Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 113, Indianapolis, Marion County, 19 September 1931 — Page 4

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Tariff Trade Losses The United States had an “unfavorable” balance of trade during August, the first for any month since May of 1929. The value of our imports exceeded the value of our exports by a million dollars, although the balance for the eight months of the year remains In our favor. Buying more than we sell may or may not be a cause for worry. If we have too much gold—more than half the world supply—and our excess of purchases causes its export, a so-called unfavorable balance might be beneficial. There is no doubt, however, that the continuing decline in our foreign trade is a matter for concern. August exports were $165,000,000, compared with $297,785,000 last year. Imports were $166,000,000, whereas last year they were $218,427,000. Our August exports for five years before 1930 have been in excess of $375,000,000. Declining exports, of course, mean a smaller production of goods, more closed factories, and more idle men. It means the destruction of the export margin which in past years has absorbed our surpluses, and ■which President Hoover, economists and business men have said made the difference between prosperity and hard times. There are a variety of reasons for the shrinkage In foreign trade. Commodity prices have declined everywhere. Buying power has been curtailed at home and abroad. Conditions in many countries are unsettled. American factories arc being established in foreign countries. Chief among these reasons, however, is our own tariff law, the rates of which in many instances constitute a virtual embargo against foreign goods. The law has provoked reprisals throughout the world which keep out American goods. It has created animosities which injure the American markets. And since we are unwilling to accept goods in exchange for our own, foreign countries lack means of payment. Thus the effect of the Hawley-Smoot tariff reveals Itself in cold figures. The indisputable fact of industrial stagnation takes the place of theories. There can be no legitimate reason for delaying tariff revision and reviving foreign trade, which is essential to the return of prosperity.

Frozen Money Efforts of the administration and the federal recerve system to give moral support to the movement for releasing frozen banking assets are wise. Financiers of the country estimate that several billions of dollars arc tied up in assets of banks which have failed and in withdrawals of funds from sound banks by fearful depositors. This process, if It developed far enough, would tend to strangle credit at a time when the country needs sound and legitimate use of credit for business revival. Doubtless part of the difficulty is psychological, at least to the extent that all of us tend to be overcautious today as we were overconfident in boom times. There has been growing criticism of bankers who held a credit surplus, but were making virtually no loans. When there is so much idle money in the country, why is it almost impossible for a home builder or a business man to get credit? This is the question repeated constantly. Some bankers in the boom period made the mistake of thinking too much from the point of view of the borrower who wanted money, rather than of the interest of the bank stockholder or depositor whose money was being loaned. The banker's job is the very difficult one of protecting the interests of both borrower and depositor. To hit upon any rigid generalization of banking depends upon applying experienced judgment to each individual loan application. But it clearly is possible for the federal reserve system, with its wide knowledge of the credit situation, to decide from the national point of view when the amount of frozen assets has reached the danger point and to take such action as possible to improve conditions. Under the law the federal reserve system is not allowed to loan funds directly for the release of frozen credits in defunct banks, but there is nothing to stop it from giving support to sound banks which can help free such credits. That, according to authoritative reports, is what now is being attempted Like any financial policy, its value will depend upon the judgment and skill with which it is applied. But, we believe,- the administration and federal reserve authorities are on the right track.

