Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 199, Indianapolis, Marion County, 29 December 1931 — Page 4

PAGE 4

SC* I P*J-MOW AMO

Youth’s New Year To those looking for a bit of cheer in these days of depressions, debts, and wars—and who isn’t looking for a brightener—we submit the remarks of President Lowell of Harvard on modem youth. Mast of us live in the hopes of our children, anyway. Progress comes that way. One generation is content to fall if it has equipped the next generation to do better. Always, in the zigzag of civilization, the elders look to youth. But, since civilization began, always timorous age and disillusioned experience have been frightened by headstrong, wayward youth. Our generation is no exception. At the moment, many of us are in a debauch of despair over the alleged sins and weaknesses of the young. Many teachers, who have forgotten the realities of their own youth, share that despair. Dr. Lowell is not of that tribe. Speaking out of long experience and wide knowledge, he says: ‘‘Our college students as a whole appear more mature than a generation ago, not only in scholarship, but also in their outside interests and in the sense of proportionate values, which is the flower of maturity. And this in spite of—perhaps to some extent because of—the fact that they enter a year younger than they did in the early ’9os. “Maturity is by no means entirely a matter of years. It depends much more on environment, and, above all, on responsibility.” Youth today is more mature, more responsible than in the ’9os, as President Lowell has found. And, we would add, youth today is more honest. Youth sees through more of the shams, and says so. That frankness is not folly. It is the hope of the world.

Free as the Ah? “Free as the air”—a fine old phrase. “Today,” says the federal radio commission, “approximately 550 persons, firms, or companies have licenses which give them the right to use the air to its maximum capacity for radio broadcasting purposes. There are 123,000,000 people in the United States wholly dependent upon these few persons for their radio entertainment.” Free as air? The commission adds: “Their (the people’s) rights in this new art can not be denied. And if their share of this form of entertainment can be received only at the expense of advertising statements . . . then they are justified in demanding a change in the system.” But what if these monarchs of the air do not change their ways? Th* radio commission answers: “The problem should not be taken out of their (the broadcasters’) hands until they have had full opportunity to make the necessary corrections. "If they decline the opportunity, or seizing it, fail, the matter should be treated with proper legislation.”

A Wise Governor A wise Governor is bending down, one by one, the iron bars of prejudice and hysteria which have held men imprisoned since Centralia’s Armistice day riot. Governor Hartley of Washington just has granted parole to one of the five prisoners still held as a result of that day’s tragic occurrences. At the same time he has extended indefinitely the leave of another of these men, released last spring to care for a critically ill wife. When the remaining four have been released, government will have done all in its power to wipe out the memory of its unworthy behavior in the first flush of anger that Armistice day. # With the picture vivid before us of all the other ills and wrongs that have swept over the world since then, it sometimes is hard to remember that unfinished task in Washington. Bits while men remain in jail unjustly, no citizen is safe.

The Machine, Profits and Leisure Depression or no depression, man must face the prospect of more leisure time on his hands. Better machinery will facilitate more rapid production of goods. Essential working time will be reduced. Even conservative business men are being converted to the six-hour day and the five-day week. Will this leisure, like the machinery which makes it possible, master man? Or will man make of it the greatest boon which yet has come to a race thus far mainly devoted to securing the bare necessities of existence? Tijiis question is discussed profoundly by a keen and learned social psychologist, Professor Floyd H. Allport, in a lead article in Harper’s Magazine. Writing on what he defines as “technological leisure,” he says that such leisure exacts a high degree of commercial stimulation, producing nervous tension, worries, depressions, and possibly poverty and despair. The recreations of a whole civilization may come to resemble those of the “tired business man.” (1) Increased technological development and commercialization tends to destroy the environment in which we might enjoy our spare time. Roads.and signboards mutilate the countryside, which also is becoming depopulated through urban concentration. Birds and wild animals are destroyed or driven into cover by human intrusion. (2) Life has become depersonalized. Neighbors in apartment houses do not know one another. The seats about the stove in the corner grocery store have disappeared. Urban club life promotes little intimate social and intellectual intercourse. We live where we can obtain work, not where we would like to reside, or where wfe know people. (3) Great batches of leisure will require new types of interest, for which man has not been prepared by his past. He hitherto has developed his interests mainly in connection with various aspects of making a living. The separation of life from work “•Rill leave the organism listless and cold.” (4) It is hard to'get interested in studying nature, for it is inaccessible to most city dwellers. “Franklin could not have flown his kite on Sixth avenue; nor could Newton have fathomed the universal principle of gravitation through watching elevators go up and down.” (5) The radio and victrola give us access to more music, but our attitude toward it is purely passive and receptive. (6) There is little personal zest in short trips, for we meet machines rather than persons on* the road. Even extensive travels no longer arouse much curiosity or excitement, for our standardized machine culture has made us much alike everywhere. (7) Sex and ostentation seem to be the basic outlets. "Having put vacant time into life, the exponents of technological leisure imagine they can put life back into the vacancy they have created.” > Professor Allport has made an invaluable contribution in warning us as to the dangers of walking into

