Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 234, Indianapolis, Marion County, 8 February 1932 — Page 4

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Cut Those Rates Weeks have passed since the people of this city, acting through city officials and the South Side Civic Clubs, asked the public service commission for a reduction of rates on electricity and water. The first response of Commissioner Cuthbertson was that it would cost much money to appraise the properties of the two monopolies and that when the hearing was over, there was always the danger that rates might be raised. He suggested conferences. The conferences have been held. The utilities were arrogant and suggested that if the people fought, they wouiu De punished. In the meantime, the commission itself ordered the electric rates at Marion reduced by 20 per cent. The rates charged in that smaller city were much lower than those in this city. In general, the rates for electricity are lower in large cities. That is the rule of the companies. Small communities pay the most. If the rates in Marion were too high, then the rates in this city are very much too high. If Marion was entitled to a 20 per cent reduction, the people of this city should be entitled to a 40 per cent cut. There is enough in the reports of the electric company to the commission to justify an immediate cut in rates. The cost of coal, purchased from a subsidiary of the holding company which owns the stock of the company, suggests a collusion to extort excess profits from the people. The charges for engineering and other fees, the high cost of operation management, are factors that would convince a free and untrammelled commission of the justice of this city’s demand. Aside from the holding company gouge, there are other figures in the reports that demand redress. The people pay for the maintenance of a radio station at a loss in competition with a privately owned station which can not pass along its problems to a defenseless electric consumer. * The people pay for the loss, and it is large, in the retail store for appliances owned by the company. That store operates in competition with the merchant who is thus forced to contribute to the losses of his rival. The time has come for action and quick action.

The Time Has Come Americans must not starve. Americans should be fed from the federal treasury if they can’t be fed any other way. On this point, at least, no disagreement exists between Republicans and Democrats, conservatives and liberals, bankers, business men, poor men, victims. Walter Gifford, of the President’s committee on unemployment relief, indorsed it when he was before the senate manufactures committee. Joseph T. Robinson, Democratic floor leader, said so in the senate last year. James A. Emory of the National Association of Manufacturers said the same thing to the house labor committee. What, then, stands in the way of the La FolletteCostigan hunger relief bill? Nothing but a quibble. . . If they can’t be fed any other way,” say Gifford and others who oppose the bill. “But the situation is being taken care of.” The situation is not being taken care of. Within the last few days Senator La Follette and Costigan have laid before the senate an overwhelming mass of evidence to support this statement. Letters from officials of 810 cities and from every important social agency in the country have been put into the record. N The number of unemployed is greater and still growing. Private and public agencies are spending more for relief this winter than ever before, and most of them are scraping the bottom of their chests. The revenues of local governments have fallen off. Several hundred of them have reached the point where they can borrow no more money. And hundreds ox thousands of children, and of men and women, who still are getting scraps of food, still managing to keep alive, are nearer the starvation point. “. . .If they can’t be fed any other way!” ‘‘What proof do they want? Must they have bread riots? Must they have thousands of human beings lying dead in the streets?” Sidney Hillman asked last fall, and his question is more poignant today. Two hundred fifteen cities still say they can care for their own. But what of the rest? What of the needy uhfortunate enough to live in one of the other cities? On the basis of undisputed evidence now before congress, the federal government should act at once to cave its hungry citizens.

Times Readers Voice Their Views

Editor Times —We are all grateful for the “made work” and appreciate what the township trustee is doing, but it surely would help if they could give some cash, if ever so little. We mothers must keep our children neat and clean In school or the teacher bawls them out before the whole room, and how can we do it with no thread, needles, tapes, darning cotton or the hundred and one other things that every mother needs? And those without children need brooms, mops, coal oil, washing powder and other things that can not be gotten in the township basket. We get flour, but no baking powder, soda, vinegar, and have t 6 make bread out of flour and water, go it is only hardtack. MAUDE JAMESON. Editor Times —A Detroit man drove up to my house recently. He had approached Indianapolis from the north. "What a beautiful town this is, I never have been here before. I always thought of it as rather commonplace. Why, it is exactly what President Hoover wants to see—towns and cities of homeowners.” This man was en route to St. Louis, and my wife advised him to see Central public library, the Scottish Rite building, the fountain in University square and Soldiers’ monument. "But don’t look at the war memorial if you can help it,” she ended. _ . , A city of homes! That is a fine idea and the right idea, but just how long will it be a possible idea? A woman assessor said to my wife: “There are women in town who have mgs worth more than all the furniture in this house. On their jist they give in about SIOO ” s i lately have been told of a man

