Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 177, Indianapolis, Marion County, 3 December 1931 — Page 4

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Gasoline Bootlegging State Auditor Williamson collected one million more in dollars for gasoline tax during his first year cf office than was collected by his predecessor in the preceding year. The Governor, simultaneously, starts an inquiry nto bootlegging of gasoline from other states. It is fairly certain that little more gasoline was tsed in 1931 than in 1930. Many industries using trucks were running at less speed. The depression had ilt many autos of workers. The one deduction 1s that if there is a great deal A bootlegging of gas at the present time there must lave been much more during the years when the Governor waa complacent and state officials comuomtsed with the few culprits w r ho were caught on an unconscionable basis. There was no inquiry, for example, into the sudden ownership of bootleg stations by friencJy politicians after outrageous settlements had been made. To be effective and fair, every gasoline vendor should be compelled to pay. None should escape. If there has been favoritism, it means that legitimate concerns are at a disadvantage and compelled to compete with the law violator. The awakened interest of the Governor in this matter may have some good results, if it merely provides a sufficient staff to strictly enforce the law. It will do more if it goes back into the other years and discovers Just why state officials made compromises that carried with them a strong odor of official favoritism. In the meantime the million-dollar increase in collections stands as a testimonial to the activity and alertness of the present auditor of state. A Welcome Addition The newspaper profession as a whole will welcome into its ranks Fred Millis, who has Just purchased an important newspaper at South Bend. The public has a very direct interest in the ownership of newspapers, greater than in any other enterprise. Newspapers deal in ideas and information. What the people of any part of the state* are thinking helps to determine the state of government. Mr. Millis has won a deservedly national reputation as a leader in the field of advertising. He helped to make prosperity for many industries. But more than that, among his friends and acquaintances, he has a reputation for honesty and courage, which are essential to any successful publisher. He brings qualities which commend him to the public. The people of South Bend should be happy, if a change was to be made, that they secured a Millis. Just a Wooden Gavel? We trust the Democrats will temper rejoicing over their New Jersey triumph and prospective control of the national house of representatives with .recognition of the real significance of their victory. It does not indicate a “trend to the Democrats’’ so much as a protest against the administration. The political upset in New Jersey and elsewhere was the expression of a hope that the Democrats can, and will, do better than the Republicans have in meeting the responsibilities which accompany political power. Representative Percy Stewart, the New Jersey victor, publicly pledged that a vote for him would be a vote against the Hoover policies. By that, it is fair enough to suppose, he meant a repudiation of tariffs which have destroyed foreign trade and aggravated unemployment, failure in admitting and attacking the depression, pussyfooting on prohibition, unenlightened treatment of problems affecting business, industry, agriculture, and unwillingness to exert American peace influence in foreign affairs. Jouett Shouse, Democratic executive director, recognizes that it was not a partisan triumph when he says that the “electorate voted without reference to normal party affiliations." But he and his associates on Capitol Hill must recognize something more. The Democrats should know by now that they can not compete with the G. O. P. in sidestepping issues, and they should not want to. That way lies only temporary success. They should, if only from a selfish standpoint, face their responsibilities with the same determination and decisiveness Woodrow Wilson showed in 1912. Now, as then, they face both an opportunity and a test. They have made a good beginning. Their conquest has begot caution they did not show when they were in the minority. Joseph T. Robinson, Democratic senate spokesman, has capped a record of unusual loyalty to Mr. Hoover's policies by discussing new taxation in tones which might have been used by Andrew’ Mellon. Robinson and his colleagues, as they were last year, are loth to demand more direct and generous aid to the unemployed. They are, in accord with the archaic rules of the political game, playing it safe. On the house side, Jack Garner, prospective Speaker, keeps an ominous silence. He has not yet submitted any program, let alone a liberal one, and his more progressively minded fellows look in vain for leadership. Jack, say his friends with a knowing wink, is taking no chances and making no mistakes. But he may be making the mistake of his career. Now that they are in power, the Democrats are reluctant to liberalize house rules. They raise the ame objections which once fell from Republican lips. They are, it seems, content to wait and attack, to protest rather than to present a legislative plan. They question the fitness of Henry T. Rainey for house floor leader because he dared to demand a general leveling of tariff barriers. Members who suggest frank, forthright action are being shush-shushed with the warning that they may endanger campaign prospects for 1932 So it has been left for Representative Bertrand H. Snell, the Republican reactionary, to get behind the progressives demand for revision of the rules, reduction of tariffs and a showdown on prohibition. If Mr. Garner is not careful he may find that he has won not the rewards of victory, but Just a wooden gavel. Mayor Walker’s Service To few persons in public life ever has been given a higher histrionic sense than to New York’s mayor. His capacity for impressing his audiences when he stands and talks before them is supreme. His bitterest critics say that about him. He possesses the rare quality pt sheer drama. f He brought that to bear before Governor Rolph in California. Because of his peculiar ability to focus attention on himself he focused attention on the Mooney-Billings case and in that sense alone he performed a tremendous service in the cause of justice for men unjustly imprisoned. He added a high emotional note to a legal issue "Which, because it has been drawn out so has

