Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 170, Indianapolis, Marion County, 25 November 1931 — Page 4

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Wisconsin Acts In Wisconsin the legislature is meeting: in special cession. In Indiana the farmers and the workers are demanding a special session for the same purposes and objects on which the northern state is acting. The difference is in the fact that for r. generation or more the people of Wisconsin have had the idea that government was intended to serve the people instead of people serve the government. The difference lies in the fact that Wisconsin has Governor whose social vision is as broad as humanity and who has no obligations except those to the whole people themselves. Young Governor Philip La Follette believes that * nation which spent forty billions of dollars for • wasteful war’’ can spend a small part of that sum to give men work. He believes that the way to prevent a dole system Is to provide work and he does not hesitate to take steps to provide work. He believes that hours of labor must be regulated *o that all may have a chance. The system he proposes to raise funds for these purposes is an income tax in which all would share. He would tax small incomes a small percentage. He would take as high as 30 per cent away from those who have incomes of SIOO,OOO or more a year. A proposal to tax incomes in this state in order to relieve real esta*e was defeated at the last session of the legislature by one of the strongest and best financed lobbies that ever went to a law-making body. Rut the farmers of the state, facing bankruptcy. are demanding this means of saving themselves from serfdom. They are asking a special session. The same forces that killed the income tax bills are protesting against such a session. They prefer to depend upon charity to care for the unemployed and confiscated farms to continue agriculture. The situation in Wisconsin, as far as numbers of unemployed is concerned, is probably about the same as in Indiana. The need is about the same. The relief proposed would probably work in the same way. Is there anything radical in the suggestion that men have the right to earn their own living? Is there anything radical in the proposal that business be given anew start by starting men to work and that those who profit most from business prosperity pay the most to start it back? This state could stand a good strong dose of Wisconsin medicine for its present plights. Hitch-Hiking Mosquitoes Our friends the enemies of the insect world are profiting from the lessons of modern transportation, even if we are not. Mosquitoes, we learn from the United States public hca'th service, now hitch-hike on airplanes. With their legs stained for identification, one enterprising band of mosquito immigrants stowed away on a plane at Porto Rico. They were picked up, identified, and apprehended in Miami, 1,250 miles away, finishing the longest non-stop mosquito flight of record. Insects carry plague and disease. If they can hop quarantine walls aboard airplanes or dirigibles, security through isolation gets another blow. As the world shrinks and nations draw together as next door neighbors, every national war tends to become an international one. So now must the war against pests become a world war.

Dr. Dinwiddle's Dry Dimes The national prohibition board of strategy, led by its crusading secretary, Dr, Edwin Dinwiddie, has taken the field in competition with community chests, unemployment relief, Red Cross and other less important causes to beg one million dimes “to meet the wet millionaire challenge to prohibition.” The “torrent of dimes’’ is heralded by Dr. Dinwiddie as all ready to pour into Washington on Nov. 30 as a sort of dry flood, if you know what we mean. “Dry dimes will beat wet dollars,” declares Dr. Dinwiddie's pamphlet. Os course, “if the collection oi dimes runs far above a mililon so much the better.” In fact, preparations are under way to send out com cards for the second million. The money, we hear, is to be used for political purposes, to oust wet congressmen and prevent the writing of wet planks jn party platforms in 1932. This picture of an aroused people emptying pockets of dry dimes to halt the unrighteous putsch of a band of multi-millioned wet oppressors would be more convincing were it not that the popular uprising is on the other side. The following list has been prepared by the Crusaders, showing the number of organizations and the percentage of their members in recent votes against the eighteenth amendment of the Volstead law; Percentage Against Organization Dry Law American Bar Association 69 American Federation of Labor 88 American Legion 63 Veterans cf Foreign Wars 38 National Economic League 55 Junior League. 95 Women's National Republican Club... 87 American Business Leaders 68 Hotel Men 90 State Legion bodies, university alumni, American Medical Association, women's clubs, city and state political organizations and many more.