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPI’S-HOH.ARH .NEWSPAPER) Owned and published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County, 2 cents a copy; elsewhere, 3 cents—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. Mail subscription rates in Indiana, $3 a year: outside of BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER, Editor President Business Manager' PHONE— R.,ey 3331 TUESDAY. Dec. 29, 1931. Member of United Press, iicrippa-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

the age of .leisure without adequate preparation and precaution. A qualification might be entered to soften the shock of his assault. He seems to have associated inseparably technological efficiency with a profit-crazy and super-commercialized world. There is no reason why our machines could not give us leisure in a civilization of simple and sane tastes. We might run less machinery, but we would not have less free time. Holiday Prohibition How the noble experiment is working during these festive days may be judged by current headlines, a few of which are herewith recorded: “Three dead in Boston’s wettest Christmas.” “Representative Horr asks funds for loss in fire started by drys.” “Mayor of Tarrytown abandons dry law enforcement; calls law ‘hypocritical failure.” “Dry officials seek to halt sale of grape concentrate.” “State joins drive on New York night clubs.” "Crusaders state that 44 per cent of federal law officers deal solely with prohibition.” “End of poison in gin sighted by La Guardia.” “More die by cars in year and half than during war.” “Inside story of Legs Diamond slaying told.” “James Gordon Battle urges physicians to combat dry law as insult to profession and foe to public health.” “Senator Blaine introduces bill to outlaw wiretapping evidence.” “Prohibition is almost entirely a drive against dishwashers and says Broun.” “Poisoned liquor takes many lives; 100 seriously

A Commendable Resolution The Women’s Intercollegiate News Association held its thirteenth annual convention at Providence, R. I. Represented were most of the important women’s colleges in the east. The delegates passed a resolution urging that college newspapers should “not be subject to censorship by the administration, faculty bodies and trustees, and that the officers of these publications shall not be penalized for any matter printed within the recognized ethics of journalism.” There are a number of reasons why this resolution may be* commended heartily: In the first place, it is hard to get realism into college journalism. It tends inevitably to be “play journalism” in any event. When to this is added a smothering faculty censorship, all real juice and originality is likely to disappear. Independence will stimulate initiative, vitality and a sense of responsibility. In the second place, freedom and tolerance in college journalism alone makes possible that criticism which may be an important factor in campus thinking. The recent attack of the Columbia Spectator on intercollegiate football is an excellent case in point. The editor may have been wrong, but he certainly stimulated a vast amount of clarifying thought on the football situation. This would not have been possible in a regime of rigid censorship, or in an atmosphere of uncertainty, where the editor feared that he might be thrown out on his neck at the first evidence of originality and fearlessness. Finally, free college journalism is an excellent thing for the faculty. Student criticism, which can become articulate chiefly through the college papers, is frequently the only way in which the faculty can be jarred loose from smug and sleepy self-satisfaction. The comment on couises and professors in the Cornell Sun and Harvard Crimson a while back is a healthy example of what may be achieved along this line. It is probably no exaggeration to say that the intellectual stimulus produced at Yale university last year by the Harkness Hoot surpassed anything on the New Haven campus since Billy Sumner ceased his lecturing there more than twenty years ago. Wilson had fourteen points, but Hoover has cut to eight because of the depression. Taxes will go up, but not until July 1. Which will oring any joy we expect next July 4. Even those New York police who raided the nudist cult finally go at the naked truth. And right isn’t* even might in the ring, unless the ring’s on a heavyweight wife. And, while women as motorists have become experts, doctors are still practicing.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

