Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 169, Indianapolis, Marion County, 24 November 1931 — Page 4

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tCBIPMj . M OW AJtll

A Special Session Just why any one should object, on the ground of expense, to a special session of the legislature as demanded by the organized fanners and the organized workers is understandable only to those whose chief effort in life is to dodge taxes. The expense would be comparatively slight compared to the benefits, if the members were really determined to give relief to citizens who find the path too hard during these days. The farmers want taxes placed on a more equitable basis. So do those who have their fortunes invested in rental properties in cities. They, too, know that land can not bear the whole burden of government when wealth has taken on many other forms. That the same members of the legislature who would meet again, in special session, refused to pass remedial legislation at the regular session is not conclusive evidence that they would not be more open to conviction now. The strong lobby of wealth that prevented the passage of an income tax law would probably be less powerful as anew election approaches. While tax legislation W'ould be the chief aim of such a session, the people might also demand 'some relief from tne present system of ytility regulation which could save the people many times the cost of such a session. Regulation of holding companies, a proposal that was quickly stifled by the utility lobby at the regular session, mignt help determine the question as to whether the state will control utilities or the utilities keep on controlling the state. Will the Red Cross Help? The American Red Cross should help in the Job of feeding the suffering miners’ families in the soft coal regions and in general unemployment relief. From its annual report, we learn that the Red Cross has set aside a war chest of $4,000,000 from its special reserve for disaster relief. By vote of its board of trustees last April, this $4,000,000 may be drawn upon only “in the event of a war involving the United States.” Evidently the Red Cross is betting 4 to 2% upon Mars, as against nature, for it has placed only $2,500,000 in its revolving fund lor disaster relief. In either case the soft coal miners’ families for some of the relief. If their suffering is not traceable to an act of God, then it might qualify under the category of war. Why, one may well ask, should the Red Cross hoard against a hypothetical war when an actual one is being waged in our midst? War in the coal fields of Harlan county, Kentucky, certainly is real. It has its gunmen and spies, its shooting of “war” correspondents and attempted censorship of such writers as Theodore Dreiser, John Dos Passos, and the rest. And throughout the soft coal states may be found war’s wake of hunger, as stark in many cases as any left by an invading army. Community chests do not reach these stricken regions. Local communities are too poor to care for them. The states are taxed to the limit for care of their city jobless. Kindly Quakers are giving 5-cent meals to the children, but otherwise relief is lacking or hopelessly inadequate. Last autumn the Red Cross changed its policy to permit feeding the drought sufferers. This autumn the call is equally urgent from the coal fields. If America Were Japan A Japanese petty officer was killed one day in Manchuria. The Japanese government said the Chinese did it. The Chinese said they did not. Japan started a war over the incident —at least that w r as the first excuse given by the Tokio government for sweeping across Manchuria with her armies. At about the same time two Mexican youths were killed in the United States. There was do doubt about who did it. Two American deputy sheriffs did the shooting. Unlike the Japanese petty officer, the Mexicans were not obscure persons, but one was a relative of the president of Mexico. Unlike the Japanese officer who was hostile to the Chinese population, the Mexican boys were completely innocent of any antogonism to America. An American court has acquitted the Americans of murder charges. Feeling in Mexico against the United States is runnig high. There are demonstrations in Mexico against us, just as there were demonstrations in Japan against China. Japan would not think Mexico justified in starting a war against the United States over those killings. The United States does not think Japan is justified in starting a war over the Manchurian killing. Perhaps if Japan will consider this MexicanAmerican case, it may give her enough perspective to eee herself as the world sees her. The Chinese broke their treaty pledges to Japan—so Japan says. Therefore, Japan is fighting a war against China to preserve the sanctity of treaties. That, at least, is the latest excuse given by the Tokio government for the military invasion of Chinese territory. ■Japan is breaking her treaty pledges to the United States and to other nations. Japan is violating the League of Nations covenant and the (American) ninepower treaty and the (American) Kellogg pact. If Japan has a right to invade China for breaking a treaty, the united States and other nations have an ’qual right to invade Japan, bomb Japanese cities, overthrow Japanese governments, kill thousands of Japanese citizens, for breaking a treaty. That foreign invasion would seem very unreasonable to Japan. It would be unreasonable —so unreasonable that neither the League of Nations nor the United States are planning such a military invasion. Perhaps if Japan will consider this case of broken treaties, it may give her enough perspective to see herself as others see her. The Railway Wage Reaching out with one hand for the $125,000 offered in increased freight rates by the interstate commerce commission, the railroads now are grasping with the other hand for 10 per cent of the wages paid their workers. A modest, tefttative feeling of optimism about business is evident. There is no quicker way to end this than for railroads to reduce wages and thus cut down severely the purchasing power of more than a million and a half men. Railroad bankers, along with others, have been clamoring against hoarding. If these financiers insist on managements reducing pay scales they only will implant fear in the persons they are coaxing to be courageous. Railroad dividends have not yet shared the burdens of this depression to the degree of hundreds of thousands of railway workers who have been laid off. The carriers have asked their workers to accept a “voluntary" 10 per cent wage cut. The workers have ftfused because the companies will not promise to