Reactionary Democrats Democrats control the house of representatives. They lack one of having as many votes in the senate as the Republicans. They believe they have a chance to elect the next President. These things influence the Democratic legislative program—or the notable lack of program. The Democrats, with victory dangling before them, patently are trying to curry public favor. They are chary of proclaiming the traditional principles of their party, and demonstrating that they are the liberal party, as they have long said. Thus the tax-paying public is treated to the spectacle of the Democratic leader, Senator Joseph T. Robinson of Arkansas, taking a position on taxation far more conservative than that of his conservative Republican colleagues. He is. for instance, opposed to increasing surtaxes, on the theory that an increase might frighten investors. prolong the depression, and "approach confiscation.’’ Yet Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chairman of the finance committee and dean of the Republican old guard group, believes taxes on incomes above *IOO.OOO must be increased from 20 per cent to 40 per cent, and he does not regard this as confiscatory. Robinson also objects to levying taxes for the purpose of distributing wealth cr reducing fortunes, and here again departs from the historic position of his party. Whatever Robinson may think, taxation can not * <A

The Indianapolis Times (A SCKIPI’S-HOW4RI) NEWSPAPER) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos.. 214-230 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County, 2 rents a copy: elsewhere, 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. Mail subscription rates in Indiana. $3 a year: outside of Indiana, 65 cents a month. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. EARL D B4KER Editor President • \ Business Manager ’ PHONE—Riley 5551 WEDNESDAY. NOV, 25. 1331 __ Member of United Press, Beripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, -Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

help but affect the distribution of wealth. Nor can the fact b ignored that the concentration of wealth in fewer hands has proceeded at a rapid rate in recent years, and is one of the major causes of our economic breakdown. Robinson is silent on the need for higher inheritance taxes, and revival of the gift tax, which most Republicans apparently believe is necessary. The question is not one of “soaking the rich,” of confiscation, or of frightening business, as those who are opposing additional taxes on wealth assert, and whose advocate Senator Robinson has become. Rather the question is one of tackling the very real problem of the prospective two billion dollar federal deficit in an intelligent and courageous manner. This means higher taxes on those best able to pay. At the best the budget can not be balanced this year, even if taxes higher than those of war time were imposed. It is doubtful if it can be balanced next year. Personal income taxes, if increased to the point of maximum return, would not meet this year's deficit, or provide all the revenue that will be needed for next year. But a beginning must be made. Those who are able must pay more, expenditures must be restricted, and new sources of revenue must be found. senator Robinson does not meet the issue. If his party, in its anxiety to please the very rich, exhibits similar Jack of courage and foresight on other national problems, it will forfeit the confidence of the voters who gave it control of the house of representatives.

One Life, One Dollar If Bart, Keeler of Los Angeles, one of the country's 7,000,000 unemployed, had owned a dollar he would not now be mourning Doris, his 2-vear-old daughter. Doris was sick. The doctor scribbled a prescription on a* slip of paper and told Keeler to fill it at, a drug store. It cost only sl, but Keeler hadn’t seen a dollar for some days. The drug store refused him credit. From one drug store to another he tramped in vajn. He even begged from passing pedestrians, but no one believed his story. He returned home that night without the prescription. The next morniing Doris died. The warden of Sing Sing prison has boosted the price of seeing his football team from 50 cents to a dollar. That’s some inducement for these “amateur” college stars who will soon be out of “work.” Franklin D, Roosevelt and Newton D. Baker seem to have the inside track as Democratic presidential possibilities. But “Alfalfa Bill” Murray still has a show. Soccer is the most popular international sport. Looks like it ought to be sockim. But unless La Belle France becomes more agreeable, the world probably will soccer. With King Carol, Queen Marie, Prince Nicholas or Princess Ileana making Page 1 every day, looks like California’s press agents are little potatoes beside Rumania's. Louisiana is not going to oust Huey Long as Governor. No, Cyr! Headline: “Man With Smile Trapped.” Probably someone had told him good times are just around the corner, and he believed it. Science says our blood might have been green. Green, perhaps, with envy, wanting to be blue. It's a cinch that it will not take Gene Tunney Jr. long to count up to 14. At least one thing Hoover and these foreign emissaries can agree on is a statement that they have not agreed on anything. New York will enforce its curfew. Which means that if all those show gals are as young as they claim, Broadway is going to be deserted at 9:30. Americans may be fast, but Grandi has demonstrated he is still Fascist. A Baltimore girl, seeking divorce, said she was hypnotized when she was marreid. And who isn't. Despite the depression, a metropolitan laundry did a bigger business this year than last. Sure cleaned up! If the first quarrel is the key to married life, there’s a catch in it somewhere. In smoking there's no waist, so the ads say.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