WOMEN are urged to “Parade to Prosperity.” The contention is that we are the purchasing agents of ‘29,000 iOOO families and by maintaining our standards of living and ceasing to be afraid, we can lead the country back to plenty. Now, only ,the woman at home, the purchasing agent herself, knows how fatuous is this idea. Because if the housewife is afraid she has been taught fear by the man who brings home the pay envelope. “I know I have aged ten years in the last twelve months,” said a young matron the other day. “Jim comes home every night and spends the whole evening talking about how bad things are. He is in such a nervous state about the business. / “And when he leaves in the morning I let myself worry until I am sick and know that I am not in a fit state to take proper care of the children.” n n u HERE is a true pen picture of life as it is endured these days oy millions of these so-called powerful purchasing agents. Os course they are afraid! Why shouldnt they be? with nightmare dreams of disaster haunting them, they would be less than human if they carelessly disregarded economic fact. Yet, even they are not so overwhelmed by moral cowardice as are the greAt money lords, the able bankers, the financial leaders of Wall Street. Abject whining goes on there. During the days of prosperity they were unapproachable and awed by their majesty. Today they cower before a fall in the ticker in such a fashion that the average middle-class housewife shows up beside them as a veritable heorine of valor. We must keep going. We must strive to be as courageous in our days of trouble as we were haughty in ours days of glory. And women can help. They must help. Only remember this: The meager hoarding the housewife can do is of little consequence. It is the gold and bonds stuffed into safety deposit boxes by captains of industry and national leaders that creates the difficulty. The American woman is a great force. But if she can swallow “Parade to Prosperity” now, all by her lonesome, she deserves to run the Auntry in the future.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Nothing of a Particularly Drastic Character Is Going to Be Done at This Session of Congress. A Presidential Election Is Too Near. NEW YORK, Dec. 28. Those who prefer unhappy endings ought to be well pleased, with this year. It represents complete triumph for the I-told-you-sos. Even Gandhi has soured on his Pacific doctrines to such an extent that he is ready “to fight, if it costs a million lives.” The moratorium having failed to clear up the reparations problem and congress having gone on record as opposed to cancellation, or even revision of war debts, Europe no longer loves us. For a moment it looked as though that might prove a blessing in disguise by bringing France and England together, but Premier Laval wants no tete-tete with Premier MacDonald. All our heroic efforts to save Manchuria seem to have gone for nought. Twenty thousands Japanese soldiers are toddling right along toward Chinchow just as if nothing had been said on the subject and just as if 400,000,000 Chinamen were not wringing their hands and yelling to the outside world for help.

It’s Europe's Move SENATOR MOSES seems to be the last remaining optimist, especially on the Republican side of human destiny. He says, and without smiling, that he finds the bankers cheerful. Maybe, he interviewed them before the Mellon tax plan came out, or at least, before House Leader Rainey intimated what the Democrats might do to it. Meanwhile, President Hoover is reported as “studying” the question of whether to have our government participate in the forthcoming debt conference. Since congress is on record as opposed to cancellation, or revision, and since that is the one subject the conference wants to discuss with us, what is there to study. Obviously, the next move is Europe’s. Why not let her make it, without advice or interference? * u tt No Cash to Spare IF experience is to be trusted, it costs money to advise, or interfere with Europe, and with 6,000,000 unemployed to look after, a federal deficit of $4,000,000,000 staring us in the face, industry down 43 per cent and several big cities in such bad shape that they can’t borrow enough to meet their pay rolls, we have no money to spare. #• n n SPEAKING of deficits and pay rolls, you remember that the Democrats promised, or threatened to cut the federal budget by something like $300,000,000. Rumor has it that, after making a more careful survey, they feel not only that such a cut is impossible, but that substantial cut could be made, except by reducing federal salaries. That looks like stealing Senator Borah’s thunder, but don’t worry; he won’t complain.

Safety First NOTHING of a particularly drastic character is going to be done at this session of congress. A presidential election is too near at hand. The big idea on all sides is to play safe, even if it doesn’t accomplish so much. That is why you find some of the wets getting gun shy of prohibition, especially Democratic wets. It might be all right for the Democrats to nominate a wet, or even ballyhoo the wet cause in such states as Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and Ilinois, but every one knows what the south did three years ago and no Democrat wants to see it repeat. The chances are that it wouldn’t repeat under any circumstances, but just try to make a politician believe that lightning carft strike twice in the same place. nun Whoa, Roosevelt! WHILE on the subject of Democratic politics, it looks as though the Roosevelt boom weren’t going quite so strong. A poll by the United Press, which makes no claim of being conclusive, but which represents expert opinion from all sections of the country, indicates that about the same number of delegates are pledged to favorite sons as to Roosevelt and that nearly one-third of all the delegates is doubtful. That means that the New York Governor is not yet in command of a majority, much less the customary two-thirds.

