Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 195, Indianapolis, Marion County, 24 December 1931 — Page 4

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J C H I f> P J - H O**' Ajtfr

More Politics or Less? While the chairmen of the two political parties announce that no effort will be made to take partisan advantage of any situation that might rise from an emergency session of the legislature, the word will bring little cheer to the public. It is probably true that what prevented action at the regular session on important questions was a lack of politics, rather than a surplus. After all, what is “politics”? True, the word has become associated with trickery, a mean advantage, a skillful use of power for party gain. But in the last analysis, good politics is appealing to public opinion and the favor of the majority. That is exactly what is needed in any session of the legislature. For it is the interests of the majority which are to be safeguarded in this crisis, not the interests of the few who have been more powerful. The majority at present are in distress. They are the farmers whose lands are overtaxed, the home owner who sees his equity going, the worker whose job has already gone or is menaced or his wages reduced. At the regular session it was proposed to give some relief to these groups by an income tax. A powerful minority sent their agents to Indianapolis and the biggest lobby of the session killed legislation. That happened because it seemed good politics to both parties to cater to the few rather than to take a firm stand for the many. If there be no competition between political parties, there is still room for “politics” in its best sense. Members who forfeited public confidence have a chance to redeem themselves. Those who tried to serve the public have the chance for further recognition, If our troubles arc to be solved by political methods, the special session should be called and given the job of meeting emergencies. And no member should be called upon to give a blank check upon his conscience or his judgment. Closing In on the Lawyer The future looks dark for the budding lawyer. Criminologists predict the ultimate disappearance of criminal practice. They tell us that experts will take the arrested man from the j>olice and have full charge of him until he is treated, reformed, and released. The lawyer will have no more part in this process than he has today in handling of insanity cases where the question of criminality is not involved. From the other side, lay corporations, especially trust companies, are steadily cutting in on the practice of civil law. This is particularly true with regard to wills. Yet, an even greater army of novitiates is being ground out of our law schools. The growing conflict between the lawyer and the trust companies over wills and estates is discussed fairly by a professor of law, Henry A. Shinn, in an article on “The Bar and the Bank,” in the North American Review. The road is not wholly clear for the intrusion of the lay corporation into the law practice. An Idaho court in 1030 held that the drafting of wills and trust agreements constitute the practice of law. If done by a lay corporation, such action constitutes contempt of court. f The courts in a few other states have held similarly. But there is far more support for the Georgia decision of this year to the effect that a corporation “may prepare any and all papers in connection with conveyances of real or personal property that it may be requested to prepare by a customer.” Though himself a lawyer, Professor Shinn frankly concedes the advantages possessed by a trust company in administration of an estate: “A trust company occupies .a unique position. In its close association with the commercial department of the bank, it stands at the gate where the commerce of the world must pass, ready to give aid to those who need services. “There are no barriers before its doors, such as the austerity of a lawyer's office or the fear that each word of advice may be accompanied by* a fee. “It never dies, goes abroad, retires, or becomes incapacitated, but ever is ready at any moment to assume the duties of the executor or trustee. “Its investments are guarded by state laws, scrutinized by state examiners, and protected by bonds held by the state. Men who have seen the savings of others lost through the bad faith or poor management of relatives, friends, or devisees hail the trust company as a guardian angel to protect their families from a similar fate.” It is not astonishing that the number of persons who have designated bank and trust companies to act as executors or trustees of their estates increased from 30,000 in 1927 to more than 60,000 in 1929. Further, this practice is becoming increasingly popular with owners of very large estates. In 1929 banks or trust companies were appointed to administer more than a thousand estates valued at more than a million dollars each. Professor Shinn is not floored by this development. He argues that this increase of the business of trust companies will not be a total loss to the bar. It encourages the making of wills. If the trust company acts as executor, it should not act as attorney as well. This would be as bad as the present practice where a lawyer often acts as both attorney and executor. Neither the trust company nor the lawyer can be wholly impartial w T hcn acting as both attorney and executor. By encouraging the making of wills, the trust company gets business for itself in administering estates and for lawyers who act as attorneys to draw and probate wills. Efficiency and honesty, then, will result in advantages to both. Professor Shinn concludes on a sensible note. The bar will benefit more by modernizing itself than by protesting against the inevitable course of business progress: “If any great barrister of two centuries ago were to awaken in a modern courtroom, he could address the judge and proceed with the trial. Could a Rip Van Winkle in any other profession or business do as well? Lethargy, not encroachment, is the bar’s problem; reform, not opposition, its solution.” The Children's Burden Christmas time is children’s time. So, while the merry laughter of millions of youngsters makes musical this best of seasons, we must not forget the others to whom childhood means daily toil. Child labor deprives children of their heritage, and deprives adults of the Jobs so much needed—especially in times of depression. According to the annual report of the national child labor committee, just made public, 3,326,152 American children between 7 and 17 years of age habitually are out of school. Os these, at least 1,000,000 are "at work under o conditions which, if not actually injuriou*r-*re de- * \

