Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 116, Indianapolis, Marion County, 23 September 1931 — Page 4

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StfilPPJ - M OW AAD

Ballyhoo and Progress Must sound thinking and vigorous action in American public life depend upon the ravings of some nationally famous mountebank, who will stir sane people into violent reaction? Such is the request of a very stimulating article by Gerald W. Johnson in Harper's magazine on “Bryan, Thou Shouldst be Living." Mr Johnson’s thesis is stated in the following words: “Bryan should be living at this hour. Or, if not Bryan, then Lord George Gordon, or Cagliostro, or John Brown of Ossawatomie—some first-class faker who believes In his own bunk. . . . Phrase making is perhaps no contribution to the Intellectual heritage of the race, but phrase makers do snap us out of lethargy, and frequently out of ingrowing pessimism, which may be worse than frenzy. How we could use one at the moment.” Mr. Johnson appeals to American history to prove his point. The galaxy of political giants just a century ago—Calhoun, Webster, Hayne, Clay, John Quincy Adams, Thomas Hart Benton and the like were called forth by love or hatred for our first great —perhaps our most spectacular—political mountebank, Andrew Jackson. Then came Bryan, who not only brought forth Roosevelt and Wilson, but also stirred the active opposition of men like Tom Reed, Mat Quay, Mark Hanna, John Hay, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the like. Even a part-statesman, part-bunk artist like Roosevelt would be most helpful right now: "He might not have done as much as Mr. Hoover, out he would have seemed to be doing ten times more. He knew how to gesticulate. He could dance and yell. The roars emanating from the White House in the closing days of 1929, had Roosevelt been there, would have been so loud that they would almost have drowned the incessant banging of exploding oanks, and so blood-curdling that they would have distracted attention from the atrocities being perpetrated on the stock market. . . . We are in the doldrums, waiting not even hopefully for the wind which never cornea. Roosevelt would have supplied the wind.” Going even further, Mr. Johnson expresses a doubt whether any greater mountebank in American history ever has defended a system more insane and incompetent than now operated by Mr. Hoover and our business leaders: “After observing the results of turning the country over to be run by the magnates of big business and the high priests of prosperity, there are not a few Americans who have decided that if these are the same men, it might be well to try putting the lunatics in charge for a while. They hardly could do worse, and they would do differently, so it is within the realm of possibility that they might do better.” There is a lot of sound sense in what Mr. Johnson says, shocking as it may be to some readers at first sight. In spite of all the hysterical fear of Bryan in 1896, it would be easy to show that his program was far more generous, progressive, and statesmanlike than anything which can be attributed to Andrew William Mellon, Calvin Coolidge, or Herbert Clark Hoover. McKinley and his successors down to the Great Engineer did, Indeed, press down the crown of thorns upon the brow of labor and crucify mankind on a cross of gold, and here we are in 1931 as bad off materially as in 1896 and far worse off psychologically. Yet it is a pretty sad fact for democracy if we can get active public interest and real leadership only through battling against demagogs. This undoubtedly produces action and excitement, but what we need in guiding our great republic today is deep thinking and sound planning. Such traits and policies are rarely the product of the battle of phrases and parties. Jackson may have created excitement, but he left no statesmanship in his train capable of averting the Civil war. Bryan handed us McKinley and his henchmen. Roosevelj; left us the dominion of Nelse Aldrich and Uncle Joe Cannon. Wilson passed on to us Harding, the sage of Northampton and the Great Engineer. There is much to be said for the assertion that over-excitement in politics soon leaves us in the dumps of imbecility and lassitude.