WITH war looming ominous in the Orient, every woman should ask herself an honest question. Just how much or how little influence do we have in the shaping of governmental policies? I believe that the answer would be both disturbing and melancholy. Although our organizations may not always agree as to the methods by which world peace is to be attained, it is no exaggeration to state that each of them desires permanent peace. There does not live in these United States a true born American woman who would choose hostility instead of amity for her nation. But are her wishes heeded by the statesmen? That, my friend, is the question to be considered. Moreover, how stanch are we in our beliefs? Once the drums begin, once the parades are formed, once the platitudes about glory start, would we, like sheep, follow the sword? I dare say. n a a FOR the test of our courage does not lie in what we say when friendliness reigns. It comes only when we are obliged to take a stand against the concerted pressure of those noble-sounding words that always have been used to foster bigotry and hatred. To make world peace real, we must cast aside all the mawkish sentimentalities that hitherto have made war glamorous. Our little boys should be taught that it is neither heroic nor noble nor necessary to settle differences with battles—but futile, ugly and ignoble for intelligent men v • And if we women are not strong enough to accomplish this in tune, if we are so weak that we permit masculine opinion to divert us from this so desperately needed task, then it seems to me that all our suffrage rights have been gained in vain. We already have proved our courage in time of war. We now must work to make that courage strong enough to oppose public sentiment once it has turned belligerent. /v \

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS

We Are Beginning so Realize That Some of the Things We Sneered at Were Not So Bad, and Some nf Those We Cheered for Were Not So Good. YORK. Nov. 25.—Thanksgiving day will be observed with greater seri >usness this year than it has been for a long time. There will be more honest charity for the unfortunate and more honest selfanalysis on the part of those dispensing it. Whatever may be thought of such a change from the purely religious viewpoint, it hardly can be without benefit from the human viewpoint. Much of the present-day trouble goes back to carelessness and conceit, to overconfidence in superficials. One senses a definite turning backward, not to Puritanism exactly, but to certain old-fashioned virtues which have been proved and tested by ages of experience.

Learning Something A HUMBLER attitude makes its presence felt on every hand. No where are men nearly as sure of their ground, or themselves, as they were a few years back. A great deal of the illusionment which grew out of war, and post-war prosperity, is dissipating. We know now that the millenium didn't dawn with the armistice and that poverty wasn't abolished when the stock market went wild. We are beginning to realize that some of the things we sneered at were not so bad, while some of those we cheered for were not so good. Asa by-product of it all, we.are rediscovering the existence of higher laws which demand not only understanding, but obedience. a a a W.e've Made Progress IN spite of all the suffering, those who live in this day and generation have quite a lot to be thankful for. If there is more unemployment than there has been for many years, and more distress as a result, there also is more attention being paid to it by those unharmed. Time and time again, the world lias seen as large a percentage of the people hungry, but on few occasions has it tried to do so much. We have not sprouted wings by any means, but we have made some progress in the art of being decent toward each other.

Some Good Signs BITTER feeling, bitter laws and bitter talk play a constantly decreasing part in human affairs. Things that we hated even as short a time as a decade ago, that produced mobs and threatened war, gradually arc creating less disturbance. Things that found us cold and indifferent are occupying more and more of our attention. We are less inclined to get mad if somebody mentions Soveit Russia these days, or beat up Communists if they put on a parade, but we are a little more concerned about people who are in hard luck. u a a Seem to Be Necessary Adversity is still of some value as a teacher, especially when it discloses faults and mistakes. We all have learned something from this depression, something about ourselves, as well as other people. One hates to think that such lessons are still necessary, but they seem to be. Apparently, human nature has not arrived at a point where it can always resist the temptation of abusing privileges, over-playing opportunities and sidestepping disagreeable tasks. n tt tt Our Inheritance WE really are fortunate that conditions have not been worse. Those who have borne the brunt of the burden in this country, who have actually faced want, have shown a surprising degree of patience. If someone had told us that we could go through such a widespread and unexpected series of disaster, without rioting and violence, he would hardly have been believed. It all goes back to some very fine traditions and examples which we have inherited and which deserve more than a passing thought.

