Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 218, Indianapolis, Marion County, 20 January 1932 — Page 4

PAGE 4

9 2S~ * € * t * r j ~ h ow am t

The Stephenson Decision Three judges of the supreme court have decided that the conviction of D. C. Stephenson was fair and justified. Two judges, and it might be suggested that they carry a preponderance of other factors than numbers, declare that he should have anew trial. The dissent becomes more important than the affirmation except, of course, to Stephenson, who finds in it an end to any hope of liberty and a life time of servitude behind bars. The dissenting judges are Clarence W. Martin and Walter E. Treanor. Their reputations as jurists, as students of and courageous .nterpreters Os the law, are well established. It is not flattery to assert that they have the confidence of the legal profession and of citizens generally. The long delay in deciding this case invited criticism of the high court. It did much to destroy confidence in that court. It brought to the street the suspicion that there was something lacking in the administration of justice in this state. That was true because Stephenson occupied an unusual place in the history of this state. There was a time when very large numbers of citizens followed blindly his preachments of hate, when he had builded an organization of prejudice into a throm of power, when he had transformed that power into patronage and when the great and mighty lawned upon him for favors. It is within the record that he nominated governors and law makers, that senators listened to his advice on patronage, that legislatures yielded to his commands and that he named congressmen and mayors who signed away their powers on dotted lines in return for his political support. The exposure of his political activities and relationships sent many men into the hiding of shame and others into their natural obscurity from which they had come. But the people also remember that there came a time when the men who had been puppets of Stephenson during his era of power were greatly interested in preventing his exposure of their friendliness and were very eager to keep him behind prison bars that the records of the past might be forgotten. When a grand jury in this county attempted to dig up the facts of the corruption of which Stephenson was a part, official power was applied to silence the prisoner in his cell. For that reason the delay from election to election of any decision became, to the popular mind, somewhat significant. For the people remembered that Stephenson had quarreled with his fellow wizards or goblins and had charged that the powerful national organization in which he once thrived and grew rich, feared an exposure of their criminal activities in many states. For that reason it is unfortunate that any decision concerning Stephenson comes with a divided vote and especially with a division in which the minority occupies so large a place in public confidence, from judges whom the people believe to be above partisan control or prejudice, whose political background had no part in the era of Stephensonism. A divided opinion still leaves the question one oi debate and argument in which the man who once boasted that he was “the law in Indiana” will be discussed again and again, painted as a political sacrifice to the men he made or a villain whose crime was infamous beyond description. Unquestionably, there will be such unfortunate discussions and arguments as to the merits of the conflicting opinions of judges, arguments which do not make for confidence in the exactness of law as a science or in the exactness of judges in applying laws. And to the casual observer, the long delaiy in this particular case will not be attributed to indolence of judges. The decision has been finally made. But there is still a question mark about other things than the guilt of Stephenson. Freedom of the Press (From the Knoxville (Tenn.l News-Sen-tlnel. a Scrioos-Howard Newspaper.) Judge Henry R. Prewitt’s rapid changes in his orders from the bench of the Mt. Sterling circuit court have brought an end to the judicial proceedings to test his right to exclude reporters of a newspaper whose editorial comments he did not like. By amending his order—barring News-Sentinel reporters from his courtroom for all time—to bar them only during the trial of Harlan county felony cases, and then through transfer of those cases back to Harlan county, Judge Prewitt again has opened his courtroom to this newspaper’s reporters. Thus, the issue involved in the News-Sentinel's appeal to Kentucky’s highest court was made a moot question. Judge Prewitt may contend that he did not attempt to avoid the issue in the News-Sentinel case. A review of the jurist’s extremely rapid changes of position speaks for itself: Dec. 30—He called John T. Moutoux, News-Sentinel reporter, into chambers and talked of putting him in jail under $5,000 bond for contempt of court. Dec. 31—When Moutoux appeared, represented by able counsel, the contempt procedure was dropped as quickly as it was proposed. Later, on affidavit of J. B. Snyder of prosecution counsel, Moutoux was cited to show cause why he should not be barred from the courtroom. jan. 2 —Judge Prewitt refused to let Jack Bryan of the News-Sentinel report proceedings in his court. Although a hearing on whether Moutoux should be barred was set for the following Monday, Prewitt ruled that no News-Sentinel reporter ever could sit in any court over which he presided. jan. 4—Attorney Snyder’s charges against Moutoux were heard, he was cleared of contempt, but the alltime ban against the News-Sentinel was maintained. Jan. s—Judge Prewitt knew of News-Sentinel preparations of appeal. Jan. 6—Judge Prewitt ordered his decree in the Bryan case expunged from the records of his court. Jan. 11—As preparations were being made to submit application for a permanent writ of prohibition of Kentucky s highest court, Judge Prewitt modified his order barring News-Sentinel reporters for all time, to oar them only during the trial of Harlan county felony cases. Jan. 13— Judge Prewitt remanded all Harlan county cases on his docket back to Harlan county. This cleared his docket of cases involved under the amended order of Jan. 11. Jan. 15—Judge Prewitt pleaded his own acts to the Kentucky court of appeals to show that nothing remained involved in the News-Sentinel suit. Thus, through the judge's own orders, his court again Is open to News-Sentinel reporters. We regret that the various amendments and f changes in the original order barring News-‘Sentinel reporters for all time now make It impossible for the Issues first Involved In the case to be reviewed by