A Now Mooney Challenge The many cases of the law's anarchy in America cited by the Wickersham commission in its opinion were caused by’ lax official habits or by “sporadic” abuses by individual judges and prosecutors. Other critics see in them an alarming national tendency to permit the use of the courts by powerful special or class interests. Among the latter is Norman Thomas, this country’s leading Socialist. He cites the Mooney-Billings cases in California as typical of this dangerous tendency: “The extreme, but unfortunately not untypical, Instance of the breakdown of justice is the MooneyBillings case in California. The conviction was one of the most despicable frameups known to history. For years, the evidence has been available. “Any one who can read English knows that these labor agitators are innocent. Judge Griffin, who sentenced Mooney, ever since he discovered the flagrant perjury in the case, has been a leading advocate of Mooney's unconditional pardon. “Yet, as I write, both men still are in jail. In their case it has not been possible, as in the judicial murder of Sacco and Vanzetti, for their jailers or a prejudiced public to wrap around the nakedness of class injustice the rag of belief in their guilt. “They are in jail for one reason and one reason only. They were reckless fighters in the open shop war, which botn sides fought relentlessly in San Francisco. Men of property believe that it is easier to keep agitators in jail than to put them there. And state and federal courts, so quick to do ‘justice’ to property, can not intervene.” . How about It, California? Can the state let either of these challenges stand? Whether Mooney and Billings are victims of a sporadic lapse of California justice or whether, as Norman Thomas charges, they are victims of a “class war.” the ugly stigma remains. Govenor Rolph could wipe out this stigma. The Wet Bar When the members of the American Bar Association vote two to one in favor of repealing the eighteenth amendment, their action can not fail to have considerable significance. These men are the country's experts on crime. Its problems are their .daily life. They have studied the effect on prohibition not for two years—as the Wick-

The Indianapolis Times (A SCHIPPS-aOWAKD NEWSPAPER) Owned and published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 21 i-220 Went Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County. 2 cent* a copy; elsewhere, 3 cent* —delivered by carrier, 12 centa a week. Mail subscrip, lion ratea In Indiana. $3 a year; outside of Indiana, 65 centa a month. BOX’D GURLEY, BOX W. EARL D. BAKER Editor President Business Manager * PHONE—Riley 5551. BATURDAY. BEPT. 19. 1931. Member of United Press. Scrippa-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

trsham commission did with, incidentally, similar conclusions—but every year since it became the law. They are experts not alone in crime, but on the proper method of correcting crime conditions. For that reason, their disapproval of prohibition and their recommendations that the prohibition amendment be repealed are entitled to far more serious attention than similar opinions by other groups and professions. Whether or not the bar association as a body decides to take an active part in ridding the country of the law its members so heartily disapprove, the vote of the membership is another milestone forward in the march toward repeal. This country often exhibits an almost superstitious veneration for the law and respect for the opinion of lawyers. The knowledge that two-thirds of the legal profession holds no brief, among the many others in its brief cases, for the prohibition law may strengthen the backbones of many timid citizens who oppose the law'. Finally, the bar association referendum should shed considerable light on the blind faith of those who still hope that somehow, some time, prohibition will be enforced. Without the moral support of the legal profession, enforcement of the law, with its other handicaps, would seem an impossible task. More Chickens Come Home The press announces heavy withdrawals by French Investors from British banks and follows this by an announcement of a joint loan of $250,000,000 to London by France and the United States. All of which brings up sharply the question of the wisdom of Lord Grey’s policy back in 1914, when he decided that it was to the interest of Britain to go into the war with France and Russia. It now has been established thoroughly by the documents tha* Belgium had nothing to do with Grey's decision about entering the war. He even refused to discuss British neutrality in return for a German promise to keep out of Belgium. He himself admits that it was his notion of British interests which led him to join France and Russia. In a long passage in his memoirs (Voi. 11, pp. 36-9) he tries to justify his decision on such grounds. George V agreed with him and exclaimed to JValter Hines Page: “My God, Mr. Page, what else could we do?” Let us probe a bit this wisdom of the viscount of Fallodon in the light of the last seventeen years. If Grey had been willing to go only so far as to tell France and Russia straight out that he would tolerate no aggression, there is little probability that there would have been any war in 1914. If Britain deliberately had stood aside, she and Germany could have divided at least the eastern hemisphere between them, have grown rich with selling war materials, and have been in a stronger position than at any time since the congress of Vienna. What has been the outcome of Grey's conception of British interests? Some 938,000 English were slain in the war and about 2,000,000 wounded. The public debt of England in 1914, was £700,000,000; in 1919 it amounted to £6,750,000,000. Britain was prosperous in 1914. Now she has millions of unemployed, requiring a quarter of a billion dollars each year in the so-called dole for support. She has slipped from her position as the foremost financial and commercial state of the world. Nor is Britain in any fortunate position in international relations. Germany never was any serious menace to her. The German fleet -was far inferior and the Germans definitely had accepted that inferiority in the 16-10 ratio. Moreover, the kaiser before the war was doing all possible to placate England and gain her friends’.up. Now Britain, for the first time in centuries, is open to invasion. Indeed, she is at the mercy of the French air fleet, and open to grave danger from the French submarines. Britain always has been opposed to any dominant power on the continent of Europe, but today France enjoys a hegemony unequaled since Europe emerged from the Stone Age. Nor is there any powerful ally on the continent which Britain may use to checkmate France. Germany is disarmed and Russia is Communistic. It might have been far worse if Czarist Russia had emerged from the war flushed with victory, and this is exactly what Grey contemplated in 1914. The war ruined the Liberal party and forced Britain at a critical period to oscillate between the stupidity of the Tories and the weakness and inexperience of the Laborites. Such are the fruits of Grey's wisdom. George V well might exclaim now: “My God. what else could we have done which would have been as bad for Britain?” The one man who stands vindicated is the present premier of Britain, Ramsay MacDonald, who declared that it was sheer madness for Britain to allow the Gaul and the Slav to drag her into carnage. But today, he must bear the burdens imposed on Britain by Grey's folly, while the viscount of Fallodon plays with his bees and birds in the country.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