The Indianapolis Times (A BCRIPPS-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) bv The Indianapolis Time* Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County, 2 cents a copy; elsewhere, 3 cents —delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. Mail subscription rates in Indiana. $3 a year: outside of Indiana, 65 cents a month. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley 5551 MONDAY. FEB. 8. 1332. Member of United Frees, Scrlppa-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

in town who owns every luxury, besides a lot of stocks and bonds and pays S3OO in taxes. I own a few common frame houses on which upkeep in increasing and rent declining, in which taxes are more than SI,OOO a year. Why must real estate pay 85 per cent of the taxes? A tale of woe was told me by a woman who invested insurance in a house in a college town where there was a fair prospect for student roomers. For a time she succeeded, until a fraternity house was built, commodious and handsome. All her roomers left. There is no tax on such houses. She still pays taxes whether her house is painted or not. Her house is run down, though her taxes are not. Under the guise of education, many a wily bit of tax-dodging is managed. Owning one's home is valuable to happiness and thrift. A woman plans and manages far more efficiently for her own home. A man feels self-respect increase. Even a child loves this thought of owning a little bit of the earth’s surface, but how long is the middle class going to be able to maintain the dignified title of householders? I went strong for woman suffrage and am glad they have it. I thought they would go in stronger for vital domestic affairs, such as the management of county homes, the drawing of big salaries for small

Daily Thought

Thus saith the Lord of Hosts: Consider your ways.—Haggai 1:7. Let us often think of our own infirmities, and we shall become indulgent toward those of others.— Feneloil

A1 Smith’s Candidacy A1 Smith's announcement of his passive candidacy is all to the good. Not because it will make Smith the Democratic presidential nominee—there is no great chance of that; but because it will prevent Franklin Roosevelt or any other candidate taking the nomination in a walkaway and on his own terms. The nomination should not go to any man by default. Smith’s announcement will prevent one-man control of the convention. It assures the rank and file a chance to consider % and choose. That is the democratic method; and it should be the Democratic party method. The effect of the Smith move will be to make the pre-convention campaign a real contest. Only in such contest can the issues be brought out. That is particularly true regarding Roosevelt, who to date has been no more specific on issues than forced to be. But it also is true of other candidates. Smith is so colorful as a political figure that no drab campaign is possible with him in it. Whether he will it or not, things happen when he is in the picture. This does not mean, of course, that Smith is going out to campaign for himself.. His statement says specifically that he will not. But his friends will be active in his behalf. Why? We doubt that it is because even his closest friends think he has much of a chance of nomination or election. But they do want him and the group he represents to have some voice in the convention. That is as it should be. Smith probably is powerful enough to split the Democratic party if he were determined to rule or ruin. But there has been nothing to indicate that such is his intention. The fact that he is becoming a passive candidate on the urging of his friends, rather than an active candidate on his own behalf, is pretty good proof that he is not trying to dictate his nomination. Doubtless part of the explanation of Smith’s passive attitude is that he is not anxious to give the Republican campaign committee another opportunity to use the forces of religious bigotry to help defeat his party and divide the country. Smith’s announcement will not put him in a good position to nominate himself, but it will put him in a better position when the times comes to help choose a nominee and a platform representing his type of liberalism. Chicago is facing financial ruin. It will probably never forgive {he government for locking up A1 Capone. Chicago babies born in 1932 will each owe $250 at birth. About their only way out of debt Is to grow up and become college football players.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