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPrs-HOWAJiII PEWSPAPER) published dally (except Sunday) by Tbe Indianapolis Tiroes Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, lad. Price in Marion County, 2 centa a copy; elsewhere. 3 cent*—deliwed by carrier. 12 centa a week. Mall sobarrlptlon rates in Indiana. S3 a year: ontalde of Indiana. 5 centa a month. BOID GT'KLET. ROT W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley SMI THURSDAY. DEC. 24, 1931. Member of United Press. bcrlpps-Howsrd Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

prlving them of the fundamentals of education which are becoming more and more nearly indispensable to occupational progress." William G. Carr of the National Education Association estimates the number of children of these ages normally out of school because of work at 2,120,000. Progress has been made in the last quarter century in wiping out the national shame of child labor. Millions of children have been rescued from Jobs for hire and released to play and learn. Machines have released many; laws have freed many more. The children’s “glory hole” of the glass industry is no more. More than 60,000 children under 14 have been freed from the near slavery of twelve-hour days in the lint-laden cotton mills of the south. The hiring of boys under 14 in coal mines and breakers is rare today. But “the grosser forms of childhood exploitation still are with us.” The depression has not helped. “Never have the ultimate implications of these drifts been more clearly evident than today,” the report states. “When we see from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 adults desperately in search of work and 3,326,152 children from 7 to 17 out of school, many in direct competition with adults for employment and many more in idleness—the best breeder of delinquency—the situation becomes so obvious that even the most conservative person begins to look for remedies.” Remedies, of course, are strict laws, strictly enforced and backed by a determined public opinion. The United States supreme court having killed the federal child labor law, the next step is ratification by thirty-six states—Colorado, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Wisconsin and Montana—have done their duty by the children. The Foreign Bogy Someone should debunk the idea that foreign debts and securities are chiefly responsible for America’s troubles. To hear Senator Hiram Johnson and our isolationists talk, you would think nobody ever lost anything on domestic American investments. Os course the American public at the moment is looking for a scapegoat. One day it is Hoover. The next day it is the international bankers. Then it is Hoover and the international bankers, the theme being that they led us astray into foreign investments. As for the bankers, they certainly showed little judgment and less leadership in failing to halt the boom market. Nevertheless, the fault went much deeper. It was the whole boom psychology. The public, which wanted to get rich quick, was basically to blame. The Investing public in the period of 1927-29 was extremely bullish, and foreign securities were only a small item in the total. When we rub the bumps on our heads from foreign losses, we might remember also the losses at home—the vacant office buildings and idle factories reflected in depreciated real estate bonds and industrial stocks. The point that the isolationists miss ia that foreign depression means American depression, and American depression means foreign depression. It will do no good to curse Europe for faults we share and conditions for which we are jointly responsible. American prosperity depends in part on foreign trade and foreign investments. American peace depends on international co-operation. End of Toothaches? One of the best Christmas gifts that science could give every one is Dr. E. V. McCollum’s announcement today in Baltimore that the end of toothache is in sight. Enough phosphorus, combined with calcium and vitamin D in the diet, ia the secret. So far, guinea pigs have benefited and demonstrated the value of the new method of preventing tooth decay. During the coming year it will be possible for every one to benefit, according to the scientist. No special preparations or high-priced foods are necessary. Just common sense and intelligent attention to diet is required. Even candy eating is not banned. In the wake of this important discovery there may come highly ballyhooed preparations designed to make us “phosphorus-conscious.” This is inevitable, perhaps, but not helpful to those who select their food intelligently. Unfortunately, the discovery can not be made retroactive in its effects. It will not replace false teeth. But it will help the children of today and tomorrow. The cuckoo may be a goofy bird, but he manages to keep himself from being knocked off for the Christmas dinner. One way to become hungrier is to join a hunger march.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