The Indianapolis Times (A SCKIFFh-WOWiSU NEWBFAFEB) owned and published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street Indianapolis, fnd. Price in Marion County. 2 cents a copy; elsewhere 3 cents—delivered by carrier t 2 cent# a week. Mail subscription rate# In Indiana $3 # ear- outside of Indiana. 65 cents a month BOYD GUKLEY ROY W HOWARD EARL D. BAKER Editor Freaident Business Manager PHONE—K ey ftfifil WEDNESDAY. JAJf 20. 1932, Member of United Prese bcrippe-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulationa. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

higher courts. We believe those courts would have affirmed the right of newspapers freely to report the proceedings in any courtroom. But although no review now can be obtained, we feel that the case has been beneficial. It again has demonstrated that conduct of courts should be subject to scrutiny of the public, and the force of public opinion. If this safeguard is not maintained, it is not hard to anticipate the day when a certain type of judges would hide all procedure in their courtrooms from the public by closing their courtroom doors, not only to the press, but to the public. The case also has called attention again to one of the great weaknesses of court procedure—the intolerant and unfair performances of some lawyers in pleading before a jury. The effect in this field already is visible. W. C. Hamilton, the prosecutor, who devoted much of his closing argument in the Jones case to extraneous matter concerning “Reds” and “Communism” and inspired the News-Sentinel’s first editorial, did not mention “Reds” in the trial of William Hightower at Mt. Sterling. The original News-Sentinel editorial to which Judge Prewitt objected called attention to the prosecutor’s speech on extraneous subjects. Then it commented: ' No fair-minded man who lias followed the Jones trial can help wondering in his own mind whether the Harlan count# labor leader was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for murder, or f<r being a labor leader. “So long as our courts permit themselves to be a stage for the tirades of political and social prejudice, they will not obtain the full confidence of those who believe in even-handed justice.” That was the criticism. It is a criticism on which we stand—a criticism made to appear just by the fact that the prosecutor did not repeat his oratorical joust with the “Reds” in arguing the Hightower case. Furthermore, it is a criticism that we direct not only against Judge Prewitt’s court, but against most, if not all, of the courts in our land. ° ne of the most common things in courtroom procedure, which almost invariably impresses the average citizen who for one reason or another comes into court, is the performance of the overzealous advocate. In his pleading before the jury, he talks about anything under high heaven that he thinks might have some influence on the not-too-brilliant minds of the twelve men, good and true. Any one who has watched the progress of court (rials has seen the spectacle we describe in a great or lesser degree. It is the thing we criticised in our editorial on the Jones case Dec. 11—and It is a thing we will continue to criticise. Whether such criticism is contemptuous is for the ourts to decide. All we know is that in the Jones case—and this may interest Judge Prewitt—we did not have contempt in mind when we expressed ourselves, but, on the contrary, we did have in mind our right under Article 1 of the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States to advance an opinion about court practice which we regarded, and still regard, as opposed to the best interests of justice. We shall continue to exercise that right of expresMon and when occasion makes it necessary, we shall be prepared to defend that right against the rash, angry orders of any court. Dawes, Federal Banker There are two distinct advantages in the President appointment of Charles G. Dawes as head of the prospective United States reconstruction finance corporation. No one can predict how ably he will function on the technical side, nor precisely how much he will accomplish in this tremendous undertaking. But he has two obvious qualifications. First, he knows instinctively how to dramatise anything he attempts and how to “sell” a proposition to the country. Second, he is one of the financial group which has the power to make or break, to use or misuse, this reconstruction project. Dawes has the confidence of business men, and his appointment doubtless will increase their confidence in the reconstruction finance corporation’s ability to help business conditions. Moreover, by naming a member of the big banking group to head the new organization, the President has put the responsibility where it belongs. It was not adequate—partly because of the selfishness and short-sightedness of some bankers who were not interested sufficiently in saving their embarrassed competitors. Certainly the country will be pulling for success.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS, WALTER FERGUSON