GEORGE JEAN NATHAN has a comfortable philosophy. Comfortable, that is, for men. He contends that a man should think of matrimony until he has reached 50. By that time he has learned to understand himself, has enjoyed varied experiences, and hence is ready to settle down and give some attention to a wife. It is not surprising that, women do not take’ to philosophy. So many of its learned followers "fail to sympathize with them. Mr. Nathan, like others before him, formulates his theories without consulting the tastes or the happiness of any save own sex. Or does he really believe that women enjoy marrying 50-year-old men? That is hardly likely. Nor can it be possible that he would so* broaden his ideas as to advocate that his 50-year-old eligi’oles confine their marrying to women of 40 or 45, which is a consistent standard for mating. * Knowing men as he does, he surely must realize that when over-ripe bachelors turn their thoughts to matrimony, they always cast sheep’s eyes at fair and unsullied 20-year-old maidens. This has been the custom of elderly gentlemen from time immemorial. a a a MR. NATHAN will have to admit that this plan, if followed by all, would leave the old, as well as the young, girls in pretty much of a fix. The woman past 30 would be doomed to perpetual spinsterhood, while the gay young one would have to marry a regular grandpa. George Jean, who has a long way to go before he reaches the half-century mark, forgets that at that age most men have developed a paunch, or a bald spot, or an upper plate; that they are neither so gallant and generous as they used to be, and hav a predilection for the chimney corner. The only people who really love 50-year-old men are their mothers, their daughters, or their wives of long standing. We advise Mr. Nathan not to trust himself to his own philosophy.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Whatever Our Attitude May Be, Independence Is a Live Topic With Filipinos, and They Pass Up No Excuse to Talk of It. NEW YORK, Sept. 19. —Six leaders of the recent naval mutiny in Chile have been tried, convicted and sentenced to death, but the people clamor for mercy. England’s naval strikf results in a promise of the government to talk things over if the strikers will be good. The lady who bit one New r Jer-' sey cop the other day, hung a picture frame on the head of,another, and slapped a constable, is fined only $lO. Are we losing some of the old iron, or growing more temperate and intelligent? n tt tt Hard to Believe SECRETARY OF WAR HURLEY is quoted as having said that we are in the Philippines by right of conquest, that 3,000,000 intelligent natives want us to stay, and that the other 10,000,000 don’t understand the issue. It is hard to believe that Mr. Hurley made such a statement at such a time, but that does little good, since he hardly could stop the argument by denying it. Whatever our attitude may be, independence has -become a live topic with Filipinos, and they are passing up no excuse to talk about it.