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIFFS-HOWABD NEWSPAPER) and published dsilr (except Sunday) by Tbe Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos. 214-220 West Maryland Street, IndUnapolia, Ind. Price In Marlon County. 2 cents a copy; elsewhere, 3 cent*—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. Mail subscript tlon ratea in Indiana, $3 a year; outside of Indiana. 65 cents a month. BOYD GURLEY. BOY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKEIL Editor President * Business Manager PHONE— Riley 5561 TUESDAY. NOV. 24, IMI. Member of United Prea*. Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Bervlce and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

use the saving “to increase employment or even to stabilize existing employment.” Before some of the great industrial corporations cut wages last summer, we heard the big bankers argue that a “liquidation” of wages was the thing that would restore property. They said that labor must suffer along with capital. Since then some of these corporations have resumed payments of their regular dividends out of pay roll savings, but none has increased wages. The interstate commerce commission, whose ability, honesty and sincerity make it one of the outstanding government bureaus, has told the country that the freight rate increases it offered the carriers will be enough with efficient management. It will mean that the producers and consumers will pay from $120,000,000 to $125,000,000 to keep the credit of the railroads intact. The carriers have indicated a willingness to accept this, although they still are at odds with the commission on the administration of the pool into which these funds will go. The final effort to straighten out this difference will be made before the commission Saturday. If, now, the railroads in addition obtain a 10 per cent wage reduction to create profits instead of more employment they will be threatening this country with an even longer depression. Melodrama Justice The attempted confiscation of the patriotic sentiment of Kentucky by the prosecution at Mount Sterling happily was haled by a jury of the peers of coal miner William Burnett. They freed him on a murder charge and thereby proved that the state of Henry Clay does not intend to be stampeded by Harlan county coal mine operators and their gunmen. Seldom has the eagle been made to scream as it was in this first trial of the Harlan county miners facing murder charges for defending themselves against company police and deputies. Commonwealth attorney W. C. Hamilton outdid all the flagwaving fellowship in the star-spangled melodrama he staged. He called the farmers and miners who testified for Burnett a “rabble bunch.” He invoked “substantial citizenship” to protect the American flag against the “slimy serpent” of anarchy. Patriotism, last refuge of the scoundrel and the prosecutor with a poor case, literally shrieked through the halls of justice. If the Burnett jury is typical of Kentucky’s citizenship it is evident that Kentucky is quite as sick of the patrioteering and lawless methods of its coal operators as is the rest of the United States. Now that Sammy Mandell is “through,” he has the privilege of making a comeback to the tune of a few thousand shekels. More than 1,500 have written biographies of Lincoln. And nearly 1,000,000 have written biographies of Capone. Alter returning home from a game, many a husband wishes he had burned his bridge behind him. Business experts are looking for a revival. And so, probably, is Aimee Semple McPherson Hutton. A Hollywood syndicate was found to be distributing liquor instead of films. Which makes it appear that talkies are turning into speakeasies, Ralph (Bottles) Capone was taken to Leavenworth in leg irons. Indicating that the law is still above bootleg. Rumania’s Queen Marie was so disgusted with Prince Nicholas’ marriage to a commander that she packed up and went to Munich to stay with Princess Ileana and her Hapsburg husband. Which will convince the Hapsburg husband of the error of Nicholas’ ways. Grandi landed in New York under armed guard. Oh, well, disarmament wasn’t the only thing he came here to discuss. Headline: “Jury Debating Fate of Slayer In Dry Ambush.” Sort of getting down to earth. Among other things found inside a shark caught in Hawaii were two bathing suits. Emphasizing that when people go bathing they should not get too far away from their suits. War, says a biologist, keeps people wholesome, too. Britain has raised a tariff fence to American goods. So any hope we have of business over the fence is out. Laughter shook the rafters in a court room when Eddie Cantor testified. Nearly brought the house down.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