IN spite of their mistakes, we continue to expect great things of men. We do not condemn the male sex wholesale because a good many of its members are prone to err Is it not, therefore, a confession of narrow-minded-ness when we persist in regarding women with any less charity? It may be excusable for men to show symptoms of intolerance upon this subject—although it is no mark of intelligence to do so—but for women constantly to be casting aspersions upon their sex marks them as mere bootlickers of men, and as wholly lacking in personal pride. , We may be much less than perfect. But this does not detract from our possibilities. And it is the possibilities of womenkind we should regard, and not the petty shortcomings that are ours. The greatest contribution to twentieth century civilization is the modem woman. Whether that contribution is good or bad must remain a matter of personal opinion. But there is no question that she is anew kind of creature, and by all odds the sole human phenomenon of our age. To close our eyes to her capabilities or her influence is to argue ourselves dumb indeed. * M THE customary assumption is that if you praise modern woman you are criticising modem man. This is a wholly false deduction. Yet we continue to strike this childish attitude and contend that as we learn men must grow more ignorant, and as we progress in intelligence and power they must retrogress. One hears this idea on every side. And no one hears it more often than the woman who dares bestow a few compliments upon her kind. Is it not logical to believe that as woman improves the race will move forward? Breeders of animals do not mate inferior females with pedigreed males. It is only where our children are concerned chat we assume the intelligence of paternity to be all-sufficient. Woman's purpose and work neve* will follow strictly the pattern set by men. But suray it borders upon folly to preach that feminine hands should be idle and feminine brains lie fallow.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy Says: :

Shall We Rail at France for Playing a Steady, Clever Game of International Finance, or Admit That We Have Been Dumb? NEW YORK, Jan. 20.—1 t was unnecessary for Premier Laval to remind the world that France would not consent to a cut in German reparations, unless granted a corresponding cut in her own debts, and would not disarm, unless given guarantees of security. That has been the French position all along. After twelve years of reiteration, there is no excuse for misunderstanding it. France adopted a very simple uod very human formula at the conclusion of the war. It included little but making the best possible use of victory for France. tt tt tt France for France WHILE other nations talked idealism, France took German ships, German cattle and German colonies, and while they rearranged the map of Europe for the alleged purpose of liberating oppressed minorities, she saw to it that the result conformed to her diplomatic and military ideas. France joined the League of Nations, it is true, but only after making sure that she could run it. She also participated in loans to Germany, but only after making sure that the cash soon would land in her lap. France has permitted M. Briand to pose as defender of the “new order.” but chiefly because of the smoke screen he provided for her financial and political strategists. u tt French Finessee IN the confusion that has reigned since Versailles, French finesse stands out as a shining example of what the leaders of a nation can do by keeping their feet on the ground and their heads clear. With the possible exception of Russia, France lost more in the war than any allied country. Onefifth of her territory had been devastated, her treasury had been drained and her borrowing power exhausted, not to mention the frightful toll of life. It was taken for granted that France would find recovery difficult, and the idea assiduously was cultivated by her own hired propagandists. it tt tt A Generous World THE whole woild was delighted to help France reconstruct her “devastated areas,” to let her default on payment of her debts, while she collected to the limit from Germany, to make no demands for money, though .she had plenty to spare for Poland and operations in Asia Minor. The world even loaned Germany money in order that Germany could pay France, thus creating a situation which enabled France to raid the gold reserves of England and the United States. At the very moment Premier Laval was over here telling his troubles to President Hoover, French bankers quietly were setting the stage for still another raid, and it is justifiable to assume that they were doing so with the hope of causing the same kind of a financial disturbance in New York that they previously had caused in London. tt tt We're in the Soup WITH all this clearly in mind, shall we rail at France for playing a steady, clever game, or admit that we have been dumb, and quit the silly, fickle, vaporous attitude that has left us open to every kind of trick? We are pretty sore right now, which means that we are likely to make still worse mistakes if we aren't careful. Congress has shown its temper by adopting a useless resolution in opposition to. the reduction, or cancellation of war debts, and President Hoover has displayed equally poor judgment by declining to send an observer to Lausanne. Such moves are childish. We’re in the soup, and we can’t expect to get out of it by sulking in the corner Our cue is to take hold of the problem in a firm, unemotional way, and look for a solution which will be to our own advantage with the same singleness of purpose that France has displayed. We have shouted idealism from a safe distance long enough.