TN 1930 the Association of Southern Women for the V- Prevention of Lynching was organized. It has functioned to good purpose, and in November representative members from twelve of the thirteen southern states met In Atlanta to discuss their work. Since the majority of the crimes that incite to mob violence are against southern women, it is particularly fitting that these feminine protests should come from this quarter of the country. After a complete study of the cases and a compilation of statistics, the leaders have made this public statement: "Lynching is not committed actually in the protection of white women, but that is an excuse to condone a crime against law and government, and it is a menace to the southern home and the children. Therefore, women no longer can keep silent while this crime is done in their name.” tt tt tt THERE are many mistaken ideas on this subject. To the average person, a lynching means the killing of a Negro. When we hear of one we instantly jump to the conclusion that some black man has made improper advances to a white woman. The truth is, however, that no race is exempt from this violence. Os the 3,703 persons lynched in the United States from 1889 to 1929, 21 per cent were white. Mexicans are often victims of this outrage also. And as it is indeed high time to take drastic measures to tamp out this barbarous custom, the women who are undertaking an educational campaign to do this are to be commended especially. The mob spirit is incited by emotionalism and thrives on ignorance. And it is an uncomfortable thought that a good many victims of mob rage later have been proved innocent. Lynching is the last resort of cowards, who in the name of righteous vengeance, permit themselves to revel in bestial emotions. It is a traitorous blow at the very foundation of our government, the Constitution. #

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy ! SAYS: I The Civilized World Rapidly Is Approaching a Crisis. Something Heroic Must Be Done. The Old Remedies Have Failed. VIEW YORK, Dec. 24.—“And there were in the same countryshepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flocks bynight. And, 10, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them; and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, Fear not; for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people.” Believe as you like, but this simple story typifies human progress in its larger and more fundamental aspects. When the time comes for a new gospel to make Its appearance and anew order to be established, the humbler folk are usually first to hear. Or, as the late President Wilson put it, “revolution usually begins in the cellar.” tt tt tt Hopes and Actuality /"\NE would like to believe that we can depend on training and exi>erience to produce prophets when prophets become necessary; that if there are flaws in our economic system, the richest men will be first not only to see them, but to lead in the work of reform; that when our judicial system grows inefficient, great lawyers will assume the responsibility of putting it in order, and that if government grows oppressive, those in authority vail be first to propose measures of relief. It hasn’t worked that way and the chances are it never can. tt ss tt Blind Faith Persists O ELF-PRESERVATION is the first law of nature, and those systems which we evolve with such infinite pain and such alluring hope are no exception. In spite of the great convulsions to which it has led, all the woe and suffering it has brought about, we still maintain blind, uncompromising faith in existing systems. The higher we happen to be in them, the more stubbornly w-e fight for their continuance. There are exceptions to the rule, of course, but they only serve to reveal it more distinctly. tt tt tt Leaders From Obscurity LOOK at the world around you, particularly at those parts of it which are in social, or political revolt. A Gandhi in India, a Mussolini in Italy, a Stalin in Russia—who were they, what were they, where were they 25 years ago? Or, if you prefer to be a little more orthodox, who, in 1906, would have picked Ramsay MacDonald as herd of the British government today? tt tt tt Ideas, Too, Wear Out WHEN an innovation has been made, system can give us the proper technique for putting it to use, but when an innovation becomes necessary, especially one that promises to supplant the existing order, then we must look to something else. This is a phase of development which receives too little attention. We can not grow without buying a certain portion of the past every so often, without scrapping not only our utensils and implements, but our ideas as well. Must we go on forever depending on “shepherds” to hear the message? tt tt tt Hour for Heroism THE civilized world rapidly is approaching an economic, if not a political crisis. Many of our ablest students admit as much, but that is all. Obviously, something must be done —something heroic, something which will seem very radical to those who travel the smooth roads of tradition. The old remedies not only have failed, but made things a little worse. The more we tinker with reparations and war debt: 7 , the deeper we get in the mire. The more we play with tariffs, the worse international trade becomes. Great governments are struggling desperately to keep their budgets j balanced, while . taxes grow more j burdensome day by day. Men cry for precedents because that is the way they have been taught to think, but the emergency they face is without precedent.