A LBERT JAY NOCK, in a current issue of the Atlantic Monthly, addresses a timely “Word to Women.” Now that we have so much purchasing power he sees the feminist in error when she encourages women to do only the things that men are doing. For Mr Nock believes our mission has a wider scope. We are, he says, civilizers of the world, which means, to be exact, that we are the caretakers of the social instincts, and that our chief job should be to foster the growth of the intellectual, of knowledge. of beauty, of religion, of poetry and of manners. Although many men hotly have resented the statement, the influence of the feminine is responsible for most of the gracious and charming things of our existence. Mr. Nock happily encourages me in this idea when he says that men as a whole have no more sense of responsibility than a child for civilizing the society in which they find themselves. They are adept at creating the apparatus of a civilization, but do not know how to employ it for the finest purposes. 000 ON the whole, however, it seems to me that Mr. Nock is a little unfair to us since he infers that we are doing nothing about this. The truth is that, while a good many women are expending oceans of energy in running after futile and unsatisfactory Jobs, we still hold aloft the twin banners of beauty and learning in a world seemingly forgetful of them. Exclusive of certain groups in the larger cities that include many men interested in the arts, practically all the work done to promote broader education and a deeper appreciation of wisdom and beauty in other parts of the country is being done largely by the women. Some of our efforts are pathetic and abortive, but they nevertheless are indicative of the desire for perfection that burns within our souls. We may not always know what culture and poetry and beauty are, but you may be sure we shall cultivate with zeal our ideas of them, vherever we find ourselves.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

It Is Hard to See How Governor Roos ev elt Could Straddle the Dry Issue After the Definite Stand He Took Last Year. YORK, Nov. 24.—The east is getting queer weather for late November, with strawberries ripening in Maine and roses blooming in New York. What causes such anomalies, and why can’t we find out? More important still, how are we going to make business entirely safe if we don’t find out? Here are coal pockets, jammed to capacity, department stores with winter apparel on display, and no trade. Those who think the thermometer or rainfall has no bearing on economics make a great mistake. Except for just such little items cotton might be 30 cents a pound. BUB The Other Side T TOTELMAN JOHN F. DESCHNER of Worcester, Mass., has invented a mechanical waiter. It ; is dumb, and it comes up through j the floor, appearing in the center of the table. You summon it by dropping your order in a slot, which rings a bell, or turns on a light in the kitchen below. When the cook has put the desired dishes on it and pressed a button, it rises. When you have taken the dishes, you press another button, and down it goes. It asks for no tips, which is supposed to be its great advantage. Academically, every one is opposed to tipping, and inclined to favor any innovation or substitute which would do away with it, but when the poor human waiters are replaced by machines, if they ever are, where will they find work, and who will support them if they don’t? BUB Sounds Reasonable „ According to clarence s. Stein, former chairman of the New York commission on housing and regional planning, the great city is passing, slowly by surely. “Civilization of the present day,” says Mr. Stein, “is moving beyond the cities, because they are an antique and worn-out machine. Economically, they are unsound and eventually disappear. The growing cost of government is followed by a chain of disadvantages which include increased taxes, higher rents and the greater cost of subway maintenance.” It sounds reasonable, and people might react to it in a logical way, if there were any such thing as logic in human progress. Most of us would rather be poor and uncomfortable with the crowd than comfortable, if not rich alone. BUB

It Will Be Greater THE city is as much a part of human nature as ambition itself. We are a herding species. That’s one reason why we glorify armies and war, why we don’t like stagger plans for work, or recreation, why we believe that numbers prove greatness. There may be some movement back to the country side and some decentralization of industry as a reaction to the present depression, but the great city will not only remain, but grow still greater as long as the supply of people lasts. t B B tt The Truth Must Out CHAIRMAN RASKOB sends out a questionnaire to some 90,000 Democrats who have proved their interest in the party’s welfare by contributing to its campaign funds. Since the questionnaire centers around prohibition, some observers have concluded that Mr. Raskob is staging a wet drive, or trying to embarrass Governor Roosevelt. Such a conclusion involves the assumption that Governor Roosevelt wants to straddle the prohibition issue. Maybe he does, but it is hard to see how he could after committing himself as definitely as he did last year. So, too, it is hard to see how the Democratic party could, or should want to after all clamor for an honest expression of opinion.