IF there's anything in mental suggestion it’s a wonder any marriages turn out happily. Women, especially, always greet the news of an unexpected wedding with dismal prophecies. A young girl marries a man a good deal older than she is, and you can hear them wail,‘‘Oh, dear! Oh, dear! How tragic. All her girlhood lost. Why, hes’ old enough to be her father.” Or a spinster picks out a mate who is younger than she and the same chant begins. ‘‘Gracious, goodness! How could she have been so silly. Wouldn’t you think she’d have had more sense! Well, there's no fool like an old fool, they say.” , And if a couple of yougsters elope at college or a widower takes unto himself a second wife in the form Df a widow of his own age, the anvil chorus begins. Yet, as a matter of fact, each of these marriages, every marriage indeed, has about the same chance for success as it does for failure. For a large part of that thing we call luck in matrimony is nothing more than the common sense that is brought to the union by the persons entering into it. tt x tt WOMEN, however, have certain romantic notions about who should marry whom and at what age both men and women should assume the responsibilities of home life. Let any person deviate the slightest from these hard and fast rules, and immediately the dirge of failure begins. Yet we know that hundreds of thousands of young girls have remained the happy wives of men older than themselves, and that mulitudea of men of have lived contentedly with wives whose years were more than their own. We know that elopements often turn out well and that second marriages for the middle aged have resulted in t}ie finest kind of companionship and love. Marriage is the perfect state for men and women. Why, then, do we talk so much about fate and failure? For fate has nothing to do with such things. Successful marriages are built by the determination and patience and intelligence of the husband and the wife. And no marriage is foredoomed to failure with such qualities at hand.

work, and might prod a little into this tax busines. But it is likely that it is harder than they expected. I really was sorry for the League of Won.en Voters when it worked for an improvement in our primary election and was frustrated by a high official. PLAIN CITIZEN. How many submarines did the United States have at the outbreak of the World war in 1914? They had fifty submarines in commission and two authorized to be constructed.

Mystery — Thrills! Tired of reading about “the depression?” Want to get away for an hour or so from the everyday things of life? Here’s a packet of eight of our Washington Bureau’s bulletins packed with the stories of adventure, mystery and thrills. The titles are: 1. Admiral Richard E. Byrd. 5. Famous Bandits. 2. Famous Pioneers. 6. Famous Pirates. 3. Great Detectives. 7. Famous Spies. 4. Great Detectives of Fiction. 8. The Story of Lindbergh. If you want this packet of authentic, interesting and thrilling bulletins, fill out the coupon below and mail as directed. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. B-20, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C. I want the packet of eight bulletins on ADVENTURE and enclose herewith twenty-five cents in coin, or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps, to cover return postage and handling costs: Name Street and Number City State I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.) A * 1

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy Says:

Give the People a Chance to Buy Government Bonds and Their Money Will Come Out of Hiding. NEW YORK, Feb. 7.—President Hoover, has polished off another conference. It was designed to launch a nation-wide campaign against hoarding. As an out-pouring of the spirit, it proved eminently successful. Besides the administration spokesmen, Jeaders representing organizations with a total membership of 20,000,000 were present. They expressed themselves with complete unanimity, whether in appreciation of what the adminiswation had done in stating the problem with which they were called upon to deal, or in indorsement of the proposed method for solving it. There was not a dissenting voice throughout the meeting and, of course, not an original idea. When those “willing to volunteer for service” were asked to raise their hands, every hand went up.

It Listens Well, but — IT listens well, though no better, perhaps, than did the shouted pledge of that industrial conference held some time ago to prevent wage cutting. You remember how the great employers foregathered, how enthusiastically they accepted the President’s plan to stabilize prices and pay, and how the whole thing fizzled. The point is, of, course, that if we could run this country by conference, we wouldn’t need a government. Asa general proposition, public officials hold a conference when they can't think of anything else, or when they shrink from tackling a job. ft n a Verbal Futility NO one misunderstands the danger of hoarding, not even those who are doing it. There are very few people who would not prefer to keep their money in a bank, or invest it in some good security. The continuous impact of depression, however, has proved too much for their nerves. They are scared. They have seen so many things go wrong, that they don’t know which way to turn, and are harking back to elemental methods of safety. It is reassuring to imagine that they can be worked out of this state of mind by a little good advice. One likes to believe that such problems can be solved by talk, especially if other folks can be induced to do the talking, but haven’t we experimented enough with that idea to realize its futility?