The Indianapolis Times <a SCBIPFa-HOWSKU NEWSPAPER) 'nd and published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Time* Publishing Cos 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, lod. Price in Marlon County, 2 cent* a copy; elsewhere. 2 cents—delivered by carrier 12 cents a week. Mail subscription rates Id Indiana. $2 a year ; outside of -Indiana, sis cents a month. BOYD GURLEY. HOY W HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER* Editor PiVsident Business Manager ’HONK— KHey Bflfil THURSDAY. DEC. 3. 1931. Member of United Press. Ucripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newapaper Enterprise Asso elation. Newapaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Oreulationa. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

been treated in recent years somewhat too much as one of cold fact and logic. He injected feeling. Thousands and hundreds of thousands today have read in a warmer light a story they had read and reread before in terms only of questions and answers and lawyers’/objections. Walker’s appearance has given new and virile life to America’s Dreyfus case. And because of that it must now be apparent to the people of California and their Governor that the freeing of Mooney and Billings is both a national and a popular cause—and one that will not die. Walker knows the psychology of public reactions as few men know that psychology. When he Joined the mountingly popular cause, he proved among other things that the crusade was not doomed to fail but had become a mighty force. In California he faced opposition. He came under two fires—the reactionary press which called him “impudent,” and the Communists, who charged him with “stealing the show." Fittingly he paid no attention to either. Seriously he pleaded for a fellow American who, he is convinced, has suffered one of the greatest wrongs ever inflicted by lawless justice. The mass of native Californians must have been impressed by the earnest pleading. The touches of his oratory that brought tears to the eyes of the audience will be understood and remembered by many who failed to grasp the constitutional questions involved in the long, long story of the Mooney-Billings case. His final appeal directed to Governor Rolph will ring for a long time in the ears of his excellency, the mayor’s friend: “The President of the United States, the congress, the standing army and navy can not give Mooney reprieve. Neither can the Governors of forty-seven states. The League of Nations, or all the king’s horses or all the king’s men—they can’t help him. “It remains exclusively and solely with one person, and that sole individual in the whole civilized world that can right the wrong and do justice is the Governor of California.” And so, whether Walker’s transcontinental journey brings immediate fruit or not, it has added immeasurably to a cause whose ultimate success must come—unless Justice has vanished from this nation. Christmas Seals A thirty-year war conducted by American health crusaders has begun to conquer in this country one of mankind’s most ruthless enemies, tuberculosis. In 1900 the death rate in the registration area from the White Plague was 201.9 per 100,000 population. By 1929 it had been driven down to 69. This means a reduction in twenty-nine years of 66 per cent. It means the annual saving of the lives of 160,000 Americans. This remarkable achievement was accomplished by the recognition ol’ the law of prevention. It came about through well-nourished babies, open air schools, sanitary homes, preventoriums, and sanitariums. By the same constant offensive warfare, the other killers can be conquered. Tuberculosis used to be this country’s greatest killer. Today the ugly distinction belongs to heart disease, which takes its annual toll of 210.8 persons out of every 100,000. Influenza and pneumonia kill 109.6 persons, and cancer kills 95.7 persons annually out of every 100,000, The annual anti-tuberculosis Christmas Seal sale is on. It is important that this be supported, especially since the depression has become tuberculosis’ ally and maxes the fight harder. And the same unrelenting warfare that is beating this killer should be waged against the others. Curtis Chooses to Run With Republican chances very slim In the 1932 election, Charlie Curtis had to choose between being Hoover’s running mate again or a candidate for the senate. There was not much choice. He announced Monday that he w’ould stand for the vice-presid6ncy again. Apparently his first inclination was to try the other long shot. So he went out home to Kansas to look over the political fences. The Democrats had captured his old senate seat. Prospects for next year were bad. If he would be running against odds in either case, why not stay where he was? That seems to have been the logic of his decision. Os course there was the added consideration of party regularity—a rather important point to a man who has been kept in public office for almost a lifetime by G. O. P. regularity. As the party leaders have been putting the matter to him for months, he could not desert the Hoover team without advertising his fear and theirs that Hoover would be defeated in 1932. That would have been too unkind. After all, Hoover’s plight is bad enough without an added kick from his partner in office. And it’s evident that the depression has even taught people to weather along without coal. The man in the street says the principal difference oetween being bailed out and bawled out is friends.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS WALTER FERGUSON