It Saves Money, Too No one today questions the superior social economy of the old-age pension system over that odious ordeal of the aged poor, the county poorhouse. But now we can declare also that old-age pensions have proved themselves, here in America, less costly in cold dollars. “Old-age security legislation has proved a more economical method of dealing with the individual aged indigent person than the poorhouse, eventual abandonment of which these laws are causing,” writes Dr. Abraham Epstein in the latest issue of Old Age Security Herald. “Old-age pensions have not proved burdensome to the taxpayer. The conditions of the aged poor in the old-age pension states have improved considertbly. This legislation has proved particularly beneficial in the present crisis.” Epstein is America's leading expert on this subject. He made a three months’ study of the law’s operation in the seventeen states that now have the pension system. It works, he found, “successfully and economically.” Monthly cost under California’s pension law, now eighteen months old, is cheaper by sl6 a person than the cost of almshouses, says Epsicin. During the first year under the California law, old age maintenance cost less than 3 cents an inhabitant, less than 20 cents per SI,OOO of taxable wealth. In New York state, in spite of New York City's high average monthly pension of $33, the pension system is $5 per month cheaper than the almshouse. The average pension for the United States last year, according to the United States labor deparment, was only $14.32 monthly. The same department a few years ago reported that the average cost of almshouse maintenance in the United States amounted to $27.88 monthly. From Utah, Massachusetts, Delaware, other pension states, comes praise of the new method. The survey also disproves dire prophesies that the new system would be abused. In California, only 400 out of 7,000 applications were denied, and these rejections mostly were upon technical grounds. In New York City, out of 1,632 only three applicants were denied pensions for attempted fraud. In the first month’s operation of the New York law 241 aged poor withdrew applications because of improvement in their finances. Old-age pensions save in heartaches and misery. now that courageous sU.es have priced that

The Indianapolis Times (A BCRIPPB-HOWABI) NEWSPAPER) Owned and published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Tlroea Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis. Ind. Price in Marion County. 2 cents a copy; elsewhere, 3 cents-—delirered by carrier, 12 cents a week. Mail subscrlp. tion rates in Indiana. $3 a year; outside of Indiana, 65 cents a month. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER. Editor President Business Manager PHONE—-Riley 6581. WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 88, IWI. Member of United Press, Scrippa-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

their system has passed the great American test of dollar economy, more backward states will join the movement. Judicial Absurdity When the federal courts barred from citizenship these who are unwilling for religious reasons to bear arms It seemed as if the height of naturalization absurdities had been reached. But it had not. California courts have set anew mark. Out in the western mountains Judge Ben Jones has refused to let Jakob Hullen become a citizen because he believes that public utilities should be owned and operated by the government for the people’s benefit, and that some day even farms will be owned publicly. Because of these beliefs Judge Jones thinks Hullen is “not attached to the principles of the Constitution.” It is scarcely possible that a California judge has failed to hear of the federal government's hydroelectric activities at Boulder Dam. Does he intend nis decision to be an indictment of the entire legislative ana executive branches of the government? Does he feel that all the members of congress who voted for this project and appropriated funds for it; President Coolidge, who approved it, and President Hoover, who would like to have it bear his name, all are bad citizens? Not even the most Insistent partisan of the utilities so far has suggested that the municipal power plants operated by cities all over the country, by counties, and by power districts, and to be operated by the state of New York, are violating the Constitution. Does Judge Jones think they are? Would he eject from this country, if he could, the millions of persons who support these public services with their votes and with their patronage? A little study of the Constitution might show Judge Jones that the men who wrote it valued the rights of diverse opinion and sought in every way possible to protect those rights. Hullen, the alien, perhaps coulu explain this venerated document to him. Certainly it is time that someone does.

Costly Economy There has been reductions of teachers’ salaries in some localities. School boards in places have recommended reductions in expenditures for schools. The depression, they say, is the cause. Before now we have pointed to the utter fallacy of attempting to economize in school expenditures, of the false economy of any reductions in pay, particularly the pay of teachers. If there are not sufficient cultural, social and educational reasons against such senseless “economies’—and we believe there are—those in charge of school finances should heed what Commissioner William John Cooper of the United States office of education has to say. “American states,” says Cooper, “which rank highest in education also take the lead in per capita wealth and show greater per capita purchasing power.” He has made comparative studies to demonstrate that education is a boon to business, because it introduces higher standards of living and increases trade. That prisoner who sawed his way out of the Philadelphia jail as his comrades sang to drown the noise probably proceeded bar by bar. The depression hasn’t hit colleges yet. They can pay as much this season as last for a full back. Governor Huey Long wants to legislate against growing cotton. What’ll we do for woolen underwear next winter? Anyway, the depression has hit the working man with everything but the lunch pail. Jimmy Walker threw a party for officials in Czecho-Slovakia. His Czechs were probably equal to it. Flat Broke is a man’s name out in Arizona. Might be anybody’s nowadays. Recent governmental upsets in Great Britain indicate the country does not like to place all its eggs in one cabinet. A zoological explorer just has returned from Central America with the news that you can’t catch malaria from a monkey. Well, who wants to catch malaria from a monkey, anyway? Never cross a bridge partner until you are sure of her disposition. t Business may be poor, but these are boom days for philosophy.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