Displaying Wisdom THE Philippines stand for our one great venture in the colonial system which has played such a mighty part in world affairs during the last four centuries. Unfortunately, we undertook it at a time when the colonial system was breaking down. Much of England’s distress is traceable to that single fact, and her government displays wisdom in bowing to the inevitable with as good grace and as much speed as circumstances permit. tt tt tt Let Us Remember MAHATMA GANDHI is in London for the purpose of .gaining home rule, if not independence, for the greatest colony ever held by any nation. Whatever may be the immediate outcome of his efforts, there can be no doubt of their ultimate success. We are approaching the end of that gorgeously romantic era of plunder and, exploitation which was ushered in by Columbus, and which began to fade on July 4, 1776. In discussing the Philippine question, let (is remember that our own country once was a collection of colonies. tt tt a Business Still Remains IT is impossible to think of the colonial system and the era for which it stands, without thinking of the sea, with all the changes that have occurred in sea traffic and sea travel. The new world was discovered and European power established in much of the old world by means of sailing ships. It was a wonderful epoch, culminating in the Baltimore Clipper, the slave-runner, and the lumbering whaler. The old square-rigger has gone for good, but some of the business that made her famous, as well as profitable, still remains.

A Whole Holiday IN this hectic day of worry over too much wheat and cotton it is startling to discover an overproduction in whale oil, not because of lessened demand, but because modern methods of ‘‘killing and trying” have increased the supply out of all reason. In 1919 the bill amounted to 10,000 whale, but in 1929 it had risen to 30.000. Being thoroughly organized, the whale industry could call a halt, which is exactly what it did. Though most people are unaware of it, we are in the midst of a whale holiday, not for one year, but two. Let’s Wake Up IN spite of such examples, some folks go right on imagining that we still are powerless to interfere with the law of supply and demand. Asa matter of ordinary intelligence, our power to interfere not only has been exercised to an unappreciated extent, but promises to constitute one of the gravest problems in the future. As organization proceeds and as control in various lines of human endeavor becomes more centralized, we are going to interfere with the law of supply and demand not only when emergencies arise, but attempt its scientific adjustment under normal conditions.

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take dead man hill Sept. 19

ON Sept. 19, 1917, the French captured Le Mort Homme (Dead Man's hill) and Hill 304, the two eminences that overlook Verdun and around which for three years the bloodiest battles of the war had been fought. An observer wrote of the victory: “With every minute of the passing night the thunder of all those thousands of guns was getting more and more appalling. “When the men w r ent over the parapet and the French barrage began, everything in the way of noise that had gone before was dwarfed and it was barely possible to hear even the whining of the shells traveling directly overhead. “Every gun in every battery was working at red-hot speed. And with that hurricane of sound and fury, the light began to dawn and a gray bank of mist grew out of the darkness ahead, so that we seemed to be looking down not upon land, but on the sea rising up from our fleet to meet the sky, as though France actually were defending her shores and hurling flame and iron at an invisible fleet.”

BELIEVE IT or NOT

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DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Oxygen Combats Muscular Fatigue

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hvseia. the Health Magazine. IF a muscle is taken from the body and stimulated once every second its contractions will become slower and slower, and weaker and weaker. In a few minutes it will be unable to contract at all. If these contractions are traced and recorded one above the other the curve of contractions at first is tall and narrow. As the muscle becomes tired the contractions get weaker and slower, until finally the muscle simply will not move at all. The first effect of the fatigue is a slowing of the contraction rather than a weakening. Those who have run long races know that near the end of the race the legs do not seem to be weak but they simply will not move as fast as we want them to move. If the blood supply is cut off from the one set of leg muscles and permitted to go on in the other set, and if the muscles are then stimulated, the muscles without blood become fatigued much more quickly than those that are receiving blood. In fact, the muscles without blood seem to become paralyzed in a few minutes.