\ GENTLEMAN who is attached to the courts is embittered over the failure of women in politics. ‘Women,’’ he majestically asserts, “have not lived up :o their promises. Instead of working for better and ileaner governments, they have aped men. They go into politics for what they can get out of it.” This diagnosis of conditions may leave us in a somewhat ignominious position, but it gives the men cold comfort. No laurels can be pressed upon the masculine brow, since better and cleaner governments never seem to have been accomplished by them, cither. Does any reasonable being honestly think that woman, with her paltry political power and her natural human frailty, could enter public affairs and, in i mere jiffy, clean up the world mess that men have made? ana FURTHERMORE, it strikes me as rather impertinent for any member of the bar to call very loud attention to the tardiness of women, since the failure of the courts to function with speed is a well-recog-nized fact, both at home and abroad. Our celerity in getting political things done is a regular hundred-yard dash when compared with the tortoise pace of the professional law. Anyway, isn’t it about time for us to abandon this childish idea that women should do nothing in life except moralize, renovate and reform? And if men have the good of the country at heart, why wait for us to set better standards? They've had a good many generations in experience and haven’t done anything very exceptional. The truth is, they do not want cleaner and better government. If they did they easily could have it by some energy and honesty on their own part. What they want is a chance to yed about our faults s£ that they can detract notice from their own.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Colonel Woodcock Is Trying to Do a Decent Job in Enforcing the Dry Laws, and the Scandals Which Keep Cropping Up Show How Hopeless the Task Really Is. NEW YORK, Dec. 3.—Having ’accepted” the resignation of District Administrator Vivian and fired Agent Dierks, Dry Chief Amos Woodcock assures the people of i Colorado that “the federal bureau j will be placed on a plane of high- ! est standards.” It all started with the killing of i Melford Smith, 20-year-old truck driver, by Dierks in a scuffle for possession of three ounces of wine. As might have been expected, a popular tumult ensued, and Colonel Woodcock came on from Washington to investigate.* He found not only that the killing was “stupid and brutal,” but that Mr. Vivian had negotiated with Dierks for a $4,000 loan before appointing him as an agent. tt tt tt What Can You Expect? EVERY one admits that Colonel Woodcock is trying to do a j decent job in enforcing the federal prohibition laws. His instructions have* been sane and his disciplinary measures calculated to protect the public. The scandals which are cropping up constantly in spite of all this show how hopeless the task really is. # # 8 Let’s Talk Up IT is time that we had a fair expression of opinion regarding prohibition, not only in congress, but by the people. Representative Bertrand H. Snell, prospective Republican leader of the house, and Representative Henry Rainey, prospective Democratic leader, are to be congratulated for favoring such an expression in congress. What’s a government like this for, if silence on any great question can be compelled by gag rule? tt tt tt Bureaucracy Is Peril NOT only with regard to prohibition, but with regard to many other things, public opinion has ben ignored, if not thwarted. This is part of a growing tendency to let the executive branch of the government run things. The greatest danger this country faces is not Bolshevism, but bureaucracy. tt tt tt It Makes Converts MAYBE, bureaucracy is an inescapable by-product of the machine age, organized industry, mass production and big business. Maybe, the trust idea is taking us back to where George the Third left off, and that the doetjine of divine right is finding anew place to hide in the cash till. That’s the way Mussolini argues, at any rate, and he has made more than one convert on this side of the Atlantic. tt tt tt Now, in Italy SFEAKING of Mussolini, a rather harsh sentence has been imposed on a Philadelphia anti-Fascist who annoyed Dino Grand!, Italian foreign minister, during his recent visit to that city by leaping on the running board of his auto and shouting uncomplimentary remarks. This anti-Fascist was charged with ‘‘inciting to riot,” and given two years in jail. When Grandi heard of the sentence, he wrote Governor Gifford Pinchot, requesting that the offender be pardoned. In Italy, the offender probably would have been given a dose of castor oil. tt tt tt We Need Steadiness WE are an impulsive people, whether in favoring mercy, or punishment. That is another symptom which indicates the approach of dictatorship. If democracy demands one thing more than another, it is calmness, poise, deliberation. The one advantage of dictatorship is its ability to maintain policies and carry out plans with consistent purposefulness. Democracy must show the same steadiness if it would survive.