THEATER men met recently and protested against the extravagances of Hollywood. This is an encouraging sign of a return to sanity. For the real crime of the producer is that with him all sin is gilded. The high jinks that take place on the screen, the wild parties, the constant imbibing of intoxicants, could be passed over lightly. But it is less easy to condone the fact that these things invariably take place amid the most elegant of surroundings. The heroine, tottering on the rim of ruin, always is dressed in the finest of gowns. She lives in houses that are marvels of beauty. Indeed, never was such affluence, such super-abundanCe of luxury, as that which we see in the movies. a AND there is no mincing the fact that Hollywood and its doings tremendously have influenced the behavior and atttude toward life of the American people. Daily for years we have been regaled with gossip about southern California. We read of the vast salaries paid the stars, of the enormous sums spent and garnered by producers. We see pictures of the yachts and the mansions where these creatures of fairyland disport themselves. Is it any wonder that our national standards of living have been set to a ridiculous pace? Insidiously, subtly, film values have replaced normal ones. Millions of people have aspired to live as easily, as luxuriously, as those shadows on the screen. Thrift, common sense and simplicity have come to scorn. A return of honest work for honest wages has been eliminated from our code. We have been swallowed into a gigantic moving picture dream in which we appear to believe that every successful man should be a Croesus and every woman a beauty and siren. The stock market crash and the foolish inflation that preceded it w T as a sort of Hollywood riot of striving after easy money. The result was natural and inevitable. *

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

We Had Little Difficulty Getting $30,000,000,000 for War, but We’re Having an Awful Time Getting One Billion for Work . NEW YORK, Sept. 23.—Fate certainly has been kind to transoceanic flier?. this season. First, Moyle and Allen are discovered on a lonely isle in the North Pacific, long after they had been given up for lost, and now those three lads who set out from Lisbon ten days ago, and who last were reported off Cape Race, are snatched from death in an equally thrilling and unexpected way. They were close to land and glory when things went wrong. Within an hour or two, had the engine kept running, but, oh, so far, when it stopped. A week they clung to the wrecked plane, with dozens of ships on the lookout, but they only saw one, and she did not see them. The sea still is a big, big place, even close to shore.

Just as Puzzling THE world still is a big place, too, even though men have girdled it in nine days and pried into most of its secret corners. We’re an ambitious breed, however, wanting to fathom the depths of creation, though incapable of unraveling many a snarl right in our own dooryards. Eight distinguished savants will debate “The Evolution of the Universe” next Tuesday before the British Association for the Advancement of Science. They *will present some fascinating theories, but when they get all through, they will fall back on the same simple propositions that puzzled primitive men and that are just as puzzling to us of the twentieth century. tt tt tt Just Take a Look IT doesn’t take a universe to stump poor little man. Look at the Manchurian mixup, which may mean much, or nothing; the wheat surplus, which we seem unable to connect with empty stomachs; the Collings murder case, which still ranks as a first-class mystery, in spite of all the prying and prodding; the gold standard, which most people supposed had been riveted into our economic structure for keeps, and prohibition. tt a a Might Get the Idea CONFRONTED by a threat of war with Japan, faction-ridden China seems inclined to quit her fratricidal back-stabbing. It’s the old story of a common enemy making common cause, but what if the common enemy fails to materialize? The factions probably would resume business right where they left off, which makes it hard to decide whether war would be such an unmixed calamity for China at this precise moment. The chances are that she would be defeated quickly. Eut even so, she might get the idea of strength through union.

It’s Nice Comparison IF China should be drawn into war, a way probably would be found to loan her that surplus silver with which to buy powder and shot. Strange how our ingenuity and generosity appear to thrive on conflict. We experienced little difficulty in raising $30,000,000,000 for war, but we’re having an awful time getting one or two billion for work. As to the surplus silver, we just can’t seem co think of any way by which China could get it to buy surplus wheat, though millions of her people are starving, while our elevators are cram-jam full. # * No Practical Remedy NO more can we think of any practical scheme to separate liquor revenue from organized crime. We’re going to be moral, by heck, if it makes a millionaire of every bootlegger in the country and creates a racket in every line of business. We know that the stuff is being bought and sold everywhere, that gangsters not only are making huge fortunes out of it, but building up formidable organizations, that huge profits are finding lodgment in the worst possible hands, that the whole setup is financing an antisocial group, but we seem unable to devise any practical remedy. a tt a The Great Farce NOTHING has contributed more to discontent in this country than the apparent inability of political leaders to cope wuth the prohibition problem, unless it is their equally apparent unwillingness to let the public express itself. Prohibition is the most widely discussed issue in America, yet at the time when we are approaching a national election, the majority of those who exercise influence over political affairs appears determined to keep it out of the party conventions and party platforms if possible. One wonders how much longer the farce can last.

