who were not born in this country, can not own or acquire land in Arizona, California, Delaware, Idaho, Louisiana, Oregon and Washington. In some other states they can acquire lands subject to some minor limitations, and in others there are no restrictions. Is the bite of a tarantula fatal? The ordinary tarantula’s bite is painful but not dangerous. Why does glass covered with blaek paint crack when exposed to the direct rays of the sun more readily than plain glass? Because black absorbs more heat rays than plain or other colored glass. What is a corduroy road? One made of logs laid crossways —presenting a ribbed surface resembling corduroy doth.

No doubt, most of us begin with some brains, but they are of little use unless they are trained properly and adjusted to daily life. A motor car is full of energy, but it can not use that energy until the ignition switch is thrown and the clutch engaged. Control, therefore, is necessary for proper use of human brains. After control comes energy. The lazy man does not think, because he does not try to think. If he tried, he probably would find he had the mental equipment to accomplish the result he was seeking. One of the finest examples of the presence of brains is the development of ideas through imagination. The man with a perfect memory may never create a single thought. His brain merely records the thoughts of others. The artist, the genius, the intellectual leader, is the one whose brains, through reasoning, develop thought and ideas which all human beings recognize as important.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those ol one of America’s most interesting: writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

“they get to know each other only in case of an accident.” an n Mostly Dead Authors TP any part of Franklin Roose--i- velt s scholarly address touched a single issue raised by A1 Smith, I am the brother-in-law of Demosthenes. He quoted Woodrow Wilson on the philosophy of the federalists, Theodore Roosevelt on manhood, Abraham Lincoln on secession, and ChestertQn on the habits of British tram passengers. Voters like to be told the honesty is the best policy, that two and two is four and that it is better to be prosperous than poor. Picture the deafening applause which must have greeted Roosevelt when he said: “This government is not and never shall be governed by plutocracy. This government is not and never shall be governed by a mob. It is to this national community of interest that we shall dedicate ourselves tonight. If that be treason make the most of it.” a m Less Bold Than Patrick TT7HICH reminds me that I ▼ T should have added Patrick Henry to the list of those conscripted for the contribution of flowers of speech. Franklin Roosevelt undoubtedly rang out his words boldly and looked toward the audience with flashing eye. Here was a gallant and a courageous figure, and hats went sailing up to the skylight. But what does it mean? Is it reasonable to hail this as an answer to A1 Smith? After all, I can't remember that A1 ever said he was in favor of America’s being governed by a plutocracy. Ritchie didn’t say it or Baker—or even Hoover, for that matter. So if we are all agreed that we should not be governed by a plu- ' tocracy, what earthly reason is there for any candidate to stress his opposition to it? Certainly it took no courage to cry, “if that be treason, make the most of it!” When Patrick Henry said that,! he really was taking a chance. He might have been arrested, convicted and sentenced for his remark. But I hardly think Franklin Roosevelt actually believes he is in danger of the firing squad because of his ringing declaration against plu- i tocracy. No, I do not feel that Franklin Roosevelt put anything much but his larynx and his book of “Bart-; letfs Familiar Quotations” into the: St. Paul speech. If you like prevalent styles in preconvention oratory, I think that the address was no better and no worse than a hundred others which have been made and! will be. Indeed. T will go further and ad-| mit that, in my opinion, Franklin! Roosevelt would make just as good a President as Pierce or Polk. But the time demands a true pinch hitter who will really take a cut at the woes which assail us, and so far Roosevelt seems to be the sort of hitter who is likely to let the third strike drift over the plate without even taking his bat from his shoulder. ' (Oeorrueht. Utt by Th* Time*)

APRIL 23, 1932

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Volcanic Eruptions and Eearthquakes Are Sudden, Manifestations of the, M ounta i n-Build ing Forces in the Earth’s Crust. RADIUM was the underlying and fundamental cause of the great volcanic eruptions In the Andes which treated South American cities to a shower of ashes, according to the theory of Professor Joly of Dublin. Both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are the sudden manifestations of forces which are continuously at work within the earth's crust, the so-called mountain-build-ing forces which buckle up the earth's surface into mountain ranges. Professor Joly's theory is one of the newer theories to explain these contractions of the earth's crust. It has been assumed generally that this contraction was the result of a shrinkage of the earth's interior occasioned by the loss of heat from the earth interior. If the interior of the earth shrank, the earth’s crust would be too large for it. Asa result, great stresses and strains would be set up in it which over a long period would change the shape of the earth’s crust. Since the continents are lighter rocks and the ocean beds heavier rocks, adjustment would take place through sinking of the ocean bottoms and subsequent rising of the continents. u m n Radium Causes Heat WITHIN recent years it has been. suggested that the periodic movements of the earth’s crust which cause volcanis action and earthquakes might be phenomena restricted to the crust itself and not in any way concerning the interior of the earth. Professor Joly’s radium theory takes this point of view. He has suggested that accumulations of radio-active material in the earth's crust may be the underlying cause. This material would cause a rise in temperature deep in the earth's crust, resulting finally in the melting of the deep layers of rock. Such melting would, of course, be accompanied by expansion of the rocks. In time, however, the heat would be dissipated and the rocks again would contract and solidify. This would cause a contraction of the earth's crust. According to Professor Joly’s theory, therefore, there would be a periodic oscillation of the earth's crust rather than a continuous gradual contraction. As contraction goes on in the earth’s crust, it first sets up strains that cause movements of small portions of the earth's crust. The difference of elevation caused by these warpings is only several hundred feet as a rule. Minor adjustments or warpings of this sort are known to be going on in many parts of the world at the present time. For example, the sea coast of Scandinavia is slowly rising. an* How Mountains Grow THESE minor readjustments or warpings of the earth’s crust in time set up strains that cause a breaking and greater readjustment between the rising and setting masses of rock. When these take place, large rock masses frequently are buckled up into great mountain ranges. Eight readjustments of the sort which bring mountain ranges into existence are believed to have taken place in North America during the lifetime of the earth. Finally there are the great periods of readjustment when the parts of the continents as units arc lifted above or sunk below the sea level. Geologists believe that there have been six such major readjustments in the history of the world. They believe that the earth passed through a period of major readjustment just prior to our present era and that as a result the continents stand higher above the oceans today than they have during most of the earth’s history. It is necessary to keep in mind the geological scale of time in order to understand these readjustments. To a human being, a century is a very long time; few men live 100 years* But in geology, 25,000 years is a rather small unit of time. For a great mountain range to rise may take from 100,000 to 500,000 years. Next: Earthquakes

& T ?s9£ Y W /world war V ANNIVERSARY

ALLIES ATTACK ZEEBRUGGE April 23

ON April 23, 1918, the allies waged a successful sea battle against the German submarine bases at Zeebrugge and Ostend. British naval forces, headed by Vice Commander Keyes, with the co-operation of French destroyers, succeeded in bottling up the harbor at Zeebrugge by sinking three battleship hulks at the entrance. All three were loaded with cement that became solid concrete on contact with the water. While the undertaking was highly successful, the allies lost fifty officers and 538 men. At Ostend the attempt to close the harbor was unsuccessful. Two ship hulks sunk in the water off the harbor were not effectively placed, and another attempt was planned for a few weeks, later.

Daily Thought

We all do fade as a leaf.— Isaiah 64:8. Death hath a thousand doors to let out life.—Massinger. What is the speed of the fastest regular railroad train in the United States? The Boardwalk flyer operated by the Philadelphia <fe Reading railroad between Philadelphia and Atlantic City, travels flftv-six miles in flfty-flve minutes.