Jff T ?s9£ Y & WORLD WAR \ ANNIVERSARY

HUGE WAR BUDGET Dec. 3 ON Dec. 3, 1917, Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo submitted to the opening congress the largest year’s budget in the history of the United States. It totaled $13,500,000,000. This was to carry on the w 7 ar and governmental departments. More than $11,000,000,000 of this was a direct war budget. , Following this, government war saving stamps were placed on sale for the first time. The Germans launched a terrific attack south and west of Cambrai. The British were forced to draw back east of Marcoing and at Vacquerie. The inter-allied war conference in Paris closed w’ith an address by Colonel E. M. House, chairman of the American mission. He felicitated France on her sacrifices and work. Berlin stated that local armistices had been agreed to by German and Russian divisions holding the lines from Pripet to Lipa.

Daily Thought

He shall feed his flock like a shepherd: He shall gather the lambs with his arm, and carry them in his bosom, and shall gently lead - those that are with young.—lsaiah 40:11. Youth is life’s beautiful moment —Laccrdaire.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Ringworm Flourishes in ‘Gym’ Clothes

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. Apparently one of the factors in the dissemination of ringworm infection has been the fact that the organism grows, or at least is aMe to exist, in clothing. This is particularly the case so far as concerns moist, athletic clothing left hanging in gymnasium lockers. In order to make certain of this fact, investigators at Cornell university carried out some studies with the organism called trichophyton interdigitale, which is the cause of ringworm of the feet. It grows luxuriantly in laboratories under suitable conditions, and has been shown to live for three

IT SEEMS TO ME

“-pAUL SWEARENGER, 24 years Jl old and homeless, who was released from Sing Sing prison less than two weeks ago, will be arraigned in Yorkville court on a charge of burglary after his capture last night in a Park Avenue apartment. Swearenger has a record of three felony convictions, and if convicted on the burglary charge faces a life term in prison under the Baumes law. He says he entered the apartment only to seek food.” I am offering this brief newspaper paragraph as a specific example of what seems to me an almost insane prison system. The court is not likely to take too literally the young man’s contention that he was seeking only food. After all, his record is against him. Let us look back to the time, two weeks ago, when he left prison equipped with anew suit of clothes and $5. It is difficult enough at the present time for even a competent and highly skilled worker to get a job. And it is safe to assume that a man of 24, with three stretches in jail, has not had much opportunity to make himself a useful member of the community.

tt tt tt Standing at the Prison Gate NOW, there are two ways of looking at the relationship between us —the members of the community—and Paul Swearenger, 24 years old. Suppose we stand for a moment at the prison gate. Those who hold that our criminal procedure is much too kindly and that we coddle convicts, might say with a lot of logic that it was extremely silly to let Swearenger out into the world again. Who profits through his two-week attempt to readjust himself in a life for which he was tragically unfitted? Looking at it in a realistic manner, we can waive for the moment the question of whether the fault was wholly his or whether the world contributed to his incapacity. The point is—a desperate, hopeless man was loosed for no purpose whatsoever. I imagine that the odds were, at least, 100 to 1 that he would return. The only betting proposition con-

People’s Voice

Editor Times—ln regard to the articles that Carlos Lane wrote about the trustees’ charity baskets, I wonder if he knows what charity is? If he or the trustee calls working sixteen hours for a basket of groceries in which you don’t see what you are getting, and they put anything in it and get by with it, all right. I don’t call that charity. I call it slavery of the worst kind. A man with five in his family can not get along on the baskets they give out. Why not get rid of the investigators that are drawing SIOO a month, and let that money go to the unemployed? Twenty-eight hundred dollars a month is a lot of money to come out of the taxpayers’ pockets. I have read The Times ever since it was the Sun and I think it is the only newspaper that ever was published here. I would rather do without something to eat than to miss one copy of it. I hope this letter wakes the public up as to what charity is. UNEMPLOYED SLAVE.