People’s Voice

Editor Times—l noticed in a newspaper a few days ago where Governor Leslie, in an address, j criticised the people severely for ! drawing their deposts from the banks. Evidently he never has read the Constitution of our government. If Governor Leslie will take the pains to look up the Constitution, as it was drafted in the founding of this government, he will find that it gives each and every individual the right to act according to the dictates of his or her conscience, so long as j the laws of our land are not violated. Therefore, these depositors of the various banks of our country are doing what is morally and financially right to themselves and their famI ilies in protecting their earnings. I do not quite understand why Leslie would object to the people of our country drawing their money from banks and placing it in safe places of keeping, so they might have access to it in paying taxes, as I this is what a big per cent of it is used for. Now just get with us and let us make a banking law that will guarantee the depositors against a loss, and I believe the so-called runs cfn the banks of this country will be a thing of the past. J. H. COPLEN. When was the song of Carrie Jacobs Bond, “A Perfect Day,” published? Published and copyrighted in 1910. Is the Hudson river salty? It is tidal and therefore somewhat salty from its mouth to the United States dam at Troy, N. Y.

*■ —■—— 11 - - ■ " __. ! ‘^S^ r ''-"‘ rX CScfl JrT^

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Football’s Toll Perils Fall Sport

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyseia. the Health Magazine. AVAILABLE records indicate that from forty to fifty young men died during the current season from the results of accidents during football games. These accidents took unusual forms, largely depending on the manner in which they occurred. In a considerable number of instances there were injuries to the head and brain, in other cases bones of the spine were fractured, and one prominent athlete had a bruise affecting the region of the kidneys, which resulted in hemorrhage from the kidneys and a generally serious condition. The captain of one of the great teams is reported to be suffering with pleurisy and empyema, which means a collection of fluid and of infectious material around the lungs, frequently associated with tuberculosis, and in his case certain to result in at least six months of life in a sanatorium before he even can begin to.live normally again. It is difficult to estimate the number of young men and boys

IT SEEMS TO ME by h ™d

BOTH wets and drys have commented upon the fact that prohibition has been greeted with some evidences of a disrespect for law. According to the violators, the amendment is tyrannical and vicious. Those on the other side attribute lawlessness to the depravity of unreconciled and rebellious sots. But it seems to me that both parties to the quarrel might agree in suspecting that certain manifestations of the might and majesty of the federal authority are just a little silly. Washington’s Christmas gift to the free city of New York consisted of a number of raids upon elaborate speakeasies. I would prefer that agents did nothing at all, but since they draw pay from taxpayers I will grant that it is logical enough for them to go out and arrest somebody every now and then. n tt Imperial Violators AND if the emperor of a rum ring is captu#d in a dragnet it may be true that he and his associates will be frightened into good behavior for at least a fortnight. But during the last metropolitan campaign I did not read of any sych result. Instead the newspapers carried the information that in one major battle the prohibition forces went away in triumph bearing with them as tokens of the chase six waiters and a dishwasher. The waiters, although pawns in the game, perhaps stand guilty of the charge of having transported here and there the stuff which steals away the mind. But what about the dishwasher? How does he figure in the picture? In his kitchen station he may well have been entirely ignorant of the

M TODAY WORLD WAR \ ANNIVERSARY

ACTION IN PALESTINE —Dec. 29 —

ON Dec. 29, 1917, British forces drove the Turk back two miles on a thirteen-mile front north of Jerusalem and captured five townp. Towns captured by the British were: Ras Arkus, Es Suffa, Anataerram, Kulundia, and Beitunia. General Allenby advanced his British-Egyptian army, supported by French, Italian and Arab auxiliaries, against the increasing resistance of the Turk. Between the time of the loss of Jerusalem and the Turks’ retreat along the Jericho and Naballa roads, a dozen miles beyond the Holy City, the Turk suffered heavy losses in killed and wounded. By Dec. 29, 1917, all Belgium and northern France were under deep snow with the thermometer considerably below the freezing point. It was in this weather that the winter campaigns got under way.

