Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 102, Indianapolis, Marion County, 7 September 1931 — Page 4

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S CM I PPJ - M OWAXD

On This Labor Day For the first time since Labor day has been a legal holiday, industrial workers are not meeting to rejoice in new victories in the matter of wages or conditions. They have the more serious problem of working at any price ?nd under any conditions. The owners of industries are not faced with the problem of meeting demands for more wages but that of keeping their factories operating at any wage. The gaudy floats, the blare of bands, the marching men are missing from the city streets. Instead there are gatherings of committees to discuss ways and means of feeding the hungry during the coming winter, not because the country lacks for food supplies but because those who need food are unable to buy it. The legalization of this day as a holiday came in recognition, forced through the years by organized workers, of the fact that labor is not a commodity to be bought and sold in a competitive market. That conception of labor, still harbored by a few anti-social industrialists, is basically the same as that of slave labor. The black man of other years was sold outright. To hire labor in a competitive market is to buy a man by piecemeal, with the added advantage to the employer that when the worker grows old and decrepit he need not be fed or housed. When the nation lost its last frontier and agriculture became secondary to industry in the number of workers, white men finally forced the tardy recognition of their own humanness. It took years to establish any semblance of social and industrial justice. It took years to obtain a workman’s compensation act to provide for the injured soldiers of industry. It took years to secure, in some states, an old age pension act. Indiana still has a Governor who took personal pride in reading his veto of that humane measure when passed by the last legislature. The crusade of that great statesman of Indiana, Albert Beveridge, for the abolition of child labor from mines and factory is still incomplete and in many states children are still condemned to toil during the years they should be storing up health and education. The eight-hour day was another victory established to protect the health of workers. Today there is the more pressing problem of enforcing a much shorter day in order that all men and not a few, may have any work at all. These victories of labor have been won under manufacturing conditions that permitted all men who wished to work to obtain work. Idleness was made a crime on the theory that every man could get a job. Mass production and invention of laborsaving machinery, without a proper distribution of the products of the machine, have created a condition that this Labor day finds millions of men and women out of work with the prospect of more men being on bread lines before the snow flies. Yet all that is being done on a national scale is the formation of a crew of evangelists who propose to beg dollars from the rich that the workless may be fed. There is no real effort to find the one solution for unemployment, which is work for all, under a distribution of the products of labor that will satisfy not only needs but luxuries. Two years ago, the Fraternal Order of Eagles raised what then seemed to be a most radical slogan that “it is the inalienable right of every American citizen to work at a saving wage.” It does not sound radical today to the man who has been in enforced idleness for months with little hope for a job for months to come. It does not sound radical to his wife or his children. There is work for every one in this country and will always be work until every slum is replaced by a cottage, every home is equipped with every modern convenience, every household is well stocked with food, every child has the very best of education. This nation has the man power and the machinery to produce these material means of life. This nation has inexhaustible rayz materials. It has the best of scientific knowledge. A nation that has been able to put together the intricate parts of machines which replace human labor should have the genius to put together the men, the machine, the materials and then distribute them to those who create the finished products. The solution may change some of our present day conceptions of social justice. But the solution does not lie in the direction of wage reductions for the employed, further , reducing the total purchasing power of the nation as a whole, nor in the permanent maintenance of organized charities, whose case workers attempt to regulate the lives of these whose only misfortune is poverty. Men have the right to work. The work awaits. Perhaps at some gathering of workers today there may appear a leader with a ” remedy and a solution. For the problem will and must be solved.

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPPS-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) Owned and published dally (except Sunday) by (she Indianapolln Times Publishing Co--214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis. Ind. Price In Marlon County, 2 centa & copy; elsewhere, 3 cents —delivered by carrier, 12 cent* a week. Mail subscription rates in Indiana, |3 a year; outside of Indiana, 65 cents a month. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. EARL D. BAKER Editor President Business Manager ’ PHONE—Riley BSBI. MONDAY. SEPT, 7. 1911. Member of Unltd Press, Bcripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Associatlon. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