People’s Voice

Editor Times—Habeas corpus is the law of personal liberty intended as a protection from encroachment upon liberty from any source, equally as well as from unauthorized acts of courts. It is not for any court to determine when danger is so great as to render the writ of right expedient. Only the legislature can authorize its suspension. In extreme emergencies, we part with our liberty to preserve it forever. To deny the writ is a suspension of it. No graver question could be considered nor one which more nearly concerns the people. For by the protection of the laws, human rights are secured. Suspend that protection and we are at the mercy of the wicked. Habeas corpus is necessary because oppression does not always arise from the ill nature, but sometimes from the mere inattention, of courts. CITIZEN. How is the name Delia pronounced and what does it mean? It is pronounced “deel-yah.” It is an Irish name meaning shining or bright.

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Cortin Retards Addison’s Disease

This is the last of a series of two articles by Dr. Morris Fishbein on Addison’s Disease, which recently has attracted widespread attention because of the promise of a means of producing cortin extract, used for the relief of this strange malady, in larger quantities than heretofore. by dr. morris fishbein Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. MORE than seventy-five years ago the English physician, Addison, described the disease which bears his name as a clinical entity. Shortly thereafter the French investigator, Brown Sequard, proved that removal of superarenal glands, situated near the kidneys, was incompatible with life. Some thirty-five year ago, British physiologists found within these glands a substance which was associated with marked blood pressure raising effects. This substance was later isolated and is now commonly known as epenephrine, or adrenalin. Promptly it was shown, however, that this was not the indispensable substance in the suprarenal glands. Large doses failed to prevent the development of Addison’s disease. Within recent years evidence accumulated in various laboratories led to the development of what is

IT SEEMS TO ME by H ST

I AM amazed and also chagrined to read of the public bridge demonstration held the other day at the Hotel Roosevelt. The bidding and the play of the contending contract teams were illustrated on a huge scoreboard. But it was not this innovation which filled me with frustrated longing. Admission was charged, and 500 kibitzers paid $1 each to watch the game. I am not good at mental arithmetic. But even the most casual calculation impressed me with the fact of how much money I have lost in the last twenty years by allowing kibitzers to watch me at poker free of charge. Probably in the course of this span, thousands of men and women have not only sat behind me, but even gone so far as to put one foot on the round of the chair. Not being superstitious, I am allowing only a few hundred dollars for this most evil omen in any form of gambling. n a A Swell Racket BUT suppose I had charged as little as 25 cents a night to each personal spectator! And there have been evenings when I think the nature of the play warranted an even higher charge. The mind reels at the possibilities. Perhaps on certain nights tickets for the Thanatopsis could be obtained only at Newman's, Mcßride’s or Tyson’s for a terrific premium. Os course, there have been dull sessions, when all the cards were held

GERM PLOT DISCOVERED Sept. 23

ON Sept. 23, 1917, Secretary of State Lansing charged that German secret agents had introduced into Rumania (which still was neutral) packages containing explosives powerful enough to wreck -public works, and vials containing deadly microbes to start terrible epidemics in the country. The box containing the vials of disease germs bore the seal of the German consulate at Kronstadt, he said. Inside the box, above a layer of cotton wool, he announced that the following note in German was found: “Inclosed four bottles for horses and four for cattle. Utilization as formerly stipulated. Each phial suffices for 200 head. “If possible, to be administered directly into the animals’ mouths, otherwise into their fodder. We ask for a small report about the successes obtained there, and in case of good results the presence for one day of M. EE. would be required.”