Socks for Safety IT goes without saying that we need not only all the cash available in circulation, but, maybe, a whole lot more. No White House palaver is required to inform the people that hoarded money adds to their troubles, that industry can’t run on capital in the toe of a sock. Any man, or woman with enough money to count knows the desirability of keeping it moving, particularly if it can be made to draw interest while on the go, but that’s only half the story. The rest of it is that average people do not feel competent to invest their money, and when their faith is shaken, they just tuck it away in some safe place. tt tt tt Act, Uncle Sam! THE most effective remedy for hoarding would l e an opportunity for average people to invest their money in securities beyond reproach, and the federal government is about the only institution which they trust to that extent right now. Give the people a chance to buy government bonds and their money will come out of hiding. Loosen up the postal savings bank restrictions, and open up every other channel which Uncle Sam can guarantee. That’s the way to get money in circulation. The people are not looking for 8, or 10 per cent, but for safety. There are very few of them but would be content with a moderate rate if they were sure of protection. tt tt t* Risk Must End WHAT the government should do is offer the public bonds, baby bonds, sold over the counter. That would drag the money out and put it to work. The administration at Washington might just as well realize that something dramatic is needed to restore confidence, something of tangilble value, something that will give people a chance to make use o ftheir money, without risk. How many cattle and swine are slaughtered in Chicago and St. Louis annually? For the fiscal year 1931, in Chicago 1,531,374 cattle and 6,720,523 swine and in St. Louis, 163,163 cattle and 1,542,998 swine. These include only those animals slaughtered under federal inspection. When was Philadelphia, Pa., founded? In 1682 by William Penn.

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DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Study Necessary to Cure Backache

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hvgeia, the Health Magazine. TAR. BROWN describes the < ase of a man who had suffered for some ten years with frequent attacks of pain in the back. Finally he could not ride in an automobile, lift anything, or even lean over to put on his shoes without getting a catch in his back. It was found that the habitual position of his body was in the extreme range of motion of his spine, particularly low down on the back, and that as a result it took but slight effort to produce a strain. Associated with the backache there was a long standing record of indigestion, difficulty in action of the bowel, headaches, and nervousness. The man realized that he

IT SEEMS TO ME H IBSB°

NO matter how many human beings are killed or maimed by guns or bombs, Will Rogers must have his little joke. According to Arthur Brisbane, Mr. Rogers “pulled a good one” when he cabled from Geneva: “Well, we are all here ready for disarmament. The first laugh was when the Japanese delegation arrived.” Somehow I can’t seem to laugh. I don’t see how anybody can, and least of all an American. It is true that the world drifts rudderless through angry seas, but a nation which talked brave words about co-operation and then refused to lay as much as a finger on the wheel is not quite the one. to shake with merriment in the face of misfortune. Or if we must laugh let it be bitterly,. for the joke’s on us. We would not join the league because we wished to avoid any risk of becoming involved in remote entanglements. Today our marines stand, guard along the streets of Shanghai and our fleet rides in the harbor.

Jesting Roosevelt I CANNOT even laugh at the un- , conscious jest of Franklin Roosevelt. Governor Roosevelt ran for Vice-President on a League of Nations platform, but now he disowns it and gives his reasons. Here they are: “But the League of Nations today is not the league conceived by Woodrow Wilson. It might have been had the United States joined. Too often, through these years, its major function has been not the broad, overwhelming purpose of world peace but, rather, a mere meeting place for the discussion of strictly European national difficulties.” A man who made a solemn engagement with a trio of friends for a bridge game hardly would have the right to complain because they were reduced to playing threehanded when he failed to put in an appearance. We who plucked out the very eyes of the league now point with scorn because it gropes and stumbles. And consider the closing flourish in the speech of the Governor of the state of New York. “The highest ideals of America derfiand that, with strict adherence to the principles of Washington, we maintain our international freedom and at the same time offer leadership to a sorely tried humanity.” n n What Does It Mean? NOW, what does that mean? Os course, it means that Franklin Roosevelt wants to be President, but what is its important significance, if any? It means that we are to sit in the topmost turret of a fast-barred ivory tower and lean down occasionally to shout at the milling.' unhappy throngs below, “Why don’t you follow me?” It means that Uncle Sam, the isolationist, pledges himself to bathe the wounds of a bleeding world with the salty admonition, “You know you ought to co-operate.” The cynical, the stupid, and the craven havqri come together wthin our border* to sneer at the Geneva

The Nosebag!