Questions and Answers

When a man is walking with two women should be walk between them? He should walk on the outside just the same as with one woman. Are there more women than men in the United States? There were 62,137,080 males and 60,637,966 females in the United States in 1930. Where was Abraham Lincoln born? Near Hodgenville. Hardin county, Kentucky. What does the initial “F” on Indian head nickels stand for, also the initial “W” on Liberty Head dimes? The “F” on the Indian head nickels stands for Fraser, the designer of the coin, and “W” on the Liberty head dimes stands for Weinman, the designer. What relation is my mother’s cousin to me? First cousin once removed. Is the guillotine still used as the means of execution in France? Yes What is a hygrometer used for? To measure the humidity of the atmosphere. Where is Carter Lake National park and how large is it? It is in southwestern Oregon, and has an area of 249 square miles.

Daily Thought

And all the earth sought t r Solomon, to hear his wisdom which God had pat in his heartr—l Kings 10:24. Wisdom comes to no one by chance.—Seneca,

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Rest Only Safe Remedy for Fatigue

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia. the Health Magazine. ALTHOUGH every one realizes that the employe who becomes tired may be a menace to himself and to those around him because of the delayed reactions and subsequent accidents, the study of fatigue in industry continues to be a most difficult and complicated problem. No scientific method exists for detecting the onset of a harmful amount of fatigue. A feeling of tiredness gradually may increase to the point of danger, but the difference between just being tired and being fatigued to the point of danger is a broad difference. If a person is in fairly good health, he should not feel tired for more than one-fifth of his total waking hours.

IT SEEMS TO ME

PEOPLE sometimes scoff at the power of the press, but the embattled editors now can point with pride to one achievement. They have managed to get the Delaware and George Washington out of the cellar of the Metropolitan Museum in New York. At least, the museum heads have promised to let Leutze’s picture see the light again for a little while. This favor is to be a sort of bicentennial birthday present for the Father of His Country. As the tumult abates I must explain my tardiness in joining the fray. The fact is I felt both sides were wrong. Unfortunately this happens to be my sincere opinion concerning many conflicts, and I am beginning to find my little house in no man’s land no better that a hermit’s hut. 0 0 Could Be Wrong BUT please consider the folly of the arguments advanced by the combatants in this case. On the one hand, many editors asserted that it was unpatriotic to put a picture of George Washington in the cellar. It showed, they said, a disrespect for our first President. But any such rule would hamper history, fiction and the drama as well as art. I myself might write a ten-act tragedy called “Valley Forge” and dare any critic to say a word against it under penalty of committing sedition against the name and fame of Washington. This was not, you understand, the general himself who was escorted below stairs, but merely his painted likeness. Washington might have been one of the first to say “away with it!” 0 0.0 Mr, Bryan on Art JOHN REED onoe interviewed William Jennings Bryan and asked him to name his favorite painting. “The Madonna and Child,” ventured Mr. Bryan. “But, you know, there are a number,” Reed objected. “Which do you mean?”“Any ‘Madonna and Child’,” answered Mr. Bryan with that touch of universality which made him a great political leader. It seems to me that even a patriot has a right to pick and choose among his Washingtons, rejecting some and acclaiming others. Decatur’s injunction should not be extended to read “The artist right or wrong.” But the museum authorities took no such ground in explaining the exile of the canvas. In the press, at any rate, they advanced the argument that the picture was not historically And here, I think, they introduced a point quite as irrelevant as patriotism. Neither accuracy nor sweet intent is the essential motivation of a masterpiece. * I have heard it said that George Washington did not stand up in the boat and that Leutze painted his sword upon the wrong side. A photographer, of course would have made neither mistake. But this was before the days of flashlight bulbs "dr rotogravure sections. If it were my museum, I would not hang the picture for so much as half an hour, and the explana-

‘None So Blind —’