IT SEEMS TO ME by n a D

I SAW ‘‘Street Scene” at the Rivoli theater. There is no longer any doubt in my mind that what we actors like to call the ‘‘legitimate theater” is at the moment on the run. At least, it must abandon certain fortified positions to the new art form. From now on there will be very little point in putting mob scenes on the stage or anything which deals with mass movement and crowded exteriors. I think the picture version of “Street Scene” is better than the play. Elmer Rice had in Hollywood a more fluid medium for the telling of this particular story. There are a great many pictures which I never have seen. But this must be one of the very best. At that, I’d like to have a chance to cut it or, for the matter of that, let any other average theatergoer wield the shears. Certain minor faults are apparent, and these difficulties seem to me common to the present crop of pictures. My only real complaint against the talkies is that they are too highbrow. It is a great pity that scenario writers and directors have cringed so much before the attacks of the literary felloes. And I think we would all be better off if it were not for the influence of importations from Germany and Russia. These films may be excellent, but not when diluted and transplanted. When a certain self-consciousness about art enters in, story-telling is apt to lose its edge. And the chief function of a talking picture, just as that of a play, is to spin its tale ate rapidly, as concisely and as clearly as possible. a a a Symbolism and Simplicity SYMBOLISM has raised its ugly head in Hollywood. I will be specific. First comes an episode about a child being born. And immediately, for no reason which I can understand, one sees the sun rising from behind the Empire State building. Or a man gets murdered, and the ensuing flash shows us a black and white cat strolling between the flower pots of the tenement roof. Why? Don’t ask me. Let’s take “Street Scene.” The lovers part. The girl says good-by. That should mark the fall of the curtain. Instead, we see her walking down the city street and disappearing into the distance. And after that we must have again the skyline of New York. I even suspect that King Vidor was tempted to let the cat stroll around once more. But these minor defects are swept

On request, sent with stamped addressed envelope, Mr. Ripley will furnish proof of anything depicted by him.

The experiment can be tried in a simple way by comparing two kinds of exercise. If you chin yourself on a bar your muscles become unable to respond in a few minutes in the chinning exercise because the bending and swelling presses on the blood vessels and interferes with the blood supply. However, if the limbs are moving freely and the blood circulates easily through them, violent exercise such as swinging Indian clubs, using the weights or gymnastics may be indulged in for a long time. The important factor in this connection is oxygen. The muscles have in themselves enough food material to take care of that used up by work. It has been suggested that the flow of blood carries away poisons that are developed by the muscles in their work. No doubt, poisons are carried away. But the crucial experiment may be made of letting two muscles work, one with oxygen and one without. The one without oxygen wears out in a few minutes. The one with oxygen goes on working for a long time. When both are fatigued completely they are allowed to rest.