The Last Rose of Summer

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

known now to be the active substance of the cortex of the suprarenal gland, a substance therefore called cortin. The use of this substance in cases of Addison’s disease prevents the development of the disease and maintains life. Some of the earlier studies were made by Dr. F. H. Hartman of the University of Buffalo and Drs. Rogoff and Stewart of the Western Reserve university school of medicine in Cleveland. Dr. Hartman obtained a potent substance from the cortex of the adrenal gland, also near ’ the kidney. When this substance was injected into cats whose adrenal glands had been removed, the cats survived for thirty days or longer as compared with five days of life for cats whose adrenal glands were removed, but which did not receive cortin. Rogoff and Stewart in Cleveland, by the use of a similar cortex extract, were able to prolong the lives of their animals for considerable periods of time. They also reported beneficial results from the use of their extract in a small series of cases of Addison’s disease. In March, 1930, however, Drs. W. W. Swingle and J. J. Pfiiffler of Princeton university announced that

close to the chest. And on such occasions it would be only reasonable to put the kibitzers in the cut rates. Yet even these returns from Leblang’s would amount to a great deal more than any kibitzer ever has contributed to any game in a financial way up to now. I am not refer* ring, of course, to the entertaining quality of these amateur advisers. But I don’t see why I should refer to that. Eight cents would approximately cover that charge a tt Adding Fuel to Flame GETTING back to the woes of the world —and they are hardly to be avoided at the moment —I have a feeling that many editorial writers have cracked under the strain. I read exhortations to America which sound to me like sheer insanity. Consider, for instance, the violent campaign being waged right now by the Hearst papers and the Patterson papers in favor of increased armament. They howl in horror at any suggestion of a naval holiday. And the argument of the preparedness people runs like this: The world is full of rancor and hatred. All the nations of Europe are suspicious of one another. This is no time to limit warlike safeguards. We must meet this worried and tinder world with a show of force. Now, that seems to me precisely as if a surgeon should say: “Here is a man whose body is brutally burned. I suggest that we put a mustard plaster on each abrasion.” After all, if the world is filled with hate and suspicion now—and I hardly will deny that—l fail to see how those emotions can be lessened by the rattling of the saber upon anybody’s part. I will be told, of course, that our army and our navy are to be used solely for defense and never for aggressive action. But how can we expect the rest of the world to believe that? Frankly, why should we expect the rest of the world to be sure of our disinterestedness? It has not been so in the past. We have hopped upon the unprepared and unoffending. We fought a war against Spain upon grounds which turn out to have been wholly mythical. Again and again we have sent armed forces into Central American countries. We landed marines at Vera Cruz over the most petty of international incidents. And upon one occasion American soldiers fought in Siberia for reasons not explained then and still wholly mysterious. a a a We Need a New Panacea AS the great creditor nation of the world it is no more than natural for foreigners to assume that our cruisers and battleships may be used as collection agents. Worst of all, if we insist on arm-

they had prepared an extract of the contents of the suprarenal gland which would maintain indefinitely the lives of cats whose adrenal glands had been removed. They also were able to revive animals that were on the verge of death from lack of suprarenal tissue, restoring them to an apparently normal condition and keeping them in this condition by daily injections. Finally, in Jaunary, 1931, Dr. L. G. Rowntree and other physicians of the Mayo clinic reported the use of the suprarenal extract in seven cases of Addison’s disease, in all of which there had been success in maintaining life. Following the injection of this extract the appetite reappears to the point of hunger, the patients gain weight, feel well become able to walk and to exercise and are greatly improved. Thus far the preparation called cortin is a laboratory preparation. Manufacturers of laboratory products for general use have been working on the subject, but the preparation is not yet generally commercially available. Its value is so apparent that manufacturers will, no doubt, soon have the product for general use.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this naper.—The Editor.

ing to the teeth or thereabouts we complete the vicious circle. Somewhere a beginning must be made. If a single great power could give convincing testimony of its pacific intentions, that might run all along the line. It is perfectly useless to declare in speeches and even in treaties that we have no hostile intentions against other* lands. The sound of hammers on armor plate will drown out even the most eloquent of words. Some grain of hope arises in the mutiny in the British navy. If imperialistic England can be convinced that her ships may constitute a menace to the status quo rather than a protection we soon may hear less of the necessity of ruling the waves. Fear afflicts both France and Germany. And the only way I know to allay this terror which freezes the welfare of the world is for us all to join in a concerted shout of “Drop your weapons!” If they can not all shout it at precisely the same second, I would like to see America pick up the megaphone and take the initiative as cheer leader. (CoDVrteht. 1931. by The Times)

Questions and Answers

When did James Oliver Corwood, tbe author, die? Aug. 13, 1927. Os what church is Governor Ritchie of Maryland a member? Protestant Episcopal. What is the total world production of wheat? In 1929-30 the total was 4,201,000,000 bushels.