It’s the Old, Old, Story!

now playing football. Certainly forty fatalities is not a great number considering the tremendous number of young men engaged in football and the dangers inherent in the game. On the other hand, there are no other games in which an equal number of young men engage, for example, baseball, track athletics, or even basketball, in which the number of fatalities even will approximate forty to fifty each year. Certainly those who are interested must stop to take stock and to find out whether the returns from the game to the young men in the way of pleasure, character building, of increased musculature, and of opportunity for the future warrant the hazards that now exist. From time to time the laws of football have been modified to eliminate dangers. The old mass play was eliminated through the change in the rules which demands 10 yards in four downs, and which permits the forward pass. However, new hazards are created by skillful thinkers just as soon as old hazards are eliminated. Elimination of the mass play has

nature of the den in which he worked. Life to him was not a thing of fizzes and bubbles, but the harsh reality of facing the fact that people order broccoli and do not eat it. One pictures the order coming all the way from the White House down through various administrators, “Get that man in the back room with a damp cloth or the Constitution totters.” Before the law, according to our theory, all men are equal, be they rich or poor. But prohibition has been almost entirely a drive against dishwashers and bus boys. Still, to be accurate, I must admit that the tally sheet after one federal gesture included two gas ranges and six sofa pillows. Moreover, one of the bravest of the defenders of the whole Constitution and nothing but the Constitution did rise to such heights of patriotism that he was inspired to swing an ax and break a mirror. Under ordinary circumstances that might be interpreted as meaning seven years of hard luck for Herbert Hoover. It is my distinct impression that Mr. Hoover’s luck will change more quickly than that by at least five years.

Abeisance to Ancestors IAM among those who have a sincerely reverent feeling for the best of our national traditions. In the long cavalcade from Washington to Wilson, many leaders have written themselves heroically into our history. Great problems have inspired great men on numerous occasions. . And so it seems to me more or less of a letdown if the accredited representatives of the republic are to be turned loose and encouraged to behave like drunken sophomores at a freshman banquet. It seems to me a little shocking that even the minor tribunes of the people are to be from ow on transformed into pillow snitchers and silk curtain snatchers. Uncle Sam is made to seem a little like a bad boy in a tantrum when he goes about WTecking plumbing and carting away gas ranges. Perhaps all this redounds to the glory of organized society in the long run, but it seems, on the surface of things, to be somewhat more sadistic than social. U M tt Tragedy Which Is Personal POSSIBLY it may be charged that I speak with venom which is based on personal bias. And that is true. At such times as the dervishes descended upon Charlie’s Joe’s or Mike’s I read the reports of the carnage more or less impersonally. But now the Volstead vandals have laid hands upon a resort only two or three doors away from where I live. It was a place where a newspaper man could hurry when racked with the nervous strain of his job and get himself a minute steak. Indeed, there have been afternoons during

resulted in the development of skillful interference and of wedge formations following the kickoff which are perhaps even more hazardous than was mass play, because they involve a group of men in rapid motion. Finally, the tremendous financial income from successful football induces the “win at any cost” policy. Men are kept in the game long after they should have been removed because of fatigue or injury. Coaches with a limited amount of material nevertheless engage in schedules far beyond the capacity of the few men they have available. The purpose of athletics in general Is to develop the body harmoniously through systematic exercise; to correct physical defects; to provide situations which will arouse and increase the 1 qualities of courage, fair-play, self-sacrifice and loyalty, and finally to train men in leadership, discipline and judgment. If the coaches and the athletic directors who are responsible for promoting this program lack the very qualities that ‘ they are presumed to teach, the future of football must be insecure.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor

which I may have partaken of three or four minute steaks if the night before happened to be trying. And now the place stands stripped and bleak nd empty. Strict accounting demands that I add my own plight to that of the dishwasher. This constitutes a twin triumph for the forces of law and order. No longer can I ride down the elevator from the penthouse and find an oasis within fifteen paces of the front door. It has been a terrible lesson to me. The arm of the law is long and the mills of Volstead grind exceeding fine. Yes, indeed, I am not likely ever more to laugh at prohibition and take it ligh ly. The power of the eighteenth amendment has been brought home to me. From now on I must walk twenty paces. And climb one flight of stairs. Besides, I do not like the minute steaks in this other place as well as those which once were served in the haven which was raided. (CoDvrißht. 1931. by The Times)

Questions and

Answers

Is alcohol a non-conductor of electricity? Absolute alcohol is a non-con-ductor. Which state has the largest number of counties? Texas has two hundred and fiftyfour. Do cows have upper teeth? They have no upper front teeth, but they do have upper molars and premolars. When do.’is the term of the president of Germany expire? In May, 1932. He is elected for a term of seven years.