Our Diploma Mills Ex-President Clarence C. Little told Columbia university summer school students that the great trinity of evils in the modem college are liquor, automobiles, and co-education. We demand higher standards of conduct for students than for ourselves in regard to the use of liquor and cars, while the students tend to abuse their privileges. Dr. Little’s criticism is in general sound, but it is blurred by a failure to differentiate between those students who go to college and those who go to learn. The great mass of students who merely go to college need to be trained in the philosophy of drinking, driving, and petting. Those who are in college to learn will not, as Dr. Little himself admits, be disturbed greatly by such things. Since a college education has come to be the mode with children of the middle class and above, we have had ever-greater hordes of young people approaching coUege with no basic eagerness to learn anything. There is no spirit of intellectual adventure in their bosoms. For these types the average college curriculum and machinery have singularly little to offer. The latter are based upon the apparent assumption that students are burning with zeal to learn—even to learn a vast amount of largely useless material. Hence, we ought to be honest enough to transform the majority of our institutions of higher learning into frank civilizing factories, devoted to acquainting students with the major aspects of modern culture and the leading problems of living in the twentieth century, incidentally cultivating an urbane and tolerant intellectual attitude. Probably two years of this would be quite adequate, leaving the other two years now wasted in college for travel or study in professional schools. In institutions of this sort, wine, women, and motoring would have their natural part. No person can be expected to live sanely and effectively today unless he is familiar with the responsibilities of this trinity. Inculcation of a civilized philosophy in regard to these matters would be a major responsibility of these civilizing institutions. It is no credit to any institution to turn out mere “babes in the woods.” If any man or woman is helpless before the problems of sex, alcohol, and automobiles upon graduation, this is nothing for any college to be proud of, no matter what the prowess of that individual with respect to the binominal theorem or the hortatory subjunctive. For the few—but we may hope ever-growing number—who go to college to learn something, we can have institutions well adapted for this specific purpose. Such students will not be seriously distracted by men, women, gin, or cars. The way out is not through abolishing the perplexing problems which Dr. Little mentions, but through candid, honest, and rational differentiation of our institutions of higher learning. But it will be hard for us to surrender our educational bluff and pretense to such degree as would be essential to accomplish this reform.

Tax Liquor Otto H. Kahn, New York banker, has joined the long list of social workers, financiers, industrialists, merchants, labor leaders and newspapers urging prohibition repeal in the fight against business depression. Like the others, Kahn does not think that the economic counts against prohibition are the only, or necessarily, the worst, nor does he think prohibition repeal or modification by itself would bring permanent prosperity. But he does think it is one important factor. After listing other factors, he says: “Set in motion the machinery for abolishing prohibition, and, pending that proceeding, modify the Volstead act and do whatever else may be permissible in the way of relief as long as the eighteenth amendment Is unrepealed. The formidable moral and economic evils of the existing state of affairs seem to me proven beyond further question. “By repealing an experiment which, however rightly inteqtioned, has failed with lamentable consequences, we should raise vast revenues for the government, we should help agriculture greatly, we should decrease unemployment substantially, not to speak of the hideous brood of bootleggers, gangsters, etcetera, and of the other grievous items in the long register of prohibition and Volstead ills. And we should promote greatly the eminently desirable cause of true temperance.” Mr. Kahn’s logic will commend itself to those anxious to relieve the unemployed and the depressed farmers, and to obtain from the present huge flood of liquor enough taxes to make up part of the bil-lion-dollar annual federal deficit. Clemency has been denied Albert B. Fall. About the only one he hasn’t appealed to is A1 Capone. The impossible has been done again, the angle has been trisected. Next thing we know “One-Eye Connelly” will be paying his way.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

“'ITKT'HAT is a middle-aged woman, whose children VV are grown, to do when her husband has no consideration for her feelings, refuses to take her anywhere, and indulges only in stinginess and tantrums when he is at home?” In the letter which contains this question, one can detect the lurking animosity toward a man who has been unjust for years. After a wife has passed 50 and has spent the best of a lifetime trying to get along such a husband, I believe she is justified in stagipg a rebellion. Men such as this one are married these days only to women past 50, for no young person would put up with that treatment. And no woman of any age whatsover should be obliged to. WHAT every wife in such a situation should do is to throw a tantrum of her own when her husband starts indulging in his. She should look at last squarely at the man who sits at the head of her table. Let her regard him, if possible, with eyes unblinded by a sense of marital duty. Then she will know what he actually is and what he always has been. Stripped of the garments of affection in which she has dressed him. she will be confronted by a braggart and a bully. And although she has been faithful for years, she will know that she does not love this person. She vfcill know, too, that it is not necessary for her any longer to bear his tyrannies. A woman who meets this crisis, however, should not lose courage. Stem truth will tell her that she never has been loved or appreciated. Therefore, before it is forever too late, she must start about making the fragment of anew life for herself, and find, if possible, some congenial work to <Jp. Above all, she should not be hampered by any seftse of duty toward a man to whom she already has f\ore than fulfilled all obligations. v