away wholly by the extraordinary excitement which is created in “Street Scene.” There is a touch of very high talent in the manner in which the murder is accomplished. I had feared closeups of the dying woman and the man. Naturally I expected that a huge face of the angry stagehand, distorted with rage, would be slapped across the entire screen. Nothing of the sort occurred. There was merely a rush up the stairs, cries from the street, the shots and the crash of broken glass. And then, with inspired speed, the screen shows the people coming from all directions, the sweep of the ambulance through the crowd and —most poignant of all—the daughter trying to edge her way through the people on the stairway of the “L” structure. tt tt n A Low Bow for Sylvia IT is a magnificent performance of Sylvia Sidney. I don’t see how anybody on the spoken stage can command a greater intensity of emotion and interest than is possible to the screen player. At least, I hope not. The high points of “Street Scene” left me wilted from excitement and sodden with weeping. One tiny facet in the crowd sequence I would have altered. The director evidently wished to suggest the cosmopolitan nature of the block and the manner in which men of all sorts were drawn into the rush toward the stricken house. But the detail of this was too exact. It becomes mere cataloging when first you see the face of j a German and then a Negro and 1 then a Chinese and so on. Here j simplicity would help. And I think that the cause of straightforward story telling will be furthered all along the line as soon as there is frank recognition of the fact that the picturegoing public of America is bourgeois. Not much help can be had from the intellectuals—either proletarian or aristocratic. In saying this, I am defending an old tradition. Shakespeare was distinctly an author who aimed straight between the eyes of a middle-class public. He was not to be swayed by whatever was the equivalent of the New Republic in those days. Nor would he have been greatly influenced by an Elizabethan Daily Worker. a a a Back of the Horizon IT is not only possible but probable that out of Communist Russia new literary and dramatic i forms will rise. I thoroughly be-

1-c XJ Registered U. b. JLJ y Extent Office RIPLEY

After the rest the one that had oxygen recovers and works again. The muscle that had no oxygen fails to recover; jt does not contract again. As explained by Dr. A. V. Hill, Nobel prize winner in medicine, and Foulerton, professor of the Royal Society, a good runner of the sprint distances, going at full speed, w-ould need more than thirty quarts of oxygen per minute if he were required to continue the speed of the 100-yard dash for a long time. It has been found by measurement that a man’s heart and lungs can supply him with about oneseventh of that amount, so that he can not go on at such a high speed for more than a fraction of a minute. He gets tired and acquires what the physiologists call an “oxygen debt.” The tiredness is due to the appearance of a substance called lactic acid in the muscle fibers. As much as one ounce of lactic acid appears when a man runs 100 yards as fast as he can. Fatigue of a muscle occurs mainly due to the formation of the lactic acid. The purpose oxygen is to remove the lactic acid.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most Interestinr writers and are presented without reeard to their agreement or disaereement with the editorial altitude of this nauer.—The Editor.

lieve that the literature of 100 years hence will be enriched by the expression of people long inarticulate. A certain fertility, in all logic, can come from fields which have been forced to lie fallow. But as yet I do not see the green sprouts. I am not prepared to admit that Turgeniev and Dostoievsky already have been crowded from the bookshelves of posterity by the fact that the most popular Soviet novelist has managed to place a serial with Cosmopolitan magazine. Nor have I much enthusiasm for authors in America who are distinctly labeled as the emouthpieces of the working class. In most cases this title of “Laborer’s Laureate” never came from the proletarians themselves, though I would make an exception in favor of Upton Sinclair. And so in parting may I cup my hands and shout in the direction of Hollywood: "Don’t let them scare you! Be yourselves! And when you stick to that, you can touch "the very heights of ‘Street Scene.’ ” (■Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

Views of Times Readers

Editor Times—At most of the primaries and general elections held in Indianapolis for the last twelve or fifteen years, the writer has served as clerk, judge or inspector in the third and fourth precincts of the Fourth ward. Due to prevailing hard times, he now offers the same service, free of charge and board himself, in the primaries and general election of 1932, provided the pay he should receive be used by township and county officials to help the needy, or to reduce taxes. He further suggests that if election officers are to be paid in 1932 that this work be given to men and women who are out of employment at the time, and who have families to support, provdied they are capable of doing the work efficiently and honestly. The pay received for such service would be sufficient to provide the necessary groceries for an average family for ten days or two weeks. A general movement of this kind would save this city thousands of dollars and the state of Indiana tens of thousands. EDWARD BARRETT, 24 East Thirty-sixth street. Editor Times —In a recent issue of your worthy paper I would make a correction. Under questions and