Whoops!

hundred days on scrapings removed from the toes kept under laboratory conditions. It grows best in the presence of moisture and at body temperature. In their experiment, the Cornell university investigators took a white, woolen athletic jersey from the locker room of the gymnasium. The jersey was stained with perspiration. It was cut into pieces of one square inch and on each square was placed a small piece of the trichophyton culture. It was found by the investigators that the organism still was alive at the end of two months. It did not grow readily on the clothing, but it did live and was capable of developing promptly on human contact.

cerned the length of time during which he might maintain himself beyond the prison walls. And if this vacation happened to be extended, even that would hardly redound to the good of the community, since maintenance would depend upon the convict’s shrew’dness and skill in thievery, his only trade. tt tt tt But Why Precisely Four? NOW, the Baumes law, which is supposed to be the last word in cold-blooded logic, says that four felonies, no matter if they be slight, constitute a justification of life imprisonment. But I fail to see the precise process by which this arbitrary figure of four has been reached. I would myself maintain *that Paul Swearenger after three felonies was just about as hopeless a case as now. Why should we press the indulgence to include a fourth offense which might exceed all the others in its gravity? And yet few of us are willing to say baldly that at 24 years of age an individual definitely has identified himself as so much waste material. I do not lean to the religious interpretation of penology. I think we can not throw all the Swearengers upon the scrapheap unless some very tangible effort has been made toward rehabilitation. Once upon a time I heard James Weldon Johnson making a speech about Negro education in the south. He was giving statistics to show that many of the gulf states spend

Questions and Answers

In which time zone is Salt Lake City, Utah?. What is the difference between that and eastern, standard time? Salt Lake City, Utah, is in the mountain standar dtime zone. The time is two hours earlier than eastern standard time. When it is noon eastern standard time it is 10 a. m. at Salt Lake City. Why are white elephants lucky? The belief that a white elephant is lucky spread from the cult of the white elephant, familiar to all students of religion. In Siam it is believed that a white elephant contains the sould of a dead person, perhaps an ancient god. When one is taken the captor is rewarded and the animal is baptised, feted and worshiped. At death it is mourned like a human. Is it true that there are coal mines in Pennsylvania that have been burning for years and can not be checked? There is a soft coal mine in Blairsville, Pa., that has been burning unchecked for a number of years; there is also one burning within the city limits of Pittsburgh, and an anthracite mine in Summit Hill, Pa., that has been burning since 1870. * How are peanuts salted in the shell? Boil them in salt liquid and allow them to dry, after which they are roasted. Where and when was Gabby Street, manager of the St. Louis National baseball team, born? At Huntsville, Ala., Sept. 30, 1883.

Hence those who wish to prevent the development of ring-worm, after the condition once has been cured, must make certain that any clothing once in contact with the ringworm shall have been thoroughly disinfected. This of course can be accomplished by boiling or by dry cleaning under proper conditions. Arrangements should be made for the thorough washing and cleansing of all athletic clothing worn around gymnasiums where infestation is common. Unfortunately the available information indicates that ringworm is present in practically every gymnasium, locker room, athletic club and swimming pool in the United States.

HV HEYWOOD B 1 BROUN

far less on each Negro child than on white boys and girls of the same age. And Mr. Johnson Went on to say: But the Southerner also contends that the Negro child is much more stupid than the white child. And so, naturally enough, the colored boy or girl ought to get more education and have a greater amount of money spent upon his schooling.” In the light of this logic, based on an original hypothesis which I do not accept, it is reasonable to say that the state should have educators in prisons even more accomplished than the professors at Yale or Harvard. tt tt u Sentenced Until Graduation THERE should be a far greater flexibility in the matter of jail sentences. It profits us nothing to keep a man ten years if he goes out in precisely the same anti-social spirit with which he entered the place of confinement. Therefore I think that practically al prisoners should be enrolled in certain classes. There ought to be freshman, sophomore, junior and senior convicts. I even look toward a gradation of institutions. That we recognize now in a very rough form through the creation of reformatories and penitentiaries. But it is pretty well established that our reformatories are for the most part preparatory schools for the penitentiary. I would like to see some place called “Half-Way House.” This would be an institution reserved for graduates of the penitentiary who had clearly shown some aptitude in learning a trade or a profession. From this place there might be certain privileges of modified liberty and other ways of lessening the tightness of prison rule. It would be a step up from the cell block. And yet, it would also be a testing ground before freedom. All this is difficult and mistakes might readily be made. But I can not quite see how any error could be as flagrant as that of sending a Swearenger out into a world which is certain, beyond the shadow of a doubt, to reject him and to send him back again. (Copyright. 1931. br The Times!