had been overworking and that he .was in general fatigued. At first it was difficult for the man to lie in bed because the back was more uncomfortable in bed than when he was on his f6et. However, he was able to get good rest by placing one or two pillows under his knees, taking the strain off the lower part of his spine. Sitting in bed in an erect position put more strain on the spine than when he was on his feet. If the spine can be rested by having the patient lie face downward with pillows under his hips, the opportunity may be used to apply hot packs to the back to relieve the pain and the inflammation. The patient was taught to breathe properly and efforts were made to strengthen his abdominal muscles so as to help distribute his weight properly.

conference and say, “What’s the use of talking about the reduction of armament when the earth trembles to the sound of guns?” tt tt a Never a Better Time BUT how can there be a better time to raise the cry of “Drop your weapons!” than in the very hour when there is blood upon them? $ They have lied who told us that by raising the drawbridge we could live happily within our tower and the world well lost. The millions of hungry and the numb who mill about our streets give the lie to that. The waves which douse the bows of our farflung destroyers pound upon the

Questions and Answers

How can a dance floor be maintained in good condition? Regular care of waxed dance floors requires only sweeping with a soft broom to remove dust and litter, and the application of powdered wax as needed. At intervals, depending upon use, clean and repolish with liquid wax. If excessive mud or dirt makes scrubbing imperative, use very little lukewarm water and mild soap, and rinse thoroughly. After it is perfectly dry, rewax immediately. Keep large, clean door mats at all entrances to the floor. Can tree surgery be performed at any time of the year? Asa rule, tree surgery can be undertaken safely at almost any time when the sap is not running too actively, and the weather is not cold enough to freeze cement, if this is being used. In most trees the sap will interfere with the work only while the buds and leaves are expanding in the spring. Cement work will be ruined if it is frozen before it is set. It is not likely to be injured by frost after setting a few days. Is there any way to remove cod liver oil stains from a baby’s dress? They may be easily removed when fresh from practically all materials by freely sponging with carbon tetrachloride, and washing the garment thoroughly in warm soapsuds. It is important that attention be given the stains as soon as possible after they are made, for in a short time they become extremely difficult to remove. What airman of the World War is credited with the greatest number of victories? Baron von Richthofen, of the German air force, the greatest ace of the World War, was credited with bringing down eighty enemy planes. What are the limits of weight and size of parcel post packages? Seventy pounds, and 100 inches in length and girth combined. Who invented the vacuum cleaner? H. C. Booth. He made and patented the first successful appliance in 1901.

A brace ws planned which helped him to hold himself in the proper position, and when the patient got back on his feet, he was taught how to use his body more correctly in the sitting, standing and bending positions. When he finally learned how to sit and stand correctly, his backache and indigestion cleared up, and he was asked to change his routine of life so as to overcome his constant fatigue. This record is an indication of an immense amount of study and the Care necessary in order to take care properly of a patient with backache. The diet, the amount of fluids taken and the amount of rest are all important. It is not possible merely to treat the painful point and to take it for granted that that will relieve the condition.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those f one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disaereerr.ert with the editorial attitude of this naper.—The Editor.

walls of our hermit haven. The shadow of the world is cast across our courtyard, and down into the deepest cavern comes the whisper of brother unto brother. Do not tell me that a passion for peace is a little thing to be smashed with a single bomb or a belt of bullets. It rises above scarred plains and burning cities. It begins to take form and substance like a genie freed from his ancient urn. Spent bullets fall to earth. The flare of powder turna to drifting smoke. And out of the hates and fears of men we will build the new world, for we must. The time has come, and our necessities are louder than the guns. (Copyright. 1932. bv The Times)

M TODAY #9 -V't.. IS THE- W ; WORLD WAR \ ADVERSARY

NESSIMY BEY’S ACCORD Feb. 8

ON Feb. 8, 1918, Foreign Minister Nessimy Bey of Turkey, speaking before the chamber of deputies, declared he was in full accord with the speeches of Count Czernin and Chancellor von Hertling, who, on Jan. 24, replied to the speeches on war aims of President Wilson and Premier Lloyd George. Von Hertling had addressed the main committee of German reichstag, and Count Czernin had addressed the Austrian delegations of richsrat. In these speeches both men gave their attitudes on peace, differing vastly with the two allied leaders. The Ukranians claimed a great victory over the Bolsheviki at Sarny, and the Bolsheviki failed in an attempt to occupy Kiev. Viborg was taken by the White Guards.