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS: We Claim to Be for Humanity, but Let People Go Hungry While Our Warehouses Groan With Grain. ! LACK of idealism is the chief trouble with politics in this country. Incidentally, it’s the chief trouble with law enforcement and some major activities. One feels the absence not only of plan, but purpose, all along the line. The two great parties have ceased to stand for distinct or divergent policies. Campaigning has degenerated into technical demagoguery, with stage tricks substituted for doctrines. tt tt tt There’s the Tariff TAKE the tariff, for instance, which used to be such a vital issue, and what’s the source of argument, except minor changes to satisfy some local interest, or some particular business? Take prohibition. Is either party in a position to express itself coherently? Take the foreign policy. What are we driving at? Thirteen years ago the country was hell bent for a League of Nations and couldn’t imagine victory over kaiserism being worth while without it. Eleven years ago the eighteenth amendment was adopted with great, though not abiding, faith in its curative qualities. Six years ago our marines were sent down to run Nicaragua, though for just what purpose no one seems to know. tt tt tt Now They’re Unpopular JUST now the League of Nations is very unpopular. So is prohibition, and so is intervention in Latin-America. Does any one suppose that the greatest nation on earth can function efficiently and constructively on that kind of fickleness? Does any one suppose that such an institution can be operated successfully without definite objectives? President Hoover dismisses the chaotic condition by declaring that we have a perfectly good program, that we are going to produce so many children, build so many homes, manufacture so many autos and so on during the next twenty years. That is just run-of-the-mill stuff. It has nothing to do with social aims, or national entity. It’s movement without direction, effort without a goal. u a What Does Election Mean? WE approach a national election; what does it mean? You hear lots of talk about curing the present depression and preventing others, but has either party a concrete plan? Also, you hear lots of talk concerning prohibition, foreign relations, the effect of tariffs on trade, the power problem and many other subjects, but again, has either party a concrete plan? We claim to be for world peace, but shy at every co-operative measure, for fear of “entangling alliances.” We claim to be for humanity, but let people go hungry while our warehouses groan with grain. We claim to be for trade expansion, new markets, and general prosperity, but what are we doing with our stupendous resources to promote thsm? tt Racketeers Run Show WITH regard to domestic problems, we are equally confused. Law enforcement has broken down, largely because we can’t decide whether to spank criminals, or cuddle them, whether the objective should be punishment, or reform. While we debate the matter, racketeers run away with the show, and we go to insurance companies for protection. With six million unemployed, the big idea is to get through the winter on charity and hope that spring will bring better times. As to the charity, we are still undecided whether it should come from private, or public sources. If from public sources, whether bonds should be issued, the income tax raised, or cigaretes made to pay the bill. Philosophically, we regard the tragedy as wished on us by some unkind fate and watch stock market reports with sublime confidence that Wall Street will let us know when that fate has concluded to be nice.

Views of Times Readers

Editor Times I want to ask DEMOCRAT of this column, dated Aug. 19, first: What occupation do you follow? How much is your pay? How did you get this position? How long have you been a Democrat? How old are you? What is your nationality? And how much flaxes do you pay? You speak of this depression as tttfe worst panic this country ever has had. Is this a panic, with thousands of automobiles on the road every day, theaters filled to overflowing, dance halls filled, amusement parks doing a bumper business, and pool and card rooms crowded? Is this a panic? We all realize that conditions are not the best, with'many people out of work, and there are some people no doubt hungry right here in this state, but we are as a whole, very well off. I have read from time to time very severe criticism of Herbert Hoover by you and several other people, and it is very distasteful to me and no doubt to lots of other people. Herbert Hoover was elected by the people of the United States to fill the job of President, the biggest in the world. He is my and your President, regardless of whether we voted for him or not, and when we condemn instead of help our leader, we are not fit to be citizens of this great country. I say* that if you don’t like this United States, go where you will like it. I thoroughly believe that had Mr. Hoover not have been put in the command of this nation at the time that he was, the United States would have been in a lot worse shape that it is today. Some talk of the tariff. Our foreign trade takes only about 10 per cent of our manufactured products, according to our e rport data, so what amount