Questions and Answers

Is Charles Ponzi still in prison? He is now in Boston state prison. In 1920 he was sent to a federal penitentiary for using the mails to defraud. In 1924 his term expired, but he was convicted on a state charge, and sentenced for seven to nine years. In the interim he was released on bond and hurried to Florida, where he tried a land scheme. He got in trouble with Florida’s courts, attempted to flee the United States, was caught in New Orleans and returned to Massachusetts. For what does the D in John D. Rockefeller stand? Davidson. Did Benjamin Franklin have any children? He had two. sons and a daughter. William, the son who survived him, died in England in 1813, at the age of 82. William Temple Franklin, a grandson, died in Paris in 1823. There is no direct descendant now bearing the name of Franklin. His daughter Sarah married Richard Bache and left numerous male descendants. Richard Bache H served in the Texas senate in the early days. Who are the United States civil service commissioners? Thomas E. Campbell, president, George R. Wales and Miss Jessie DeU. Is an attorney the same as a lawyer? Attorney and lawyer are synonymous terms in the United States for one who is licensed to practice before the bar or court. What are the large railroad centers In Asia? The chief railroad centers in Asia are Shanghai, China; Tokio and Kobe, Japan; Lucknow and Lahore in India and Meshed In Persia.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Children, 1 to 5, Suffer Serious Ills

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. CHILDREN from 1 to 5 years of age are included in the group called “pre-school” children. There has been a gradual tendency to consider children of these ages as different from nursMngs or older children, but the two groups merge together so gradually that this is perhaps an error. In Birmingham, England, clinics have been available for regular examination of children from 18 months to 5 years of age. Out of 6,500 such children, 41 per cent had enlarged tonsils, 27 per cent had enlarged glands, 2.5 per cent infected

IT SEEMS TO ME

I NEVER expected to find the Daily Worker and the New York Evening Post standing shoulder to shoulder in an editorial opinion. But at last this brotherhood between the official Communist paper and a journal of decided Republican leanings has been brought about through the medium of Mayor Walker and the Mooney case. Both organs denounce Jimmy Walker for his announced intention of pleading the cause of Tom Mooney in California. There is, perhaps, a little more logic in the position of the Post, for it still insists that Mooney is guilty, in spite of all recent evidence which indicates a frameup. In other words, the Post quite possibly is motivated by a fear that Mayor Walker may succeed in his mission. The Daily Worker long has maintained the innocence of the labor leader and has been instrumental in promoting mass meetings to protest against his imprisonment. But the tie which binds the radical and the reactionary papers is perhaps at bottom founded in a common apprehension. Thus we find the Daily Worker declaring, “More than ever the working class must increase its struggle to free Mooney and to expose the latest trickery of such capitalist politicians as Walker and Walsh, who are attempting to

How many Negroes are there in the United States? How many states permit whites to marry Negroes? There are 11,891,143 Negroes in the United States. Twenty states permit intermarriage between whites and Negroes. Is there any waterfall in the United States that has a greater volume of flow than Niagara Falls? No. What birds destroy rats and mice? Barn owls, long-eared owls, red shouldered owls, hawks, redheaded hawks, sparrow hawks and screech owls. How many members of the Caterpillar Club are there? Are members elected? There are now more than 300 members of the famous mythical Caterpillar Club. The club has no headquarters and no records are kept. If a person saves his life by Jumping with a parachute, he immediately becomes a member of the club. All that is needed is evidence that a parachute jump was made under such circumstances. About how many Negro college graduates are there in the United States? According to the Negro Year Book there are about 18,000. How old was Theodore Roosevelt when he died? He was born in New York, Oct. 27, 1858, and died at his home at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1919. How many blind men are now serving in the United States senate and house of representatives? There are no blinds members of the house of representatives at present. Two members of tire senate are blind. Thomas Schall of Minnesota and Thomas Gore of Oklahoma.