M TODAY IS THE- Yf WORLD WAR ANNIVERSARY

VISIT LAFAYETTE TOMB Nov. 25

ON Nov. 25, 1917, Colonel House, General Bliss and Admiral Benson and other members of the American Mission visited the Picpus cemetery and placed on the tomb of Lafayette a floral wreath bearing the inscription, “From the American War Mission, in Grateful Remembrance.” Meantime, French forces in the Verdun sector captured first and second German lines and deep dugouts between Samogneaux and the region to the south of the Anglemont farm. The British battled for Bourlon wood. The First Italian army went into action on the offensive at Meletta, and captured some machine guns. Venice was raided by Austrian airmen. United States ensign Kenneth Smith, Frank J. Brady, gunner, and I. F. Wilkensen, mechanician, were rescued off the French coast from a disabled hydroplane where they had been clinging for sixty hours.

Daily Thought

The hireling fleeth, because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep.—John 10:13. It is the just decree of heaven that a traitor never sees his danger till his ruin is at hand.—Metastasio.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Worried Children Prone to Accidents

by dr. morris fishbein Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyxeia, the Health Magazine. IN 1930 over 18,000 children were killed in accidents in the United States, and a large number were injured seriously. In a recent report of the subject, Dr. H. J. Stack points out that children who are worried about affairs at home or at school are more prone to accidents than those who are not worried. Tired children are also peculiarly liable to accidents. An investigation made in New York City showed that accidents to children on the city streets are of maximum incidence in the hours of the late afternoon. That is, of course, the time when children are coming home from school or else when they are playing in the street. The morning hours involve just as

Times Readers Voice Their Views

Editor Times: Your paper appeals to me as one that stands for common sense and that tries to lift the standard of the people above superstitious nonsense. I ask you, as the exponent of intelligence, what we are going to do about these idiotic chain letters, which are sent to us, apparently by intelligent -people? I received one this morning and I am risking the most dire calamities (the death of my son—l have none—or the burning down of my house) by breaking the chain. Wouldn’t it be a topsy-turvy world, not operating on eternal principles of law and order, cause and effect, if we were to bring calamities upon ourselves by not copying a certain senseless rot nine times and insulting the intelligence of nine other people by mailing it to them? Forsooth, this must be the cause of the depression: for certainly many countless millions have not had the opportunity to so copy and mail such a letter and that, at last explains their dilema! The well meaning young man who mailed this to me is a fine chap, a college graduate, engaged in the practice of a profession that is supposed to require real intelligence, and yet—oh what shall we do about it? I am not afraid of any slinking powers of darkness that punish those who do not obey such a silly command, so this chain at least is broken. If The Times occasionally will take a poke at this silly nonsense, it might help a little. MISS MAMIE L. BASS

Editor Times: Thirteen years ago the war to make the world safe for democracy was ended. It was to have been a war to end war. Now, because of certain conditions, another war looms on the horizon. No war ever was fought to make the world safe for democracy. Wars have been fought and always will be fought because of lust and greed. Gang wars of the present day are a sample of all wars. In all the past wars kings and countries, the same as present-day gangsters, because of lust and greed, tried to muscle in on the other fellows territory and war was the result. The World war was a trade war. Europe was afraid that Germany was going to corner the trade of the world, so it took advantage of the assassination of the Archduke to begin a war. Today the world is faced with a new era in human relationship. The present system is failing. That is the reason we have a depression. There are two ways open for the world to take. One way ft to acknowledge that anew era is before it, and take the steps to make it possible for all to share in the comforts of life, and to denounce all war as the work of the greedy and unjust. The other way is to permit the threat of war to become an actuality. A war now will be only the results of the combined efforts of financiers of the world to prevent a new era becoming a reality just yet. Mr. Editor I don’t believe in war. I don't think it is patriotic to die for your country. To kill and to die for your country in time of war is futile and senseless. All war is fought because of greed and a man if he is patriotic must fight and die to make the dreams of the greedy come true. Mr. Editor, I think it is far better to live and devise ways for a greater

A Good Beginning!