Tom Dick or Harry? Whatever your given name may be, it has a meaning, a history, a derivation from language root. The story of names and their meanings is one of the most interesting subjects of the world. Our Washington Bureau has ready for you one of its most absorbing bulletins on the origins and meanings of First Names—the material dr awn from authoritative sources and carefully checked from authorities on the subject. You will be interested in finding the origin and meaning of your own name, and the names of your families and friends. You can pick out a suitable name for the baby. You can follow up the subject from a suggested bibliography on the subject. Fill out the coupon below and send for this bulletin: CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 165, Washington Bureau The Indianapolis Times: 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin, FIRST NAMES, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncanceled United States stamps, to cover return postage and handling costs: NAME STREET AND NO CITY STATE * I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

_FEB. S, 1932

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Flute, Perhaps Earliest Musical Instrument, Older Than History, Declares Student of Sound, T Vho Has Large Collection of Pipes of Pan. THE flute was probably the first musical instrument used by man. This is the opinion of Dr. Dayton C. Miller, professor of physics at Case School of Applied Science, and one of the world’s chief authorities upon the subject of sound. At the present time. Dr. Miller is president of the American Accoustical Society. He is past president of the American Physical Society and former cnairman of the division of physical sciences of the National Research Council. Dr. Miller is the inventor of the phonodeik, a device which transforms sound waves into a moving beam of light so that one can ‘ see” his own voice or the sounds of a musical instrument. Many years ago, Dr, Miller became interested in the subject of the flute and began a collection of flutes. Today, it is the largest collection in the world, containing more than 1.000 flutes. Some of them are several centuries old. Others belonged to persons of historic prominence. The collection includes one flute of solid gold, another of solid silver and several of crystal. Because of the value of the collection, It is stored in the vault of one of the banks of Cleveland.

Traces History THE invention of the flute preceded the dawn of history, Dr. Miller says. “There are many legends and myths regarding its origin,” he continues. “ ‘lt’s infancy was passed in the twilight of fable.’ “For our purposes the flute may be defined as any mouth-blown musical wind-instrument, in which the sound originates in the vibrations of the jet of air. “The earliest form of flute is a simple natural piece of bamboo, a few inches long, which may be open throughout its length or may be closed at one end by the natural septum. “When one blows across the open end of such a tube, a musical tone is produced. The edge of the tube may be blunt or may be beveled to a sharp edge. “The primitive flutist soon discovered that tubes, or pipes, of different lengths give tones of different pitches, and so he tied several pipes together, side by side, and produced what is now called by the rather poetic name, the Pipes of Pan, or Syrinx. , “This is probably the instrument referred to in Genesis, called ill Hebrew, ‘ugab’ and translated in the English version as ‘organ.’ “The poetic and romantic legends of ancient writers, and of modern artists, are fanciful, and need not be repeated now. “The early Pan-pipes had a variable number of tubes—usually three, five or seven—tuned in a more or less capricious manner. “This type of instrument is so simple in construction, so ‘cheap’ to manufacture, and withal so musical in its effects, that it survives at the present time. Pan-pipes are in very common use by the natives of the islands ot the sea, in Australia, Africa, and even for modern music they are used in the rural districts of central Europe and Italy.”

Used in Bands HpHESE pan-pipes, Dr. Miller . con tinues, are made in various sizes, corresponding to soprano, contralto, tenor, bass and sub-bass parts. ‘‘The melody instruments may have as many ag twenty-eight pipes, all tuned, varying in length from one and a half to ten inches,” he says. “The instruments used for harmony usually have only one octave of tuned pipes, though other pipes may be added merely for appearance. The largest pipes may be three feet or even five feet -in length. They are used in bands, consisting of from twenty to forty performers, and produce music which has the effect of a pipe organ.” Dr. Miller has twenty-two such instruments in his collection. The flute, as we know it, gradually developed from the pan-pipe, Dr. Miller believes. “It w T as probably a very early discovery,” he says, “that a simple pipe, accidentally having a hole in the side of the tube, would give two tones, depending upon whether the hole is open or closed, and that the pitch of one of the tones depends upon the position of the hole. “Thus there developed the very common type of wind-instrument, consisting of a single tube, with a larger or smaller number of finger holes, from which a scale of musical tones may be obtained. “For simple melodic music, the number of holes required in the tube can be controlled by the fingers directly.” *