Looks Like Poor Protection

ears, and 28 per cent defective teeth. Furthermore, a considerable percentage had definite signs of rickets. Among the chief causes of death in children of these ages are respiratory infections, including influenza and pneumonia, and also infections of the kidneys. Many of the children examined in Birmingham came from families of artisans and laborers. Apparently these children required just as much care as those of the pauper class. Such children appeared to be well cared for and well fed, but when placed in contact with other children under proper * circumstances,

use Mooney’s imprisonment for their own political ends.” 000 Jails and Managers • IN other words, the Communist organ is afraid that some excellent ammunition may be removed from its hands. Walker’s political prestige can not be increased vastly if his mission fails. But if he succeeds in being a sort of Zola in our American Dreyfus case, it will put something of a damper on Union square meetings and other radical gatherings to protest against the injustice done to Tom Mooney. I rather think the Daily Worker would prefer to have Mooney languish in jail than be freed by the intercession of Mayor Walker. Now, it seems to me that it is too late to wipe out the wrong done to Mooney. If he is released at this late date the case remains an outrage. You can not say, “There, there” to an innocent man who has spent the best years of his life in jail and let him out-with a pat on the back. That does not square accounts. And yet I despise that doctrinaire view which would have an individual continue to stand as a living sacrifice for the sake of a cause. I would not have Mooney remain an hour longer in prison to make a Communist half holiday. Any effective way to free Tom Mooney enlists my support. And there is ample evidence that the prisoner himself is willing to accept aid from whatever quarter. He has encouraged the Communists in their efforts, and there is no present indication that he intends to refuse the offer of New York’s mayor. This is not said in criticism. Mooney never has denied radical beliefs. And his service to the cause in which he believes is already sufficient. 000 He Can Be Heard THERE can be no denial that Jimmy Walker is likely to be an effective advocate. Governor Rolph and he are close friends. And the California executive is more likely to listen to the plea of a Tammany mayor than to give close heed to Communist exhortations or the arguments of other radical groups. The words of liberals also have fallen upon deaf ears. It would be somewhat ironical if the case is eventually to be decided by a sort of oh-be-a-good-fellow approach. I grant that extremely belated justice ought to be based upon the facts, and the facts alone. And I will admit that wellfounded criticism of city management should nqt be tempered simply because the mayor now offers to assume a crusading role in a fardistant state. There are many admirable things which James Joseph Walker could do right here to improve the course of even-handed justice. 000 Why Be Captious? BUT why be captious about this particular gesture? I am not even greatly concerned with its motivation. It may be, as some have said, that Mayor Walker wants to build himself up as a possible candidate for United States senator in 1932. But a good deed is a good deed, no matter what lies behind it. In fact, X am not Os the opinion

they gained in weight and were greatly improved. Studies of children of pre-school age seemed to show the need for more extensive use of cod liver oil and of vitamin D concentrates in order to prevent the appearance of rickets and the defects of bone growth and teeth that are associated with this disorder. The child from 1 to 5 is growing rapidly and needs examination at regular intervals in order to detect the appearance of failures in growth and development. The period is also one in which immunization against smallpox and diphtheria is most desirable.

DV HEYWOOD BY BROUN

that Mayor Walker has come into the Mooney case for political reasons alone. He is a sentimentalist. That can be a vice or a virtue, depending upon circumstances. I would have Jimmy Walker a great deal less sentimental about Tammany and its “generosity” to the poor. But I applaud the existence of this quality when it serves to make New York’s executive a man who can be stirred by the pathetic letter of Mooney’s mother. And so I say to journeying Jimmy: “God speed you, and do your best. The most important thing is to get Tom Mooney out!” (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

M TODAY $9 /world war \ ANNIVERSARY

DESTROYERS SINK SUB Nov. 24 ON Nov. 24, 1917, two United States destroyers, the Fanning and the Nicholson, sank a German submarine, but rescued all its crew. The periscope of the submarine was sighted by Coxswain David D. Loomis, lookout on the Fanning. The Fanning immediately made for the spot where the periscope had been signed and dropped a depth charge. The Nicholson speeded up to the spot, noticing that the submarine was heading for a merchant ship in the convoy. - The submarine came to the surface between the Nicholson and the convoy, and the Nicholson opened fire with her stern gun. Then the Fanning opened fire with her bow gun. The crew of the submarine came on its deck, holding up hands. Presently the submarine sank, and all the crew swam to the Fanning and were picked up. On this date the American steamer Actaeon was sunk by a submarine. Two members of the armed guard were killed and two were reported missing.