Perhaps one of the most important causes of fatigue in industry is the outside occupation and the using of time outside of the working place for work of a similiar or even a more difficult character. A great many married women in industry are confronted with this situation. They are concerned not only with the eight hours of working during the day, but with the preparation of breakfast for the family and the cleaning of the house before coming to work, and with the preparation of dinner and numerous household duties after return from work. Such occupations not only bring about added fatigue, but also interfere with the total amount of sleep which is equally important. Boredom and a feeling of tiredness may result from a mental or eftiotional attitude toward work, but

tion could be stated as briefly as this: “It’s too blame big.” Os course, I could not say this without being assailed. I would be asked what bulk has to do with art, and “Mourning Becomes Electra,” “An American Tragedy” and the Colossus of Rhodes would be flung at my head. But in spite of heavy projectiles I should try to stand my ground. Perhaps it may be possible to establish the fact that there really is a difference between the wonders of the world and its art treasures. tt m it The Mirror and Art IF it is one of the functions of art to hold the mirror up to nature, then art should take a tip from the history of the animal kingdom. It is no secret that in the beginning a prodigal and inexperienced nature turned out several generously proportioned lines of mammals and amphibians. In the primeval swamps roamed lizards as big as a Bronx express. And beasts which might have flicked an elephant aside with the little finger of the front paw cavorted in the forests. Those were the days of evolutionary inflation before the coming of the crash. Nature, like our modern

People’s Voice

Editor Times —Under economic conditions which the panic-stricken country is passing through, millions out of employment and thrown on charity for support, an<J thousands of tax-ridden people losing their homes and driven out of business, the laborer is almost a thing of the past. He walks the streets day after day seeking work to support his dependents, but there is nothing ior Mm. These are crime-breeding conditions. Every office holder in Indiana from the Governor down to the holder of the least important office, draws too much salary for these conditions. Every officer should do his bit, be patriotic and red-blooded enough to return half of his salary to the treasury or donate it to the unemployed benefit fund. What is the cause of all this political greed and graft? To get something for nothing? We have public officials serving now in our courthouse as our servants, drawing more than $8 an hour for every hour they actually serve. When a man is elected to public office, he is expected to perform his duty as the servant of the public, but as soon as he takes his seat in his swivel chair, he automatically becomes a dictator, and the public becomes his servant, I believe in the Golaen Rule, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” I believe in using common sense and honesty in all transactions in my line of duty Rocky Ripple. JAKE MILLER. Was Frank Curide. one of the socalled “Four Horsemen” of Notre Dame? He was a great Notre Dame football player, but one of the “Four Horsemen’ They were Harry Stuhldreher, Elmer Layden, Don Miller and Jim Crowley.

boredom is not the|same as physical fatgue. Dr. V. M. Palmieri, a French physician, found that a normal amount of activity on the part of women in industry stimulated their metabolism and increased their bodily tone, but that overactivity brought about fatigue with disturbances of metabolism, anemia, irritability and digestive disturbances, and in the case of many women disturbances of their feminine functions. The only safe treatment for fatigue and exhaustion is rest. Chronic fatigue is shown by a diminished amount of red coloring matter in the blood, a diminished amount of red blood cells, and a lowered power of the blood to overcome infectious diseases. These obviously are serious effects and must be guarded against in every industry.

DV HEYWOOD BROUN

economic system, was stronger in production than in distribution. Nobody paid any attention to the upkeep. I have no sure way of knowing nature’s intentions for the next million years, but I believe we are still too big. There is a prophetic quality in art, and already literature turns toward the bee and leaves the elephant to his jungle fastness and his bag of peanuts. If I were a museum painter I would not glory in the fact that some passerby remarked: “What a whale of a picture!” I’d much prefer to be identified with the humming bird or the flying fish.

W T 9s9£ Y $ A WORLD WAR \ ANNIVERSARY

SINKING OF BRESLAU Jan. 20 ON Jan. 20, 1918, the German warship Breslau was sunk and the battle cruiser Goeben was damaged in a battle with British naval forces at the entrance to the Dardanelles in the eastern Mediterranean. The Goeben was run aground, after being badly damaged, but it managed to free itself and escape into the Dardanelles. These two ships had escaped from Admiral Troubridge at the beginning of the war, and were sold to Turkey. The Turks named the Goeben, the Sultan Selim, and the Breslau, the Midullu. H. M. S. Lizard attacked the Breslau and the Goeben. Both returned the British ship’s fire. The Lizard was then joined by H. M. S. Tigress. H. M. S. Raglan was heavily hit, and it sank. Steaming away, the Breslau exploded suddenly, apparently striking a mine. Two or three minutes later there were three more explosions. She heeled over and sank. On seeing the Breslau sink, the Goeben circled her once, and then steamed off to the south.