much walking on the streets as do the hours in the afternoon, but in the afternoon period the children are tired and responses are slower and senses are less acute, and their judgment of distances and of time and their co-ordination are disturbed. In his investigation, Dr. Stack found that all normal children love adventure and unless this craving is supplied by suitable competitive sport under controlled conditions, by scouting, by camping, football or some similar activity, the child is likely to get his thrills by hitching, running across the street, jumping from high places, or similar performances. Tire method of teaching apparently most successful in causing children to avoid accidents is the demonstration method with an artificial accident. In the place of such demonstra-

human happiness on earth than it is to die on the field of battle, and it will take more than the playing of bands nd the waving of flags to make me patriotic. I would far rather face a firing squad than to fight in a war that I knew was forced on because of some one’s greed. Mr. Editor, if civilization progresses, war must become obsolete. The art of war has reached such a stage that nearly all human flesh will disappear from the earth if we have another great conflict. The whole thing sums down to this, if war is to become obsolete the world must become socialistic and it is going to become socialistic for under the present system it can’t advance unless it does become socialistic. ES VERDAD Editor Times: You are to be congratulated for the fine features embodied in your paper, and for your high-minded motto, “Give the people light, and they will find their way.” Your feature on the editorial page captioned “Daily Thought” is particularly pleasing. With its excerpts from the Bible of philosophy of the highest order, correlated with gems of thought from the pens of the best literary intellects of all ages, you have a feature which one can not afford to miss. It gave me much satisfaction to read the “Thought” for Nov. 11 which was as follows: Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging: and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.—Proverbs 20:1. Drunkenness is nothing else than a voluntary madness.— Seneca. It is refreshing to find The Times “giving the people light” in this small way, and to know that some one in your organization is not being deceived, and that this is not the first time The Times has given us “light” with this manner of message under “Daily Thought.” The only thing I fail to understand about your policy is: Why are we “given light” in your Daily Thought feature and are then given the opposite “light” by your editorial writers and make-up men? It looks as if somewhere along the line from the editorial room to the presses, something must have gone wrong. Perhaps your editorial writers became “deceived” with some “voluntary madness,” but surely they would not permit their paper to give varying kinds of light to “Old Subscriber,” “Constant Reader,” and “Taxpayer.” Neither would they lay claim to Jack of wisdom and the admission that they were being deceived, when writing and working for the selfish interests of the brewers. I am also confident that the charge of double-mindedness could not be laid at the door of The Times, nor could the smudge of hypocrisy be cast to shade the reputation of the Scripps-Howard syndicate. They stand for law and order, and of course support the laws, and would not think of “giving light” that would tend to make “voluntary madness” more habitual. Did not The Times once say, “The only hypocrites are the drys?” OSCAR B. SMITH 5143 North Arsenal

tions an effective substitute is the story lesson with the demonstration of the effect of wrong action. An interesting observation is the fact that accidents occur just as frequently to the more intelligent children as to the less intelligent, The intelligent quotients, as determined by intelligence tests, do not seem to offer a criterion of behavior in an actual situation. There are two ways in which the incident of accidents may be attacked: Through education of those who are the subjects of the accidents. Through control of those who are likely to cause accidents. Motorists, particularly the drivers of trucks, must be taught to respect signs indicating the neighborhood of a school or a children's playground.

Editor Times: In your issue of Nov. 5, you published a letter signed “Reader,” complaining about prices charged by the trustee for the contents of a $2 basket of food, given in relief for work done. I have undertaken to investigate for the Emergency Work Committee which assigns the work to be done. The complaint was tha. potatoes worth 19 cents a peck were charged at 35 cents a peck; lard worth 8 1-3 cents charged at 13 cents; dried beans worth 5 cents, charged at 7% cents. The complaint is against the “County Trustee.” There is no county trustee, and a half a dozen township trustees might be involved. Since the letter is anonymous, (which is probably proper) and since the charge is against an officer who does not exist, I have found it difficult to investigate this specific charge. I find potatoes, bought by the Center township trustee at 22 cents, not 35 cents; beans at 5 cents, not 7% cents. Lard is paid for at 13 cents a pound, but there are many qualities of lard and I am unable to say, therefore, whether the price should be lower. Prices should not be compared with chain store quotations, because they include delivery and frequently include several months’ credit; the county does not pay the bills immediately, but waits for bond issues. The township trustee makes contracts with grocers for a definite quality and quantity of food in each basket; the price varies from month to month with fluctuations in price of the goods making up the basket. The concern of the recipient of poor relief is with quality and contents of the basket. The concern of the taxpayer is with the contract price made by the grocer. I believe the charges made by "Reader” to be unfounded, but I would be glad to receive details of other complaints that might be investigated. DANIEL B. LUTEN What role did Joan Bennett play in “Hush Money?” Janet. Whot wrote the words and music to “When It's Springtime in the Rockies?” The music is by Robert Sauer and the words are by Mary WooLsey and Milt Taggart.