The Most Precious Thing Your baby is the most precious thing in the world. Are you doing everything in your power to assure that baby of a fine start in life? A young mother must learn to be an expert on baby care. Learning what not to do is as important as learning what to do. Our Washington bureau has ready for you a bulletin on Care of the Baby that gives the latest and most authoritative information on baby care. It will help solve innumerable problems for you. Fill out the coupon below and send for it; CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 136, Washington Bureau The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin CARE OF THE BABY, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin, or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs: NAME STREET AND NO CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

_SEPT. 23,1931

SCIENCE —BY DAMP DIETZ

World’s Supply of Petroleum May Give Out in Twenty Years; Coal Is Greatest Hope of Future . THE Third International Conference on Bituminous Coal is to be held at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, from Nov. 16 to 21, according to an announcement by Dr. Thomas S. Baker, president of the institute. Representatives from Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia. England, France,' Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Soviet Russia, Spain, Sweden. Switzerland, and South Africa, will attend the conference. Past conferences have dealth almost entirely with the scientific aspects of the coal industry. This year’s conference will look into the economic side of the question as well. “Although in comparison with the previous meetings, the scientific program next November will be of equal, perhaps greater, importance, it is impossible to discuss coal at the present time without reference to the economic aspects of the industry.” Dr. Baker says. “Therefore the various processes that will be presented will deal very definitely wth economics and less with theoretical questions. There will be a certain number of papers that will be solely economic in character.” tt n a Petroleum Limited THE coal situation is one of th. world's greatest puzzles. At the present time, much of the world’s economic woes are due to the difficulties of the coal industry. Many economists ascribe England’s troubles in great part to that cause. And yet, coal is the great hope of the future. The present period is sometimes spoken of as the Age of Petroleum. But most authorities are agreed that it won’t merit that title for any great length of time. All authorities are agreed that the world’s supply of petroleum is going to give out at some not very distant date. That date has been postponed by the development of cracking arid hydrogenation processes, processes by which heavy components of petroleum are changed into gasoline. But even so, the end is bound to come. Some authorities say that the world’s supply of petroleum will give out in twenty years. Various substitutes have been suggested. It has been suggested many times that the great deposits of oil shale could be used. In various parts of the world there are great deposits of rock known as oil shale. These consist of shale rock soaked with a waxlike material called kerogen which when heated changes into oil. Colorado and Utah possess mountains of it. Indiana alone is believed to contain 450 billion tons of it. The production of oil from this rock is not profitable at the present time but may become so when petroleum gives out or when some new process is invented. It also has been suggested that motors could be made to run on alcohol. Alcohol can be produced from a great variety of substances including grain, sugars, various tropical plants and even sawdust.

Coal v Offers Hope THE world’s greatest hope, hou, ever, lies in the manufacture of gasoline from coal. A number of processes have been developed so far, the most promising one being the Bergius process. This was developed by Professor Friedrich Bergius of Heidelberg, Germany, as the result of a long series of researches begun in 1912. Bituminous coal contains carbon and hydrogen in the ratio of 16 to 1. In petroleum, the average ratio of carbon to hydrogen is 8 to 1. The problem of converting coal into oil, therefore resolves itself into the problem of doubling its hydrogen content. In the Bergius process, the coal is ground to a powder and mixed with a small amount of heavy oil. Special pumps then pump this mixture and hydrogen gas into great steel drums with a pressure of 3,000 pounds to the square inch. The drums are kept at a temperature between 300 and 450 degrees, centigrade. The temperature and pressure cause the coal and hydrogen to react with each other, forming lighter hydro-carbons similar to those in petroleum. A ton of coal produces forty-five gallons of gasoline in addition to. a larger quantity of heavier oils suitable for Diesel engines, still heavier fuel and lubricating oils, and some ammonia and carbolic acid. The world’s supply of coal, according to an estimate of the international geological congress, is almost 7,500.000,000,000 tons. Os this amount, about half is contained in the United States. Authorities estimate that the supply of coal in the United States is sufficient for the next 2,000 years.

Daily Thought

Prove all things; hold fast to that which is good,—Thessalonlans 5:21. This is a proof of a well-trained mind, to rejoice in what is good and to grieve at the opposite.—Cicero.