Farmers Benefited — # When you buy Columbia brands soup, you are helping the farmers who live near Indianapolis. The Columbia Conserve Company, an industrial democracy, shares its earnings with the farmer. This last year the company contracted with Indiana farmers for tomatoes at sls a ton. The highest price paid by any other Indiana canner was sl2 a ton and some paid as low as $8 a ton. That meant a benefit to the farmers. It also meant a higher quality of materials for the consumer. Ask for Columbia brands of soups, chili con carne. tomato juice, pork and beans and catsup. AT ALL REGAL STORES

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this naner.—The Editor.

JAN. .20, 1932

SCIENCE

Professor States Theory Explaining Action of the Brain! Consciousness, He Says, has- Fqur Dimensions. WHAT goes on within the brain? How are “events in the brain” related to the sensations of consciousness? Those are two of the most baffling questions facing psychologists today. Anew theory concerning them was recently advanced by Professor Edwin G. Boring, the famous psychologist of Harvard university. Professor Boring points out that in psychology, we deal with phe-. nomena which may be localized into three divisions. First there are the sense-organs. Secondly, there is the brain. Third, there is consciousness. The sense organs pick up stimuli from the outside world. Rays of light strike the eye, sound-waves beat upon the ear-drums, and so on. These various sense-organs are activated by stimuli from, the outside world and in their turn set certain nerves into action. Nerve currents, electro-chemical in nature, travel along the nerves. They enter the brain. Asa result, certain concepts emerge in consciousness. The sound waves become sounds, perhaps music, perhaps noise. The rays of light are united into images of the outer world. The question involved, however, is that of what the brain actually docs. What is the actual nature of the phenomena, the events—to use Professor Boring’s term —in the brain? tt tt a M Brain Patterns Formed THE brain is known to be a great mass of neurons or nerve cells—millions of them. Direct expei’iment and observation of disease and accident has revealed certain things about the brain. There are, for example, definite localities which seem to control definite activities. • Thus a certain area in the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, the “gray matter" which forms the top of the brain, is concerned with vision. Another area is concerned with hearing, another with taste, another with smell, and so on. This, however, does not answer the question of what the nature of consciousness is. Certain authorities, among them Professor Leonard T. Trolland, have suggested that consciousness is an electromagnetic pattern in the brain. It is known that the currents which flow in nerves are electrical in nature, more exactly, electrochemical. These currents, flowing into the brain cells, may be assumed to cause differences in electrical potentials, accumulation of minute electric charges at different places, and so on. The result, so Trolland and others think, is the setting up of an elec-tro-magnetic pattern which they think is consciousness. Dr. Boring thinks that we can study certain relationships between the brain and consciousness and thus arrive at a better understanding of both the nature of consciousness and the processes which go on in the brain. He would have psychologists study what he calls "the physiology of consciousness.” Regarding consciousness, he says that we may assign it four dimensions first suggested by Titchener. He defines these as “quality, intensity, extensity, and the temporal dimension which Titchener calls ■protensity.’ ” In other words, we find in con-" sciousness quality, intensity, a sense of space, and a sense of time. tt n n Sums Up Views PROFESSOR BORING sums UR his views of the present situation as follows: “A careful examination of the introspective process shows that introspection, like any other observation, is the taking note of symbols that mean occurrences in this constructural or real world. “We, therefore, are free to examine these symbols, the phenomenal data of introspection, to see what they can symbolize with the greatest profit for scientific psychology; and we conclude that neural events are the sort of mental constructs that introspective data most effectively ‘intend.’ “In general, the most plausible theory of the brain seems to be thae the four conscious dimensions find reality there in four physical di- c mensions of intensity, exteftsity, duration, and an uncertain four which must have an immediate dependence upon the physical variable for quality in the stimulus. “Such a general view is most definitely explicable for intensity. Sensed intensity must represent degree of excitation in the brain. “Such excitation does not, however, have to be localized at a singl? place at a single time, except that it must all be effective in producing a simple subsequent neural event which Is the first physiological term of the introspective process. “In respect of extensity, the notion that introspection tends approximately to mirror the brain \i. at the present day, a plausible view and a useful one. “‘A more conservative physiolog not only leaves one without an hy pothesis for most of the facts cl space perception, but implies certain limitations which are contradicted by the facts."