Quality and Equality COLUMBIA BRANDS of soup mean quality for the consumer. THE COLUMBIA CONSERVE COMPANY stands for EQUALITY for its workers—and for all workers. It is anew plan, an American plan. It works. If you are interested in extending snch a system, get our booklet, A Business Without a Boss. If you want quality soups, chih-con-carne, pork and beans, catsup or tomato juice, buy COLUMBIA BRANDS. ON SALE AT ALL REGAL STORES

.NOV. 25, 1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Powerful Tool Built From Simple Old Experiment Will Speed the Attack on the Atom. A NEW’ assault upon the interior of the atom, anew way of generating X-rays and the gamma rays of radium, perhaps a way of generating cosmic rays, all are promised in the new apparatus invented by Dr. Robert J. Van De Graaff of Princeton university. The apparatus is so simple in principle and construction that by now it is probable that every physicist who has seen it is wondering why he didn’t think of it himself. Incidentally, this is no reflection upon Dr. De Graaff. The simplest things are sometimes the most difficult to originate. Their simplicity becomes apparent only after some one else has invented them. Have you ever walked along a thick carpet on a dry day and when reaching for some metallic article been startled by a spark of electricity jumping from your finger to the article? It is a common experience. Children like to rub their feet along a carpet so that they can draw an extra fat spark from a metal door knob or some other metalic object. This stunt is the basis of Dr. De. Graaff's apparatus. He has ignored developments of the last fifty years for methods of generating high electrical pressures and gone back to the method of rubbing your shoes along the carpet.

Friction Machines IN the early days of electriciity, it became known that electricity could be generated by friction. Thus for example, rubbing a glass rod with a silk cloth would generate what later was called ‘frictional electricity” or "static electricity.” In times, machines known as frictional electric machines were developed. In some of these, a glass plate was revolved, friction against the plate generating the electricity which was led off by wires to brass knobs. Such machines would generate enough electricity to furnish sparks several inches long. However, the development of the electric battery and the dynamo which would furnish continuous electrical currents instead of the concentrated electrical charges of the static machines drew the attention of experimenters into new fields. The electron theory served to show the nature of the electrical current and the relation between it and the old experiments with static electricity. The electric current is now known to be a stream of electrons, particles of negative electricity in motion. In the old experiments, as when a glass rod was rubbed with a silk cloth, conditions of electrification were produced through friction. What happened was that electrons were rubbed off the surface of one body. This resulted in a shortage of negative electrons or a charge of posifive electricity. The other body acquired an excess of electrons and therefore a positive charge. When a spark leaps between two electrified bodies it restores the balance. A stream of electrons leaps from the negative body to the positive one, restoring the balance ot electrons and rendering both bodies electrically neutral.

Creates Lightning THE apparatus built by De consists of two units. Each unit is essentially a large brass ball mounted at the top of a tall glass pillar. The pillar insulates the ball from its surroundings. A small electric motor at the base of the pillar drives a belt of silk which runs up into the interior o£ the ball. The belt passes over two pulleys, one on the motor shaft, the other within the brass ball. A pad rubs against the silk belt, furnishing the friction necessary to generate the electricity. The two units are set up so that a foot or more separates the balls. The belts are now' set in motion in opposite directions. Asa result, one sphere is charged negatively w'hile the other is charged positively. In other words, electrons arc made to accumulate on one sphere, causing it to exhibit a negative charge, while the other sphere has electrons withdrawn from it, givin git a positive charge. Using brass spheres two feet in diameter, it is possible to get a potention difference of 1,500,000 volts between them. Finally the attraction between the two spheres becomes so great that the air between them can no longer withstand the electrical pressure. The air gap breaks down and an electrical spark—a stream of electrons—leaps between the two balls. The spark is a miniature stroke ol lightning, an electrical spark ol 1,500,000 volts. And, indeed, what has happened is essentially w’hat happens when an electrified cloud over the earth results in a flash of lightning between the cloud and the earth. To whom does Gibraltar belong, and who is the ruler? Gibraltar is a crown colony ot > Great Britain. General Sir Alexander J. Godley is the governor.