Parties--Parties—Parties! Our Washington Bureau has ready for you anew bulletin on Parties for All Occasions. Holiday Parties, Lincoln and Washington’s Birthday Parties, “Kia” Parties for Grownups, Children’s Parties, and a lot more. It gives interesting suggestions for decorations, games and costumes for all sorts of parties. If you want a copy, fill out the coupon below and mail as directed: CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 161, Washington Eurau The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin PARTIES, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncanceled postage stamps, to cover return postage and handling costs: NAME STREET AND NO CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

DEC. 29, 1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Additional Lore on Relativity Expected From Einstein During Stay in California. r T''HE closing week of 1931 finds Professor Albert Einstein due. according to last word received, to arrive in California before the new year dawns. Professor Einstein was a visitor in California at the start of 1931. It seems likely, therefore, that the beginning of 1932, like the beginning of 1931, will find the great relativist again in the newspaper headlines. A great many people will be confused by the fact that Professor Einstein and some of his colleagues will probably announce new developments in the relativity theory. What they fail to grasp is that a scientific theory is not like an oil painting. It is not something which is finished once for all. A scientific theory, if it is any good, is like a tree. It continues to grow. Einstein announced his special theory of relativity in 1905. ‘ This was followed by his general theory of relativity in 1915. This second theory represented an extension of the first. It did not in any way invalidate the first theory. For that matter. Einstein's theories extended, rather than destroyed Newton's view's. Newton, as was recently pointed out by Dr. J. Frenkel of Leningrad, although he postulated absolute space, really introduced the relativity of space into his theory. Einstein accepted the full implications of the relativity of space and added the relativity of time to it. * U B Universe Expanding ■JIATOST of the discussions during •*“*■*■ 1931 did not concern the fundamentals of the Einstein theory. They centered, on the contrary, around extensions and inferences to be drawn from the theory. The situation may very well be likened to that which obtained in the years immediiately after the announcement of Newton's law of gravitation. Laplace, Lagrange, Euler, D’Alembert and others were busy applying the theory to a study of the solar system. In the same way, many investigators, including Einstein himself, have been applying the theory of relativity to the study of the structure of the universe. Most of the discussions which have reached popular attention during the past year, have been on this phase of the subject. These discussions, incidentally, have added weight to the Einstein theory of relativity. Direct observations of the heavens, made with the 100-inch telescope at Mt. Wilson, showed that all the distant nebulae appeared to be moving away from the earth. This led to the notion of an expanding universe. Lemaitre, the Belgian mathematician and astronomer, showed that the idea of an expanding universe was inherent in the Einstein equations, although Einstein himself had failed to note this implication of his own work. In other words, the Mt. Wilson discovery of the receding nebulae, constituted another proof for the theory of relativity.

Radius of Space THE Einstein equations laid the foundations for new theories as to the structure of the universe. But in themselves, they did not solve the problem. Einstein’s ‘equations led to the view that space is finite. Space, according to relativity, is curved and therefore, while it is unbounded, it is nevertheless finite. This led to the problem of the amount of curvature which space possessed. Solution of this problem would lead to a calculation of the radium of the universe and from that the size of the universe. Einstein himself made a calculation, arriving at what became known as the “Einstein universe.” He gave space a radium of 84000,000,000 light-years, a distance about six hundred times the distance from the earth to the farthest spiral nebulae visible in the 100-inch telescope at Mt. Wilson. Another theory was worked out by Professor Willem De Sitter, the famous Dutch astronomer. The “De Sitter universe” is an expanding universe and with modifications proposed by Lemaitre is probably the strongest theory in the field. The radius of the universe is not yet a settled problem, but as Jeans says, we may think of the radius of space as being at least some hundreds of millions of light-years an*-’, the journey of light around the whole of the universe as taking billions of light-years.

Daily Thought

Th’ bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength.—l Samuel 2:4. Strength, wanting judgment and policy to rule, overturneth itself.— Horace.