M TODAY £$ / WORLD WAR \ ANNIVERSARY

NORWAY’S MARINE LOSS December 24 ON Dec. 24, 1917, the Norwegian ship Ingrid II was sunk by either a German submarine or a mine. This sinking set the toll of Norwegian merchant ships at nearly one-third of the entire fleet of the nation. Only four members of the crew were saved. Italian forces were being hard pushed in the Asiago sector in the region of Buso Valbella, the Teutons having pushed past forward positions of the Italian army. In assaulting rear positions, however, the enemy was stopped. Italy’s valiant army pushed back the Austrians from their foothold on the Piave Vecchio, south of Gradenigo. In compliance with the demand of the Ukrainian government, Bolshevists released the Ukrainian revolutionary staff which had been held on suspicion of being in a plot to give General Kaledine Red Cross supplies.

Daily Thought

Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the Lord do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me.—Ruth 1:17. A woman whom we truly love is i religion.—Mme. de Girardin.

Seems to Bea Ventriloquist in the House

jr — ‘ '-x IT yiU •TAKE’ A I IOk&.LOMG TIME j TO GET ACTION IN)

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Care Needed to Avert Pneumonia

BY' DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyxeia. the Health Magazine. PNEUMONIA, called by Osier “the captain of the men of death,” called also “the friend of the aged,” since it is a means of quick death for those who have survived to the point at which their life is merely a burden and no longer a pleasure, continues to be a disease of great mortality among all civilized peoples. The disease is caused primarily by the germ called the pneumococcus, but inflammation of the lungs similar to pneumonia may develop following the invasion of other germs. The disease is transmitted from one person to another or by materials containing the secretions from the nose, throat and lungs of those who are infected. Our present condition of housing, the crowding that takes place in the street cars, trains, elevators, motion picture houses, and similar places, leads to such intimate con-

IT SEEMS TO ME

Mme. fauster vittoria INTENGARINT, an Italian sculptor, gave a statement to a newspaper the other day in which she said that most of her subjects were men and explained: “It is not that I prefer to do men. But I am commissioned to do a bust of an important person, and important persons always turn out to be men.” Asa matter of fact, most of them start that way. But I think the sculptor has lost sight of the fact that competitive conditions very largely are stacked against the women in our world. This holds true of the arts and the professions as well as business. Offhand I can think of only two fields in which women are received on an equal basis with men. I am referring to the opera and to the theater. Here the great names are just as likely to be feminine as masculine. Indeed, as far as the stage is concerned, I believe it would be possible to name five excellent young actresses for every male competitor. Specifically, no current actor of the New York theater stands within hailing distance of Katharine Cornell. tt tt tt Doing Nicely as Writers AND, come to think of it, there is st-ill another activity in which discrimination has been lifted and women have taken advantage of it. The novel and the short story field can offer you such names as Willa Cather, Edna Ferber and Edith Wharton, just to pick a few. Marion Clyde McCarroll, commenting in the Post on Mme. Mengarini’s statements, remarks, “When comments are sought on causes of and remedies for national and international problems, how many feminine views are placed side by side with those of masculine leaders?” There is no denying the fact that our world of politics, international affairs and economics is man-made. But I would hardly contend that this is a triumph for our sex. tt tt tt It Is the Way to Bet WHILE it is perfectly true that the women of the world were far from 100 per cent pacifistic in the great conflict, it was from their ranks that most of the peace protests came. And in the future that will be the way to bet. In spite of various kinds of service behind the lines, the severest burdens of war still are borne by men. This gives an added authenticity to the voice of the woman. A man who opposes conflict can not wholly escape from the age-old fallacy that the one who does not care to fight is inspired, at least in part, by a personal timidity. It is quite true, to be sure, that Debs was much more courageous in going to Atlanta than in standing on a street corner to sell Liberty bonds. But prejudice and fallacious thinking are difficult foes. It is not unreasonable to make use of the potential^dispassionate impulses oi