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DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Vitamin D Value Overexploited

This is the 35th of a series of 36 timely articles by Dr. Morris Fishbein on “Food Truth and Follies,” dealing with such much discussed but little known subjects as calories, vitamins, minerals, digestion and balanced diet. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. NO one knows exactly how much vitamin D is necessary for adult health; no one is certain as to the extent of improvement that it may bring about in the growth and development of a child. It has been established that boys and girls entering colleges this year are, for the same age, on an average taller and heavier than their parents who entered 25 years ago.

IT SEEMS TO ME >v

AMONG the most interesting of American newspapers is the Daily Worker, official organ of the Communist party in America. I have been a regular subscriber for almost a year, because here is a journal in which I can upon occasion find news beats in which I myself am involved. Only the other day, for instance, I read in the Worker that Norman Thomas, Morris Hillquit and I were meeting in a series of conferences to bring about the armed invasion of the Soviet republic by American troops. It always is thrilling to get information about yourself which jou didn’t know. The news story failed to specify if this white plot against Russia is being hatched in the dressing room of the George M. Cohan Theatre after matinees. >t tt tt Deviation to the Right IN some respects the Worker is not unlike the capitalist press, which it assails so vigorously. It has cartoons and a comic strip and also a column of humorous paragraphs. Os course, the propaganda motive is paramount. Indeed, the story goes that on a certain afternoon the city editor threw to one of his rewrite men a news bulletin about an automobile accident. “Collision Between a Pierce-Arrow and a Lincoln!” cried the editor to his subordinate. “Classangle this, will you?” The creator of the Cummunist comic stripe is Ryan Walker, a graduate of Mr. Macfadden’s Graphic. Indeed, he is well remembered along Newspaper Row as the inventor of the composite photograph by means of which it was possible to reveal the secrets of Daddy Browning’s courtship. But by now Mr. Walter’s pen is devoted entirely to fomenting the revolution. His chief characters are two -working boys, an emanci-

of our people would be employed that are not should our tariff be lifted, and how much foreign goods would be dumped in here at beggar prices that would take the place of our own products? Millions of dollars’ worth, throwing thousands of people who are making a living, out of work. I say to you and all others who would “blanney” around about our President, investigate this old U. S. A. first, and find out what might have been and then you will be a lot wiser than .you are now. And one more thing, I have heard on the public streets, worse, more defaming things said about our President than our government allowed Smedley Butler to say about Mussolini, yet these same ones are allowed to run free. J. HOWARD, Shelby, Ind. Editor Times—l have been reading your articles in reference to cutting city employes’ salaries, such as school teachers, police and firemen. It seems that W. Hathaway Simmons has centered his point on these three employes. Ask Mr. Simmons what the Board of Trade, the Employers’ Association or the Chamber of Commerce has done to help this unemployment situation.. I can say that they have done nothing but sponsor wage cuts, and layoffs. They also have run good manufacturers from this city by forbidding them to pay wages for the class of employes they had to have. As far as the Board of Trade and others involved, I think that the individual citizen should have something to I don’t think that police and: firemen s wages should be cut, because they are paid less

Bachelor Buttons

It is conceivable that the proper use of such vitamins in the diet will resultin bigger and better men and finer mentalities and with greater resistance to disease. There was no rickets until window glass was introduced as a factor in human civilization. Window glass prevents the passing of ultraviolet rays and rickets resulted. It is conceivable that the relief of this deficiency by modern methods of providing vitamin D may result in great advancement for humanity. Vitamin D in the form of concentration, such as viosterol, in the form of irradiation, or in the form

pated litle girl called Red Pepper, and a corpulent symbol of capitalism who wears a shiny high hat and bears upon his abdomen the label Pun.” As in the adventure of Wash Tubbs, Boots, Freckles and other comic strip characters, an enormous physical vitality is enjoyed by the people who live within the strip. The two working lads forever are being clubbed or shot by police or strike breakers. A dozen times their pathetic figures have been pictured lying on the ground as good as dead. But next morning they bob up serenely to continue the series. tt a Marx and the Marxes SOMETIMES Norman Thomas is introduced into the story, always clad in clerical garb and bearing a Bible in his right hand. I am cast as a clown, holding aloft a bottle of gin. And it seems to be a rule that my entourage invariably should contain Texas Guinan and the Four Marx Brothers. In the beginning the Marxes were included as some sort of play upon the fame and reputation of Karl Marx. But that original idea has now grown a little dim, and the