/SEPT. 19,1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Microscope Is Powerful Ally of Science in Studying the Plasticity of Metals. INCREASED study of the plasticity of metals is urged by Zay Jeffries, consulting metallurgist of the General Electric Company and of the Aluminum Company of America. The study, Dr. Jeffries believes, will lead to a better understanding of fundamental physical and chemical facts as well as to the uncovering of information of industrial and commercial value. "Plasticity,” says Dr. Jeffries, “is the quality by virtue of which a substance may undergo a permanent change in shape without rupture. “In many non-metallic plastic materials the flow- is essentially fluid. Plastic clay, for example, consists of particles which are or may be nonplastic surrounded by a liquid. During deformation the solid particles move bodily and the liquid conforms to the ntw shape. “The mechanism of the plastic deformation of metals is, howeve*, quite different. Metals are crystalline and plastic flow is the result of block movement of one portion of a crystal with reference to another. Although a number of nonmetallic crystalline substances possess this chßiacteristic to some extent, the metals are in a class by themselves in this respect.” tt tt tt Surprises Are Many MOST industrial metals, Dr. Jeffries points out, owe their usefulness chiefly to their high plasticity, that is, their ability to be bent or otherwise worked into a variety of shapes and forms. “History does not record the discover of plasticity of metals,” Dr. Jeffries says. “The discovery that cold hammering increases hardness, however, can be imagined as an unexpected but welcome surprise. When it was found that bending a piece of metal hardened it, but straightening it again did not restore the original softness, no doubt there was another surprise. “In fact, the whole history of the study has yielded one surprise after another and the end is not yet. “Three of the four usual properties determined in the tensile test pertain to plasticity; the elastic limit which represents the beginning of plastic flow, the per cent of elongation and per cent reduction of area. Torsion, shear, compression and beam tests also involve a measure of some form of plastic deformation. “Gradually through the centuries the major facts regarding plasticity have become known as the result of manufacturing, using and testing metals and alloys. Certain treatments were found to affect the working qualities favorably and certain other treatments found to affect favorably the utility.”

Grain Is Studied BEFORE the microscope was used to study metals, much attention was given to the appearance of the “grain” of the metal. “A fine grain was needed for most industrial purposes,” Dr. Jeffries continues. “Fine grained metal could be drawn into wire with less breakage and a higher degree of roundness than coarse-grained wire. “High temperature favored ease of working, but tended to produce a coarse grain. This led to low finishing temperatures. “Some metals or alloys were found to be brittle at high temperatures and some more brittle at low temperatures. The practice early developed of trying a number of working temperatures for the purpose of ascertaining the most suitable range. “It was learned that hot working could be carried on without hardening or without exhausting plasticity, but that cold working, especially the higher melting point metals. resulting in hardening and substantial exhaustion of plasticity. It also was learned that reheating such cold-worked metal would restore softness and plasticity. “About fifty years ago there began anew epoch in these studies. The microscope came into use as a powerful tool with which to study structures and physical measurements were undertaken with sufficient precision to learn something of the minor changes accompanying plastic deformation. It was soon found that hot work did not elongate permanently the existing grains, but that cold work did.”

Daily Thought

The husbandman that laboreth must be first partaker of the fruits.—Timothy 2: G. The lottery of honest labor, drawn by Time, is the only one whose prizes are worth taking up and carrying home. Theodore Parker.

answers, the quotation “A house divided against itself can not stand ” was credited to Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln may have used this quotation, but if you will turn to Mark 3:25, you will find that Jesus was the author. henry holtzman. Is Zurich the capital of Switzerland? It is the capital of the Swiss canton of the same name, and is the most populous, most important, and on the whole, the finest town m Swizerland. Until 1848 Zurich was practically the capital of the Swiss Confederation, but Berne is the present political capital. After two strikes have been called on the batter, is he allowed to bunt? Yes.

DR. J. L FICHMAN Physician and Surgeon Announces The Opening of Offices on East 30th Street at Central Avenue Phones Office, TA. 1718 Res.. RI. 6625