Good, Dunked or Not Doughnuts and crullers—to say nothing of raised cakes and muffins—now is the time of year for them. Our Washington bureau has anew bulletin telling how to make all kinds—buttermilk doughnuts, chocolate doughnuts, date doughnuts, raised doughnuts, old fashioned doughnuts, plain doughnuts, regular crullers, maple crullers, old fashioned cnillers, old fashioned raised cakes, Pennsylvania Dutch cinnamon buns, a dozen different kinds of fritters and another dozen kinds of muffins. The family will appreciate them and you. will have anew batch of useful recipes to add to your cookbook collection. Fill out the coupon below and send for this bulletin: — CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 155, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin, CRULLERS, RAISED CAKES AND MUFFINS, and enclose herewith 5 cents in coin, qt loose, uncancelied. United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs. Name Street and No City ....\ state I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.),

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this naper.—The Editor.

.NOV. 24, 1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ Conversion of Coal Into Gasoline , Crowns German Chemist’s Nineteen Years’ Research With Success . A WARD of the Nobel prize for chemistry for 1931 to Dr. Fred- ■ erick Bergius of Germany serves to ! focus attention upon his Invention of the process for the hydrogenaj tion of coal. It also centers attention upon his research methods and upon the ! general question of the future of j coal. , At the present time, the coal industry of the world Is having its troubles. Economic problems, labor problems, technical problems—all j sorts of problems harass the coal industry. But many thinkers look forward to the day when coal will prove the salvation of civilization. The reaI son is that civilization is built upon i power supplies. Petroleum will give out one of these days. Some authorities think it may last only a few more decades. When that happens, the world will have to fall back on coal. There is enough coal in the world to last several thousand years at least. And so automobiles and other gasoline and gas engines will have to run on coal. To date, the most satisfactory process for converting coal into a gasoline substitute is that worked out by Dr. Bergius, the so-called Bergius process for the hydrogenation of coal. B B tt Research Methodical THE way in which Dr. Bergius, working in his laboratory at the University of Heidelberg, arrived at the hydrogenation of coal, is an example of the ideal research program. He began his experiments in 1912. His idea was to accumulate methodically and carefully all the knowledge which he could about coal. The first task he set for himself was to learn what was in coal. He obtained samples of coal by the thousands from all parts es the world and subjected them to chemical analysis. At the end of two years, he was probably the world’s foremost authority upon the chemistry of coal. Next he tried his hand at producing 'coal-like substances. He succeeded in turning sawdust into substances resembling a large number of grades of coal. Then, feeling that he had arrived at a pretty good understanding of what coal was, he turned to the problem of converting coal Into oil. His researches had shown him that coal consisted chiefly of carbon and hydrogen united into a series of compounds known as hydrocarbons. The ratio of carbon to hydrogen in coal is 16 to 1, a famous ratio as students of the life of William Jennings Bryan will recall. In petroleum, the average ratio of carbon to hydrogen is 8 to 1. The problem of converting coal into oil, therefore, resolved itself into the problem of doubling the hydrogen content. u b a Drums Solve Problem IN his first experiments, Dr. Bergius tried passing hydrogen under high pressure into coal which was heated to a high temperature in great steel drums. The great heat, however, changed the coal into coke and the experiment failed. After further research, he hit upon a process which worked. In It the coal is ground to a powder and mixei with a small amout of heavy oil. This mixture is pumped into great steel drums with a pressure of 3,000 pounds to the square inch. Dr. Bergius found that the temperature control was extremely important. The reaction between the coal and hydrogen began at a temperature of 300 degrees, centigrade, and ended at one of 450 degrees. Not only did the hyrogen go into combination with the coal, but heavier hydrocarbons were “cracked” or split up Into lighter ones during the process. A ton of coal produced forty-five gallons of gasoline, in addition to a still larger amount of heavy fuel oil suitable for Diesel engines, still heavier fuel and lubricating oils and some ammonia and carbonic acid.

Daily Thought

And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation.—Acts 17:26. Noble blood! Bah! What blood is more noble or so pure as that of the lion? And yet he is only a brute It is merit, education and virtue, not blood, that lift men above the level of the brutes.—Bichael le Faucheur. What does Trossachs mean? It Is a Scotch word derived from the Gaelic and is the name of a valley in Scotland. Was Rudy Vallee graduated from Yale university? Y 4&.