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LLOYD GEORGE LAUDS U. S. September 7 ON Sept. 7, 1917, David Lloyd George, prime minister and first lord of treasury of Great Britain, praised America’s part in the World war in an address at Birkenhead. He said: “The Central Powers are dealing, and they know it, with a country (America) that has never yet been beaten, a country with infinite resources, a country where you have qualities that make for enterprise and endurance.” On this date also President Wilson placed an embargo on all gold exports. It was to become effective Sept. 10. * Reports through Rome indicated htat losses of 120,000 had been suffered in battles in and about Gorizia. than in any other city even near the size of Indianapolis. I will say that the police and firemen keep the bread lines going. Look around these fire houses. Many a day have they fed as high as 5,000 persons at one house. This money came from police and firemen’s pay checks. City employes and American Legion still are feeding the needy. I know that there are s ' 00l teachers who have taken me — from their own pockets to buy school clothes for needy children, and several occasions have taken no a collection so some family could have something to eat and fuel to keep warm. If Mr. Simmons or anyone else can show where wage cutting employes will or can help anyone except their own greedy selves, I would say cut. I am a taxpayer and I pay my taxes as valued on my horr-> without begrudging the salary that a city employe gets, because I don’t think they get enough as it is. W. Hathaway Simmons never did pay his own employes a living wage, because it took husband and wife to work in his factory to make a living. I am not a city er-*Soye, but I am in sympathy with tmnn. TAXPAYER. 1

of certain foods, is not a panacea for the diseases of mankind. It has not been established that it will prevent the common cold, or that it will cure anything but rickets. It does not have definite effects on the blood and on the human body generally, leading to improvement in health. In certain forms of tuberculosis and improper development of the bones, the vitamin D may have special value. The all or nothing policy which we adopt toward our treatments of diseases, indeed toward improving our health, has led particularly to overexploitation of this vitamin.

Ideals and opinions expressed in tbis column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude ot this oaner.—The Editor.

function of the four stage brothers grows a bit obscure.

On the whole, it may be said without unfairness that the Daily Worker is npt so very strong in humor. It paragrapher, Jorge, runs a column, “Red Sparks,” which seems somehow to miss the point upon occasion. For instance, he began the other day: “Sometimes we feel so sorry for the editor of the New York Times that we wish he were put out of his misery, but when we read the edition of August 29, we were compelled to envy him for his attain ment of those heights of stupidity where asininity becomes genius. “In an effort to put false color of dignity and decorum on the didoes Mayor Walker is cutting around Europe, The Times must have gotten a writer even more sycophantic than Heywood Broun to cook up an editorial which opened up by saying, ‘Somehow Mayor Walker seems out of place in the gay resorts of the Riviera.’ ” No, all this was based upon the following speof upon the part of The Times which undertook to be a little ironical in dealing with the mayor, and said: “If ever anywhere a man deserved and might attain surcease from the cares of office and the vicissitudes of public life that man was Mayor Walker and that place Carlsbad in the summer of 1931. Yet our chief magistrate spent only a few days there, cutting short his pleasant stay to resume, in the line of duty, what must have been to him the distasteful round of resorts like Cannes and Monte Carlo.” tt a All Men of Gioomy Mien I SUBMIT that the comic intent of the Times is neither obscure nor particularly subtle. But it seems to be traditional that a revolutionist should miss the point of jokes. Probably it is a useful thing. After all, fanaticism must depend upon closing certain chambers of the mind. And it has always been my contention that in any list of the world’s greatest men, few humorists will ever be found. I am not contending that every American Communist is a hero and a prophet. But it must be admitted that they are, without exception, serious-minded Incidentally, I offer gratis to Ryan Walker a joke for his comic strip. The next time he does something on Heywood Broun, “the Socialist (?) clown,” and the Marxes— Karl and Groucho—why doesn’t he caption it. “He has nothing to lose but his chins?” (Conyright* 1931. bv The Times)