From Many Lands The French chef the German hausfrau, the Chinese cook, the Hungarian, Italian, Noiwegian, Mexican, Spanish and other experts on their own national cookery, have been drawn upon for a collection of unique, yet easily prepared, recipes for the favorite national dishes of their respective countries. Our Washington bureau has ready for you, in a 5,000 word bulletin, a collection of recipes for FOREIGN DISHES, that will add variety and spice to your meals, and will cause your dinner guests to ask, “Where did you get the recipe?*’ If you wish this bulletin, fill out the coupon below and mail as directed: CLjp COUPON HERE Dept. 159, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin FOREIGN DISHES, and enclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncancelled, United States postage stamps, to cover return postage and handling costs: Name Street and No City state I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor

DEC. 3, 1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

“Expansion of Space" Is a New Force in the Universe, Dutch Astronomer Contends. RECENT astronomical investigations have .revealed the existence of a previously unsuspected universal force in the universe, according to Dr. Willem De Sitter, famous Dutch astronomer and authority upon relativity. It is the expansion of space. Thus, according to De Sitters, there are two fundamental forces at work in the universe. The other, the force of gravity, has been known for a long time. Sir Isaac Newton stated the law of universal gravitation, namely, that even,’ body m the universe attracted every other one with a force which was proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This has received certain modifications at the hands of Professor Albert Einstein. The mathematical statement ol the law no longer is quite so simple. But in general it is still a statement of the facts in the case. The existence of the new force has been discovered through the study of the distant spiral nebulae Observations at Mt. Wilson showed that all the spirals were moving away from the earth and the farther away the spiral, the faster it seemed to be moving. The most distant spiral observed —it Is 20.000,000 light years away, was revealed to have a velocity of 2,400 miles per second. tt tt a Universe Expanding THESE studies have led to the theory of an “expanding universe,” the theory that the universe is growing in size like a gigantic soap-bubble. “At first it looked as though all the spiral nebulae were running away from the earth,” Dr. De Sitter told me. (Dr. De Sitter is now in this country, making a tour of American observatories.) “But the same effect would b* found if measurements were mad* from any nebulae in the universe. Every nebulae is drawing away from every other because the whole universe is expanding. “In other words, there is a force at work in the universe which we had not suspected hitherto, namely, the expansive force of space.” The universe is growing at such a rate that it will double its volume in 1,400,000,000 years. Dr. De Sitter said. Dr. De Sitter said that at first he thought the expansion might be going on also inside of our own galaxy or Milky Way and inside of the various nebulae themselves. He says that he now is convinced that thi3 is not the case. “This is because the force of gravity holds sway inside of our own galaxy or inside of a spiral nebulae,” he continued. “The force of gravity varies as the square of the distance while the expansive force varies as the distance itself. Therefore for short distances, or what might be thought of as comparatively short distances when the universe as a whole is considered, the force of gravity is more powerful.” , tt tt tt Laws Unaffected DR. SITTER does not think that the expansion of the universe has any direct effect upon the operation oi the known physical laws which control the behavior of the stars. “At least,” he says, “no one has found any connection yet. For example, I do not think that it affects in any way the operation of the second law of thermodynamics.” This law states that the universe is running down. More technically, it states that the energy of the universe tends to change from useful concentrated forms to useless dissipated forms. The suggestion has been made that perhaps our universe expands for a time and then begins to contract again. Dr. De Sitter, however, says that there is as yet no evid/nce that this is the case. I asked him if he thought a contraction of the universe would cause a change in the operation of the second law of thermodjmamics, whether it might not “wind the universe up again.” “I don’t believe so,” he said. “I see no reason for supposing at this time that there is any connection between the two.” Dr. De Sitter declined to comment on the argument which ls raging between Millikan and Jeans over the nature of the cosmic rays. Millikan claims that the cosmic rays ate proof that matter is being brought into existence somewhere in the universe. Jean denies this. “Cosmic rays are out of my field,” Dr. De Sitter said. “I would like to say, however, that I regard Dr. Millikan as one of the world’s greatest experimental physicists.” How much coffee is ground and roasted in the United States annually? In 1929, 1,074,697,033 pounds valued at $368,585,012.