tacts of human beings that transmission of respiratory diseases is exceedingly likely. Apparently the disease develops two or three days after the germs get into the lungs thorugh inhalation, provided the human body is not possessed of enough resistance to throw off the infection. The disease is more common at certain seasons of the year, largely because those are the seasons when resistance is lowered due to constant exposure to unfavorable weather conditions, to bad ventilation, and similar factors. Attempts have been made to control the Incidence of pneumonia by isolating, cases of the disease and preventing contact with other human beings. This is unfortunately so difficult that the exact value of the measure is not certainly established. However, enough is known definitely to warrant the advice that the patient with pneumonia should, if possible, be attended by a nurse who understands the proper sanita-

feminine votes and publicists. Even now no American politician would care to say in private that the woman vote in America is unimportant. By now it is probably no secret that lam not a prohibitionist. But that movement was conceived in all good faith, and it was led and animated to a very large extent by female voters. If it had worked as planned, this change would have been second only to the abolition of slavery as an American social triumph achieved through propaganda and the ballot. It is much too soon to be dogmatic about what place woman is to take in the world in the days to come. You may argue, if you please, that genius is generally

People’s Voice

Editor Times—This pertains to your editorial in The Times of Dec. 12 entitled “The Easy Way,” with particular reference to the suggestion therein contained that the postoffic department expand its parcel post business. Are you in favor of the government expanding its activities in the realm of private enterprise? If not, then why should the government be in the parcel post business at all? The parcel post service is largely responsible for the huge postal deficit. The change in parcel post regulations, effective Aug. 1, 1931, permits the handling of freight up to seventy pounds. Why not leave the freight for private carriers to handle? It is not “mail” in-any sense of the word. The railway express agency, the Southeastern Express Company and their predecessors have been handling the package business of the nation for more than ninety years, and In some parts of the country handled the United States mail before the government did. Keep the government out of business! The shipper who saves 5 cents by using the parcel post service is fooling himself. He pays and pays well in taxes to make up the huge postal deficit. There is no more excuse for the government to operate a business involving the carriage of freight than there is for it to operate the newspapers and let the taxpayer foot the bills. The express companies and other common carriers, by virtue of being among the nation’s largest taxpayers, must pay the government for taking their business away from them. Let the postoffice department handle the mail—that is a public governmental duty—but drop the parcel post or limit it to parcels of weight not exceeding eleven pounds. L. W. HORNING. What is the meaning and derivation of the prefix physi? It is from the Greek phusus, meaning nature. #

tion and hygiene of the sickroom in contagious cases, and who will see to it that the dishes, the bedding and other materials in contact with the patient are properly sterilized or disinfected before being permitted into possible contact with other people. Pneumonia, above all of the other diseases that attack mankind, demands good medical attention and the best of nursing care. The disease tends to run a limited course. During the time when the lungs are congested it is necessary to support the action of the heart by proper measures. Oxygen, administered properly, tends to relieve the strain on the incapacitated tissues of the lungs. The competent nurse sees to it that the patient is not given undue exertion for even his ordinary body functions. The complications of pneumonia may be serious, and in the prevention of such complications the physician has one of his most important functions.

DV HEYWOOD 151 BROUN

masculine. However, it is my impression that vfe make rather too much of the fact of genius. Mass movement changes the surface of the world. tt tt tt Feminism Being Tested GIVE Russia another half century to work along its present lines and we shall know far more about the potentialities of women in all phases of human activity. The old barriers have gone down very rapidly over there. It is quite true that none of the supreme posts under the Soviet regime is held by a woman. But throughout official and industrial Russia women are in posts of leadership. Most important of all is the fact that the traditional educational system has been revised. Professions here do admit women to membership. But there are still great handicaps in the way of the girl who wants to be a lawyer or a doctor. And if she chose mechanical or civil engineering as her job she would find all paths closed against her. The technical schools of Russia have turned completely co-edu-cational. Even fifty years is a pretty short period for such a revolutionary change. Let’s be more generous and make it a hundred. Church and state have combined to put woman in her place. She just barely has come out of the kitchen. I make no pretense at prophecy. Women may fail to come up to their highest dreams when a fair share of leadership has come into their hands. But the change is worth trying. We have not done so well that we can afford to stand and say that things should remain just as they are now. (CoDvrleht. 1931, bv The Times.