A Fine, Healthy Baby Producing a good, healthy baby is a service to the community. The welfare of any baby depends very lagrely on the fitness of the mother to bear and rear it. Often the whole f uture life of a child is decided by the intelligence and care exercised by its mother during pregnancy. Bearing a baby is, or should be, a normal, natural thing. To make it so, the mother must know bow to care for herself during the period before the baby’s birth. Our Washington bureau has ready for expectant mothers a comprehensive and authoritative bulletin, drawn from the best available sources, giving advice concerning health measures, preparation for confinement, making the baby’s layette and emergency precautions. Any expectant mother will find this bulletin useful and helpful Fill out the coupon below and mail as directed. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 135, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C.: I want a copy of the bulletin. Expectant Mothers, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin, or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs. Name St. and No City * state I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

/SEPT. 7, 1931

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ—

Anthropologists Watch Eagerly for Mors News From Western Hills Behind Peking. THE man of 1,000,000 years ago had a thicker skull than the man of today. That extra thickness. perhaps, was a wise measure upon the part of nature in a day when clubs and rocks were coming into fashion as weapons. This is one of many interesting facts which have been brought to light by the study of the Peking Man whose million-year-old skull was found in the Western Hills behind Peking. Anthropologists are watching eagerly to see what news may come forth from those ancient hills. For exploration in them did not stop with the finding of the skull of Peking Man in December. 1929. Additional fossils since have been discovered and it is hoped that the future may yield yet more important “finds.” The work is being carried on by a branch of the Chinese Geological Survey under the direction of Dr. Davidson Black, an American anatomist now at the Peking Union Medical college. Funds for the work have been provided by the Rockefeller Foundation. The discovery of the skull in December, 1029, was followed by that of a series of fragments which fit together into the greater part of another skull. This second discovery was made in July, 1930. The second skull seems to be that of an individual about ten years older than the first Peking Mar, whose age was placed at about 16. a tt Comparing the Skulls IN addition to the skulls found in 1929 and 1930, the survey has two fragments of skulls found in the Western Hills in 1928. Besides what is to be learned from new “finds” in the future, much is to be learned by comparison of the four skulls from the Western Hills with each other and with the other two fossils of ancient man, the Java Ape-Man, found at Trinil, Java, and the Piltdown Man, found at Piltdown, Sussex, England. The work of comparing Peking Man with these other two, already has begun. This is extremely important because there were such wide differences between Java Man and Piltdown Man. Peking Man seems to resemble Piltdown Man far more than he does Java Man. It is this fact which is leading anthropologists to conclude that Piltdown Man represents more nearly the type of man which existed 1,000,000 years ago. In other words, it is now thought that the man of 1,000,00(1 years ago was far more advanced that was thought previously. “One of the most remarkable points of contrast between the brain-case of the Java Man and the Peking Man is the phenomenal thickness of the latter,” says Dr. G. Elliot Smith of the University of London. “In the case of the skull of the Peking Man, the thickness of the bone approximates- that of the Piltdown skull.” tt tt England and China DR. SMITH points out other details of structure in which the Piltdown skull from England resembles the Peking skull from China. “These similarities suggest that in the thickness and peculiar texture of the cranial bones of two early Pleistocene skulls of different types, separated geographically as their habitats were by the whole extent of the continental land mass between England and China, we are dealing with characters of primitive man for which no close analogy can be found in the apes. “Did primitive man’s skull increase in thickness because the in* crease .in the capacity of the braincase deprived an increasing area of the protection of the temporal muscles? Or was it because this exposed area of skull was liable to new kinds of risks when men began to use sticks and stones as weapons? These tentative suggestions are much too speculative to be seriously discussed. “Yet there must be some definite explanation of the increased thickness of the skull of primitive man when his expanding brain seems to need more ample protection _han the ape enjoys—a thicker cranium with no amplier supply of bone marrow than his descendants seem to have found unnecessary.”

Daily Thought

Yet man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.—Job 5:6. We are bom to trouble; and we may depend upon it, whilst we live in this world, we shall have it, though with intermissions.—Sterne. What is the purpose of the League of Nations? As set forth in the preamble of the covenant, the League of Nations is intended “to promote international co-operation, and to achieve international peace and security.”