Volts, Amperes, Watts Do you know what they are—what they mean? Magnets, generators, motors, induction, incandescence, fuses, meters—they affect every moment of your life, awake or asleep, in this age ol electricity and machinery. .Exerybody in this modem age has occasion to use elementary knowledge of electricity and electrical construction. Our Washington Bureau has ready for you a bulletin, written ir. a popular way on ELECTRICITY, containing the elementary sects about this all-pervading stuff of which all matter in the universe is probably a manifestation. You will find it fascinating reading and full of valuable information. Fill out the coupon below and send for it. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 160, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin ELECTRICITY, and inclose 5 cents in coin, or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs. Name Street and No f City , state I am a reader of Tbe Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without reeard to their aereement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

DEC. 24, 1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ _

Bertrand Russell, in Latest Book, Discusses Prospects of Science Remaking the World; We Know Nothing, He Writes. Bertrand russell is widely known as a brilliant author and lecturer, a philosopher, and a sharp critic of modern life. From time to time, he has assumed the role of a popularizer of science. Many readers are familiar with his “ABC” of the Atom,” and his “ABC of Relativity.” These represent two of the best books available dealing with the Bohr theory of the atom and the Einstein theory of relativity. Many readers also know hk “Philosophy.” In this book he turned to the fundamental questions of the relationship of our psychological perception to physical reality. In his latest book, Russell deals with the general subject of science, the future of science, and the future of a civilization which is subjected to scientific advances and to general notions of what science has discovered. The book is titled “The Scientific Outlook” and is published by W. W, Norton & Cos. at $3. Russell’s style, as those who have read his previous books know, is always brilliant and challenging. In “The Scientific Outlook,” it is more biting and epigramatic than ever before. tt it tt Remaking World RUSSELL feels that science is remaking the world, whether we like it or not. “Science, as a technique,” he writes, “has the further consequence of which the implications are not yet fully evident, namely, that it makes possible, modified the forms of economic organizations and the functions of states, it is beginning to modify family life, and Is almost certain to do so to a much greater extent in the not very distant future." Russell devotes himself to three main themes: first, the nature and scope of scientific knowledge; second, the increased power of manipulation derived from scientific technique; and third, the changes in social life and in traditional institutions which must result from the new forms of organization that scientific technique demands. He begins with an excellent chapter upon examples of scientific method. In it, he discusses the work | and methods of four great scientists, Galileo, Newton, Darwin and Pavlov. Galileo, Russell tells us, was the fathe rof modern scientific methods. His research into physical phenomena reached its climax in the “Principia” of Newton, the work in which Newton set forth his law of universal gravitation. Darwin applied similar methods to biology while Pavlov carried them, by his physiological investigations, into the realm of psychology. Thus, according to Russell, the validity of the scientific method was established first in the realm of inanimate nature, next in the realm of animate nature, and finally in the realm of the mind. tt tt tt Potatoes and Books IN succeeding chapters, Russell deals with the characteristics of the scientific method and with their limitations. That such limitations exist is a fact better known to the scientist than to the layman. For one of the great dangers facing the world today is that people will put too much trust in science. As Russell points out in the chapter on “Scientific Metaphysics,” science is going through a period of doubt today. The scientist today, though he knows much more about the universe than did the scientist of the nineteenth century, is not half so certain that he understands the universe. In fact, whereas the nineteenth century scientist was certain that he had a complete system worked out, the present-day scientist is certain that he has nothing of the kind. Russell writes, “It is a curious fact that, just when the men in the street has begun to bSlieve thoroughly in science, the man in the laboratory has begun to lose his faith.” Russell’s ability to express himself picturesquely and sharply will be found in many places in the book. As for example, when he writes, “Aristotle has been one of the greatest misfortunes of the human race. “Potato blight caused the Irish famine and thus caused England to adopt free trade and Boston to ban modern literature. “Strange to say, so long as the view persisted that man was a rational animal, psychology made no progress. “Educational progress came from attempts to teach the feeble-mind-ed, and psychological progress from attempts to understand lunatics. “The second law of thermodynamics states that things left to themselves tend to get into a muddle and do not tidy themselves up again.” Who delivered the keynote speech at the 1928 Democratic convention? Claude Bowers.